Liu v. Blinken ( 2021 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
XIAOBING LIU et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 21-629 (TJK)
ANTONY J. BLINKEN et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiffs, a group of Chinese citizens seeking to immigrate to the United States through
the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program, sue the Secretary of State, the State Department, and a
series of unnamed government officials, alleging that Defendants are unlawfully refusing to
schedule their visa interviews and delaying the adjudication of their applications. Plaintiffs also
seek preliminary injunctive relief, noting that the potential expiration of the EB-5 Regional
Center Program means that, unless their visa applications are adjudicated promptly, they could
lose their opportunity to immigrate under the program altogether. Defendants oppose the motion
and have moved to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim, or
in the alternative, for summary judgment. For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant
Defendants’ motion to dismiss and deny Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction because
they have not shown a likelihood of success on the merits.
Background
A. The EB-5 Program and Regional Center Program
Congress created the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program when it passed the Immigration
Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-649, § 121(a), 104 Stat. 4978, 4989. The program allocates
visas—in a number not to exceed 7.1 percent of all visas—to aliens “seeking to enter the United
States for the purpose of engaging in a new commercial enterprise.” 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5)(A).
To be eligible for the program during the timeframe relevant to this lawsuit, an alien must have
invested $1,000,000 in an enterprise, or $500,000 in a “targeted employment area.” Id.§ 1153(b)(5)(C). Congress later established the Regional Center Pilot Program which relaxed
certain EB-5 requirements for investments made through a geographic-based Regional Center.
See Pub. L. No. 102-395, § 610, 106 Stat. 1828, 1874. Congress has reauthorized the program
more than twenty times since its inception and removed the “pilot” designation in 2012. See
Pub. L. No. 112-176 § 1, 126 Stat. 1325 (Sept. 28, 2012). The Regional Center Program’s latest
expiration date is June 30, 2021.
To obtain lawful permanent resident status through the EB-5 program, an alien investor
must file a Form I-526 petition with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
(USCIS), a component of the Department of Homeland Security. 8 C.F.R. §§ 204.6(a), (c). If
USCIS determines that the alien investor meets the EB-5 requirements, it will approve the
petition. See Nohria v. Renaud, No. 20-cv-2085 (BAH), 2021 WL 950511, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar.
14, 2021) (describing I-526 process). With an approved I-526 petition in hand, the alien
becomes an “employment-based immigrant” under the EB-5 statute. 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(H).
An approved I-526 petition “makes a petitioner eligible for a visa, but does not automatically
provide a visa.” Nohria, 2021 WL 950511, at *2. The immigrant, if outside the United States,
must still apply for and obtain an immigrant visa from the State Department at a consular post
abroad. See 84 Fed. Reg. 35,750, 35,756–57 (July 24, 2019) (describing EB-5 visa process); 22
C.F.R. § 42.61(a). The State Department processes the application at its National Visa Center
and ensures that the applicant meets all prerequisites for visa adjudication. Nohria, 2021 WL
2
950511, at *2; 84 Fed. Reg. at 35,756. If the Center finds that an applicant is “documentarily
qualified,” then it forwards the application package to the consulate, which schedules a visa
interview. See 84 Fed. Reg. at 35,756. After the interview, a consular officer must either grant,
deny, or discontinue the visa application. See 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(a).
B. Plaintiffs’ EB-5 Investments and Visa Applications
According to the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs are a group of thirty-eight Chinese
citizens seeking to immigrate into the United States. ECF No. 27 (“Am. Compl.”) ¶ 7. Plaintiffs
each invested the requisite amount for participation in the EB-5 program and the USCIS has
approved each investor’s Form I-526 petition. Id. ¶ 15. Their applications became
documentarily complete between December 2019 and May 2021, and they are now at various
stages of processing at the U.S. Consulate General in Guangzhou, China. Id. ¶ 9, 16–53. Most
Plaintiffs are awaiting visa interviews, one of the final steps in the visa process. Id.
While Plaintiffs’ visa applications were pending, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted
Defendants’ ability to process them. On January 31, 2020, former President Donald Trump
issued Presidential Proclamation 9984 (“the Proclamation”) suspending the entry of individuals
from China into the United States. See Proclamation No. 9984, 85 Fed. Reg. 6,709. The
Proclamation exempted “any alien whose entry would be in the national interest, as determined
by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or their designees.” 85 Fed. Reg.
at 6711. Soon after, in March 2020, the Secretary of State “suspended all routine visa services,”
providing only “emergency” and “mission critical” services. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 58. Routine
visa services began to resume in July 2020, although in a phased, limited manner. Am. Compl.
¶ 10. Plaintiffs allege that the U.S. Consulates in China issued no EB-5 visas between March 20,
2020, and the filing of this suit. Id. They suggest that this suspension was based on Defendants’
interpretation of the Proclamation. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 71.
3
Since Plaintiffs sued, though, circumstances have improved, and the State Department is
now adjudicating more visa applications. On April 8, 2021, the Secretary of State determined
that the travel of immigrants and others is in the national interest for purposes of the national
interest exception under Presidential Proclamation 9984. 1 Because EB-5 visas are immigrant
visas, this determination applies to Plaintiffs’ visa applications. The scheduling of visa
interviews is now proceeding subject to a scheme that prioritizes certain types of immigrant
visas, particularly those related to family reunification. 2 EB-5 visas fall into the last category for
prioritization, “tier four,” but the State Department’s plan “instructs posts to schedule and
adjudicate some cases in Tier Three and Tier Four each month.” Id.
Plaintiffs filed this suit against the Secretary of State, the State Department, and a series
of unnamed government officials (“Defendants”) on March 9, 2021, see ECF No. 1, and moved
for a preliminary injunction a month later, see ECF No. 10. They seek an injunction preventing
Defendants from implementing or enforcing Presidential Proclamation 9984 against them and
requiring Defendants to immediately “re-initiate” processing of their visas. ECF No. 10 at 23.
After some difficulty effecting proper service, Plaintiffs served Defendants on May 18. ECF No.
20. In response, Defendants moved to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment.
1
See U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Updates to National Interest Exceptions
for Regional COVID Proclamations (Apr. 8, 2021), https://travel.state.gov/content/travel
/en/News/visasnews/ updates-to-national-interest-exceptions-for-regional-covid proclamations.
html. The “Court may take judicial notice of Executive Branch statements and reports pursuant
to Federal Rule of Evidence 201,” Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Trump, 297 F. Supp. 3d 6, 24 n.6 (D.D.C.
2018), which authorizes a court to “judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable
dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned,” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b).
2
See U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Immigrant Visa Prioritization (Apr. 30,
2021), https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/immigrant-visa-prioritization.
html.
4
ECF No. 23. On June 3, Plaintiffs also amended their complaint to remove three applicants
Defendants identified as having received their visas. ECF No. 24. On June 11, the Court held a
hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction. 3
Legal Standards
A. Motion for Preliminary Injunction
A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a
clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is
likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of
preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the
public interest.” Id. at 20. The last two factors merge where plaintiffs seek preliminary relief
against the government. Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009). Before Winter, these factors
were “evaluated on a ‘sliding scale’” so that “an unusually strong showing on one of the factors”
could make up for a weaker showing on another. Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571
F.3d 1288, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Davenport v. Int’l Brotherhood of Teamsters, 166
F.3d 356, 361 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). That said, the D.C. Circuit “has suggested, without deciding,
that Winter should be read to abandon the sliding-scale analysis in favor of a ‘more demanding
burden’ requiring plaintiffs to independently demonstrate both a likelihood of success on the
merits and irreparable harm.” Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 205
F. Supp. 3d 4, 26 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir.
3
At the hearing, the parties confirmed that three more Plaintiffs, Shuguang Xin, Xiaoyang Lyu,
and Xinwu Sun, were issued visas since the filing of the Amended Complaint. Thus, the parties
agree, their claims are moot. See Dvorak v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 18-cv-1941 (DLF),
2019 WL 1491743, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 3, 2019) (dismissing action as moot because “plaintiffs
have received the relief they requested: final action on their pending visa applications”).
5
2011)). Thus, “without a likelihood of success on the merits, Plaintiffs are not entitled to a
preliminary injunction regardless of their showing on the other factors.” Brown v. FEC, 386 F.
Supp. 3d 16, 24 (D.D.C. 2019) (citing Ark. Dairy Coop Ass’n, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 573
F.3d 815, 832 (D.C. Cir. 2009).
B. Motions to Dismiss
A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) “presents a threshold
challenge to the court's jurisdiction.” Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987). As
federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, it is “presumed that a cause lies outside this
limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Thus,
when faced with a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), “the plaintiff bears the burden of
establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.” Moran v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd.,
820 F.Supp.2d 48, 53 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561
(1992)). In reviewing such a motion, while the Court is not limited to the allegations in the
complaint and may consider materials outside the pleadings, the Court must “accept all of the
factual allegations in [the] complaint as true.” Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. Food & Drug
Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253–55 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (alteration in original) (quoting United States
v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 327 (1991)).
“A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s complaint;
it does not require a court to ‘assess the truth of what is asserted or determine whether a plaintiff
has any evidence to back up what is in the complaint.’” Herron v. Fannie Mae, 861 F.3d 160,
173 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). “In
evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court must construe the complaint ‘in favor of the
plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts
alleged.’” Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Schuler v.
6
United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). But a court is not “bound to accept as true a
legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). “While a court generally does
not consider matters beyond the pleadings for a motion to dismiss, it may consider ‘the facts
alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the
complaint, or documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies even if the
document is produced not by the plaintiff in the complaint but by the defendant in a motion to
dismiss.’” Feng Wang v. Pompeo, No. 18-cv-1732 (TSC), 2020 WL 1451598, at *3 (D.D.C.
Mar. 25, 2020) (citation omitted). A court may also consider matters of which it can take
judicial notice. See E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 625 (D.C. Cir.
1997).
Analysis
“Because Plaintiffs can only establish a likelihood of success on the merits of their
[claims if those claims survive] the motion to dismiss, and their entitlement to a preliminary
injunction hinges on defeating that motion, the Court addresses it first.” Citizens for Resp. and
Ethics in Wash. (CREW) v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 387 F. Supp. 3d 33, 44 (D.D.C. 2019).
The Amended Complaint asserts two counts. First, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants’ application
of Presidential Proclamation 9984 to suspend the processing of their visas is arbitrary and
capricious, in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 65–72. Second, they allege Defendants have unreasonably delayed adjudication of
their applications under the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 555(b). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 73–74. The Court will
grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count I for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and Count II
for failure to state a claim. Thus, the Court will also deny Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary
injunction.
7
A. Count I – Application of Presidential Proclamation 9984
The Court must begin its consideration of Plaintiffs’ first claim—their challenge to the
application of Presidential Proclamation 9984 to them—by determining whether it has subject
matter jurisdiction over it. “Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution permits federal courts to
adjudicate only actual, ongoing controversies.” United Broth. of Carpenters and Joiners of Am.,
AFL–CIO v. Operative Plasterers’ & Cement Masons’ Int’l. Ass’n of the U.S. & Canada, AFL–
CIO, 721 F.3d 678, 687 (D.C. Cir. 2013). “If events outrun the controversy such that the court
can grant no meaningful relief; the case must be dismissed as moot.” McBryde v. Comm. to
Review Circuit Council Conduct and Disability Orders of the Judicial Conference of the U.S.,
264 F.3d 52, 55 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
The Court holds that Plaintiffs’ challenge to Defendants’ application of the Presidential
Proclamation 9984 to them is moot. Plaintiffs argue that “implementation of Proclamation
9984” to “suspend[] the issuance of visas . . . is in excess of [the State Department’s] authority.”
Am. Compl. ¶ 71. For that reason, they ask the Court to order Defendants to “resume the
issuance and reissuance of EB-5 visas, and resume adjudication of all EB-5 visa applications, to
Plaintiffs with due priority and expediency.” Id. ¶ 72. But the Secretary of State’s determination
that immigrant visa applicants are subject to the national interest exception means that the
Proclamation is no longer operating to suspend the processing of their visa applications. In other
words, there is no actual, ongoing controversy over the effect of the Proclamation on their
applications.
Plaintiffs argue that the Secretary of State’s determination does not moot their claims.
They suggest that as a technical matter, the Proclamation is still being unlawfully applied to
them, the Secretary’s decision to except them notwithstanding. See ECF No. 26 at 5. This
distinction makes no difference. To repeat, Defendants are no longer applying the Proclamation
8
to suspend processing of Plaintiffs’ visa applications. There is thus no live controversy over
Defendants’ authority to do so. In pursuing these claims, Plaintiffs are at this point effectively
asking the Court to render an advisory opinion about the hypothetical effect of the Proclamation,
which it may not do. See Preiser v. Newkirk, 422 U.S. 395, 401 (1975) (“[Courts’] judgments
must resolve a real and substantial controversy admitting of specific relief through a decree of a
conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a
hypothetical state of facts.”).
Plaintiffs try to save these claims by raising the specter of the Secretary of State reversing
course and applying the Proclamation to them in the future. To be sure, “[a]s a general rule, a
defendant’s voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal conduct does not deprive [a court] of power
to hear and determine the case.” See Cierco v. Mnuchin, 857 F.3d 407, 414–15 (D.C. Cir. 2017).
Voluntary cessation will only moot a claim if “(1) it can be said with assurance that there is no
reasonable expectation . . . that the alleged violation will recur, and (2) interim relief or events
have completely and irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation.” Coal. of Airline
Pilots Ass’ns v. FAA, 370 F.3d 1184, 1189 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting County of Los Angeles v.
Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1979)). As for the first prong, this Court and other Circuits have
“consistently recognized that where the defendant is a government actor—and not a private
litigant—there is less concern about the recurrence of objectionable behavior.” Citizens for
Resp. and Ethics in Wash. v. SEC, 858 F. Supp. 2d 51, 61–62 (D.D.C. 2012). And on the record
here, there is no reasonable expectation that the State Department will reverse its determination
that Plaintiffs qualify for the national interest exception. In fact, counsel for Defendants
represented as much at the hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction, given the COVID-
19 pandemic’s trend in China and United States, and counsel further noted that the State
9
Department has been expanding—not reducing—those covered by the national interest
exception.4 And as for the second prong, the Secretary of State’s determination has eradicated
the effect of the Proclamation on Plaintiffs because it is no longer being applied to them. Indeed,
Plaintiffs have received all the relief they requested relating to the Proclamation, and as noted
above, several Plaintiffs have had their visas processed since this suit was filed. 5
B. Count II - Unreasonable Delay
Plaintiffs’ remaining claim is for unreasonable delay under the APA. See Am. Comp. ¶¶
73–74.6 The APA “imposes a general but nondiscretionary duty upon an administrative agency
4
See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, National Interest Exceptions for
Certain Travelers (May 27, 2021), https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-
news/national-interest-exceptions-for-certain-travelers-from-china-Iran-india-brazil-south-africa-
schengen-area-united-kingdom-and-ireland.html (determining that the entry of students,
journalists, and other non-immigrants falls under the national interest exception).
5
Although Plaintiffs do not advance this argument and the parties have not briefed it, this claim
is not saved because some portion of the ongoing delay in processing Plaintiffs’ applications may
be attributable to the lingering effects of Defendants’ previous application of the Proclamation to
suspend the processing of others’ visa applications. That is not the kind of tangible, concrete
effect, traceable to Plaintiffs’ own injuries, and curable by the relief they demand, which has
marked those instances when the D.C. Circuit has found that the effects of an alleged injury have
not been eradicated by voluntary cessation. See Penthouse Int’l, Ltd. v. Meese, 939 F.2d 1011,
1019 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
6
Some courts in this District “have declined to evaluate claims of ‘unreasonable delay’ before
discovery, noting that doing so would be ‘premature’ because the inquiry is ‘fact intensive.’”
Desai v. USCIS, No. 20-cv-1005 (CKK), 2021 WL 1110737, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 22, 2021)
(quoting Thomas v. Pompeo, 438 F. Supp. 3d 35, 44 (D.D.C. 2020)). But it is not uncommon for
courts here to resolve unreasonable delay claims in visa adjudication cases on a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion. Id. at *5 (collecting cases); see also Palakuru v. Renaud, No. 20-cv-2065 (TNM), 2021
WL 674162, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2021) (observing that “the weight of authority appears to
cut” in favor of deciding “unreasonable-delay claims at the motion-to-dismiss stage before
discovery”). After all, at this stage, “the Court is not determining whether there has been an
unreasonable delay; rather, it is determining whether plaintiffs’ complaint has alleged facts
sufficient to state a plausible claim for unreasonable administrative delay.” Palakuru, 2021 WL
674162, at *3 (quoting Ghadami v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 19-cv-0397 (ABJ), 2020
WL 1308376, at *7 n.6 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2020)). Plaintiffs have not objected to the timing of
Defendants’ motion to dismiss. ECF No. 26 at 6–8.
10
to pass upon a matter presented to it ‘within a reasonable time,’ and authorizes a reviewing court
to ‘compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.’” Palakuru v. Renaud,
No. 20-cv-2065 (TNM), 2021 WL 674162, at *2 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2021) (quoting Mashpee
Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). To
determine whether an agency has unreasonably delayed agency action under the APA, courts
apply the six-factor test the D.C. Circuit established in Telecomms. Research & Action Ctr. v.
F.C.C. (TRAC), 750 F.2d 70 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Under TRAC, courts must consider the following
factors:
(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason;
(2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which
it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply
content for this rule of reason;
(3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable
when human health and welfare are at stake;
(4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities
of a higher or competing priority;
(5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the interests
prejudiced by delay; and
(6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order that
agency action is “unreasonably delayed.”
TRAC, 750 F.2d at 79–80 (cleaned up).
The first factor is the most important, In re Core Comms., Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C.
Cir. 2008), though courts “typically consider [the first and second factors] together, Milligan v.
Pompeo, No. 20-cv-2631 (JEB), 2020 WL 6799156, at *8 (D.D.C. Nov. 19, 2020). The first
factor favors Defendants. “Whether the State Department has a ‘rule of reason’ ‘cannot be
decided in the abstract, by reference to some number of months or years beyond which agency
11
inaction is presumed to be unlawful, but will depend in large part . . . upon the complexity of the
task at hand, the significance (and permanence) of the outcome, and the resources available to
the agency.’” Id. (quoting Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1102). Defendants must show an “identifiable
rationale” governing their decisions. Ctr. for Sci. in the Pub. Interest v. FDA, 74 F. Supp. 3d
295, 300 (D.D.C. 2014).
Defendants have shown such an identifiable rationale in how they have adjusted visa
processing during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the State Department acknowledged just a few
months ago, the pandemic “continues to severely affect the ability of embassies and consulates
around the world to be able to resume routine visa services. The particular constraints vary
based on local conditions and restrictions, but include local and national lockdowns; travel
restrictions; host country quarantine regulations; and measures taken by our embassies and
consulates to contain the spread of COVID-19.” 7 Thus, it suspended visa services in China for
some of the time relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims but then began phasing those services back in over
time, as circumstances have allowed. And the State Department has outlined a rational and
reasonable scheme to prioritize certain visa applicants as services resume. See U.S. Dep’t of
State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Immigrant Visa Prioritization (Apr. 30, 2021). “The guiding
principle on which [the State Department has] based immigrant visa prioritization is that family
reunification is a clear priority of the U.S. Government’s immigration policy, a priority is
expressed in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Specifically, the Department’s
prioritization relie[s] on clear direction from Congress that the Department must adopt a policy
of prioritizing immediate relative visa applicants and K-1 fiancées of U.S. citizens, followed by
7
See U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Visa Services Operating Status Update
(April 6, 2021), https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/visa-services-
operating-status-update.html.
12
family preference immigrant visa applicants.” Id. Admittedly, this scheme is not that favorable
for Plaintiffs, as it places them in the fourth and final tier of priorities. Still, Defendants’
approach is supported by a clear rule of reason.
On the other hand, the second factor—which asks whether Congress has supplied content
for an agency’s rule of reason—favors Plaintiffs. Congress did statutorily express its “sense”
that the “processing of an immigration benefit application should be completed not later than 180
days after the initial filing of the application.” 8 U.S.C. § 1571(b). But as another court in this
District recently recognized, “the prefatory ‘sense of congress’ language in § 1571(b) is best
interpreted as nonbinding,” Palakuru, 2021 WL 674162, at *4, because “a sense of Congress
resolution is not law” under Circuit precedent. Id. (quoting Emergency Coal. to Defend Educ.
Travel v. U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, 545 F.3d 4, 14 n.6 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). All the same, the
language—passed by both houses of Congress and approved by the President—is surely “an
indication of what the legislature had in mind—after all, Congress had the option of saying
nothing on the subject at all.” Uranga v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., 490 F. Supp. 3d
86, 103 (D.D.C. 2020). Even so, the same statute “expressly recognizes ‘the current backlog’ in
processing visa applications,” Shen v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv-1263 (ABJ), 2021 WL 1246025, at *8
(D.D.C. Mar. 24, 2021), which lessens the persuasive force of Plaintiffs’ argument. See id.(holding that § 1571 does not provide a “Congressional timeline to apply.”). The Court agrees
that the timeline provided by § 1571 is “aspirational, rather than mandatory,” id., and weighs it
accordingly.
Weighing the two factors cumulatively though, the Court finds that they favor
Defendants. The delay potentially traceable to Defendants’ generalized bureaucratic delay—
rather than its response to an unforeseen pandemic—is modest, when measured against
13
Congress’s 180-day aspirational timeline. The earliest that any of Plaintiffs’ applications was
“documentarily complete” was December 2019, and most Plaintiffs did not become eligible for
an interview until March 2020 or later. Around that time, the pandemic hit, and the State
Department, like other parts of the United States Government, took reasonable steps to adapt to
and manage that unforeseen crisis.8 And now, Defendants are operating under a rule of reason to
prioritize processing the backlog of visa applications.
“The third and fifth factors are often considered together, and require the Court to
consider Plaintiffs’ interests, health, and welfare,” and the prejudice to those interests from
delay. Thakker v. Renaud, No. 20-cv-1133 (CKK), 2021 WL 1092269, at *7 (D.D.C. Mar. 22,
2021) (citation omitted). Plaintiffs present different sets of concerns related to delay. A few are
experiencing family separation because of the delay, and others are paying higher international
student tuition for their children to study in the United States. See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶ 26. But
beyond these interests, Plaintiffs mostly assert a laundry list of vague and unclear claims. See,
e.g., Am. Compl. ¶ 49 (“[Plaintiff] is very worried about the safety of his investment and
uncertainties of his career and future”); Am. Compl. ¶ 44 (“She is very stressed about the safety
of her investment and uncertainties of her career and child’s education”); Am. Compl. ¶ 31 (“He
is frustrated about his child’s age out issue, child’s education and risks to his EB-5 investment.”).
Thus, the effect of the third and fifth factors varies as to each Plaintiff. For those who have
clearly alleged that the delay has caused them to be separated from family members, these health
and welfare interests weigh more heavily in their favor. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16, 30, 33, 34, 43, 47;
see also Zandieh v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv-919 (JEB), 2020 WL 4346915, at *5 (D.D.C. July 29,
8
See Director, Office of Mgmt. and Budget, Federal Agency Operational Alignment to Slow the
Spread of Coronavirus COVID-19 (Mar. 17, 2020), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/M-20-16.pdf.
14
2020) (third factor favored plaintiffs due to harm from family separation); Ghadami v. U.S.
Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 19-cv-397 (ABJ), 2020 WL 1308376, at *9 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2020)
(same). To the extent that other Plaintiffs have adequately plead other relevant interests, these
factors also favor them, although less decisively than if their health and welfare were at stake.
Gona v. USCIS, 20-cv-3680, 2021 WL 736810, at *4 (D.D.C. Feb. 25, 2021). As for those
Plaintiffs who make only vague and conclusory claims, though, these factors are neutral and do
not support their claims of unreasonable delay. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (“[A] plaintiff's
obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and
conclusions.”) (cleaned up).
The fourth factor requires a court to account for the effects of expedited action on
“agency activities of equal or greater priority.” Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *9. This factor
not only favors Defendants, but ends up altogether dooming Plaintiffs’ claims of unreasonable
delay. The D.C. Circuit has “refused to grant relief, even though all the other factors considered
in TRAC favored it, where a judicial order putting the petitioner at the head of the queue would
simply move all others back one space and produce no net gain.” Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1100
(cleaned up). Ordering Defendants to immediately schedule visa interviews for Plaintiffs and
adjudicate their visas is “the very type of agency action . . . that if compelled would presumably
delay other adjudications.” Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147, 154 (D.D.C. 2017). And
“[a]ny such order would plainly interfere with the agency’s ‘unique—and authoritative—position
to view its projects as a whole, estimate the prospects for each, and allocate its resources in the
optimal way.’” Desai v. USCIS, No. 20-cv-1005 (CKK), 2021 WL 1110737, at *7 (D.D.C. Mar.
22, 2021) (quoting In re Barr Labs, Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 76 (D.C. Cir. 1991)).
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This precedent applies even more powerfully here than in the typical case presenting
claims of unreasonable delay. That is so because of the challenges presented by the COVID-19
pandemic, which has created unusual and extreme resource and personnel challenges for
Defendants, on top of the typical bureaucratic hold ups. Defendants, not this Court, are best
positioned to understand the continued effect of the pandemic on their operations, the entire
backlog of visa applications, the competing demands on involved personnel, and even how (if at
all) to account for the impending deadline for Congress reauthorize the EB-5 Regional Center
Program. Thus, Defendants, and not this Court, know best how to allocate their resources and
prioritize the processing of visa applications. And notably, Defendants have made progress in
addressing the backlog even since the filing of this lawsuit, as reflected by its processing of the
visa applications of six original plaintiffs.
Seeking to overcome this authority, Plaintiffs argue that their situation merits special
consideration. They style themselves as whistleblowers “brave” enough to challenge
Defendants’ application of the Proclamation and reason that without their actions, it “would not
matter where” other applicants were in the queue “since the queue itself is not moving.” 9 ECF
No. 26 at 17–18. They suggest that requiring them to remain in their present “spots” in line
would thus be a form of retaliation. Id. at 18. But Plaintiffs’ protestations do not change the fact
that moving them to the front of the line would produce no net gain and merely reward them at
the expense of others. See Verma v. USCIS, 20-cv-3419, 2020 WL 7495286, at *9 (D.D.C. Dec.
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Plaintiffs also note that they are all Chinese nationals who “live in a culture disfavoring
litigation and in a country where ordinary citizens fear[] powerful governments.” ECF No. 26 at
17. But this argument does not support any change to their place in the visa “queue” at U.S.
Consulate General Guangzhou. Even if these cultural considerations mattered in the Court’s
analysis (and they do not), nothing suggests that this distinguishes them from others with visa
applications pending in China.
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18, 2020) (“To grant Plaintiff priority would push those individuals further back in line when the
only difference between them is that plaintiff has brought a federal lawsuit.”); Dmitrenko v.
Chertoff, No. 07-cv-0082, 2007 WL 1303009, at *1 (E.D. Va. Apr. 30, 2007) (“[T]o grant relief
in this case would set a dangerous precedent, sending a clear signal that more litigious applicants
are more likely to be moved to the top of the proverbial pile over other applicants that have
waited even longer.”).
As to the sixth factor, Plaintiffs do not plausibly allege that “the agency has acted in bad
faith in delaying action.” Gona v. USCIS, 20-cv-3680, 2021 WL 736810, at *5 (D.D.C. Feb. 25,
2021). Plaintiffs characterize Defendants’ conduct as “injurious, abusive, erroneous
interpretations and practices” and claim that Defendants “cavalierly risk [Plaintiffs’] hard earned
capital and their families’ futures, through whim, caprice and gross negligence.” Am. Compl.
¶ 64. But Plaintiffs allege nothing more specific. The Court finds that Plaintiffs’ allegations on
this point lack “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference” of any bad
faith or impropriety that would sway this factor in Plaintiffs’ favor. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. As
TRAC directs, however, the lack of plausible allegations of impropriety does not weigh against
Plaintiffs, and therefore does not alter the Court’s analysis. See Palakuru, 2021 WL 674162, at
*6. The Court also notes that, as much as Plaintiffs allege that Defendants engaged in bad faith
merely by interpreting the Proclamation to allow it to suspend processing of their visa
applications in the past, the Court is unpersuaded. True, several district courts have ruled against
Defendants’ interpretation of the Proclamation, although only at the preliminary injunction stage.
See Tate v. Pompeo, 20-cv-3249, 2021 WL 148394, at *9 (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2021) (appeal filed
Mar. 22, 2021); Milligan v. Pompeo, 502 F. Supp. 3d 302, 315 (D.D.C. 2020); Gomez v. Trump,
485 F. Supp. 3d 145, 176 (D.D.C. 2020). But those rulings do not bind Defendants concerning
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the application of the Proclamation to Plaintiffs. And a good-faith legal disagreement such as
that one—especially given the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the State Department’s
“historical practice of refusing visas to applicants subject to a presidential proclamation barring
entry,” Tate, 2021 WL 148394, at *8—is hardly an impropriety that the Court would weigh in
Plaintiffs’ favor under this factor.
After weighing all six factors, the Court ultimately concludes that Plaintiffs fail to state a
claim of unreasonable delay under the APA. The Court sympathizes with Plaintiffs’ predicament
and acknowledges that this is undoubtedly a frustrating result for them. But at least for now,
resolving the tension between reasonable health and safety precautions required during the
COVID-19 pandemic, limited resources for processing clearing the backlog of visa applications,
the interests of Plaintiffs and others in the visa application queue, and even the Regional Center
Program’s possible expiration, “is a problem for the political branches to work out.” In re Barr,
930 F.2d at 75.
Conclusion
For all these reasons, the Court will grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss and deny
Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction because they have failed to show a likelihood of
success on the merits. See CREW, 387 F. Supp. 3d at 44. A separate order will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: June 18, 2021
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