Navajo Nation v. Azar II ( 2018 )


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  •                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
    THE NAVAJO NATION,
    Plaintiff,
    v.
    Civil Action No. 18-0253 (DLF)
    ALEX M. AZAR II, Secretary, United States
    Department of Health and Human Services,
    Defendant.
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before the Court is the Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. Dkt. 2. For the
    following reasons, the Court will deny the motion and order the parties to propose an expedited
    schedule for resolving this case on its merits.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Under the Head Start Act, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”)
    provides grants to tribes that implement Head Start and Early Head Start programs for young
    children and their families. 42 U.S.C. § 9831 et seq.; Compl. ¶ 1, Dkt. 1. Qualified
    organizations can receive grants for up to 80% of Head Start program costs. 42 U.S.C.
    § 9835(b). The grants are administered by a division of HHS, the Administration of Children
    and Families (“ACF”). Compl. ¶ 2.
    The plaintiff, the Navajo Nation, is a federally recognized Indian tribe whose reservation
    spans parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. 
    Id. ¶ 11.
    It runs Head Start and Early Head
    Start programs to provide education services to its young members and residents and their
    families. 
    Id. ¶ 1.
    The programs are funded primarily by an ACF-administered federal grant, No.
    90C19889 (“the Grant”), which is at the center of this case. 
    Id. ¶ 2;
    Aff. of Dr. Elvira Bitsoi
    (“Aff.”) ¶ 3, Dkt. 3-1. The Grant’s budgetary period, or fiscal year, starts on March 1 each year
    and runs through February of the next year. Compl. ¶ 17. The Navajo Nation must submit an
    annual renewal application for the Grant, which is due on December 1 before the new fiscal year
    starts. 
    Id. ¶ 18.
    Pursuant to the Grant in recent fiscal years, the Navajo Nation has received
    $23,075,043 annually. 
    Id. ¶ 3.
    Under the Head Start Act, however, grants are not static from year to year. The Act
    provides specific procedures for adjusting grants to Head Start programs that suffer from chronic
    under-enrollment, as Navajo Head Start does. Grantees must self-report enrollment each month,
    42 U.S.C. § 9836a(h)(2), and HHS must conduct a semiannual review to determine which
    grantees have been under-enrolled for four consecutive months, 
    id. § 9836a(h)(3).
    HHS and
    each under-enrolled grantee must then develop a plan and timetable for reducing under-
    enrollment, and the grantee “shall immediately implement the plan.” 
    Id. § 9836a(h)(3),
    (4). If
    the grantee does not reach at least 97% enrollment within twelve months, HHS may designate
    the grantee as chronically under-enrolled and “recapture, withhold, or reduce” the base grant by a
    percentage calculated as the difference between funded and actual enrollment. 
    Id. § 9836a(h)(5)(A).
    Also, HHS may waive or decrease the adjustment in specified circumstances.
    
    Id. § 9836a(h)(5)(B).
    If HHS adjusts funding for an Indian Head Start program, HHS must
    redistribute the resulting funds to other Indian Head Start programs by the end of the following
    fiscal year. 
    Id. § 9836a(h)(6).
    HHS followed these statutory procedures to adjust the Navajo Grant for fiscal year 2018,
    which will run from March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019. Decl. of Angie Godfrey (“Decl.”)
    ¶¶ 7–13, Dkt. 11-1. Although HHS stated in early September that the Grant would not change
    2
    for fiscal year 2018, see Compl. ¶ 19, the agency changed course a few weeks later. By letter on
    September 26, 2017, HHS informed the Nation that HHS had decided to reduce the Grant to
    $15,766,194 for fiscal year 2018, based on an enrollment level of 1,396 students in Navajo Head
    Start, not the previously funded enrollment of 2,068 Head Start students. Decl. Ex. E, Dkt. 11-2
    at 14–15. Despite implementing the 12-month remediation plan required by the Head Start Act,
    the Nation had been unable to achieve or maintain its funded enrollment of 2,068 Head Start
    students; the reduction by 672 students “represented the average number of vacant slots over a
    12 month period.” Decl. ¶ 14; see also Decl. Ex. A, Dkt. 11-2 at 1 (listing reported enrollment
    for each month since March 2015). 1 In additional letters on October 5, November 22, and
    0F
    December 4, 2017, HHS reiterated that the Grant would be $15,766,194 for fiscal year 2018.
    See Decl. Exs. F, I, & J, Dkt. 11-2 at 16, 25, 27. The letter of December 4 stated that, if the
    Navajo Nation submitted a funding application for a higher figure, HHS would “return the
    application as unfundable and request a revised application for the correct funding and
    enrollment levels.” 
    Id. ¶ 22.
    The Navajo Nation’s funding application for fiscal year 2018 was due on December 1,
    2017, but the Nation received a 45-day extension. 
    Id. ¶ 23.
    The application was submitted on
    January 12, 2018, but it again requested the prior funding level of $23,075,043. 
    Id. ¶ 24.
    HHS
    refused the Navajo Nation’s request. By letter on January 19, 2018, HHS again advised the
    Navajo Nation that the Grant would be $15,766,194 for fiscal year 2018. Decl. Ex. M, Dkt. 11-2
    1
    The Grant funds the Nation’s Head Start and Early Head Start programs, but the reduction
    appears driven by under-enrollment in Head Start only. The HHS letter of September 26 reduced
    the Grant amount apportioned to Head Start, as compared to the HHS letter of September 2.
    Both letters, however, apportioned the same amount to Early Head Start based on the same
    enrollment: $586,277 for 37 students in Early Head Start. Compare Decl. Ex. D, Dkt. 11-2 at
    12, with Decl. Ex. E, Dkt. 11-2 at 15.
    3
    at 32–33. HHS also reiterated that funding was reduced because the Navajo Head Start program
    was chronically and severely under-enrolled. See 
    id. On February
    22, 2018, the Navajo Nation filed its complaint in this action. Dkt. 1. The
    complaint asserted that (1) HHS—by not promulgating regulations permitting grantees like the
    Nation to appeal grant reductions in cases of under-enrollment—violated a provision of the Head
    Start Act that directs HHS to prescribe procedures “to assure that financial assistance . . . may be
    terminated or reduced” after reasonable notice and an appeal hearing, see 42 U.S.C. §
    9841(a)(3); Compl. ¶¶ 27–30; and (2) HHS then violated the Administrative Procedure Act by
    reducing the Navajo Grant without following statutorily mandated procedures, see 5 U.S.C.
    § 706(2); Compl. ¶¶ 31–33.
    On the same day, the Nation moved for a preliminary injunction to prevent HHS from
    reducing the Grant below $23,075,043 pending the disposition of this case. Mot. for Prelim. Inj.
    at 1, Dkt. 2. The motion was accompanied by an affidavit by the Acting Assistant
    Superintendent of Navajo Head Start, see Dkt. 3-1, and the motion requested a decision before
    March 1, 2018, when fiscal year 2018 begins. Pl.’s Mem. at 8, Dkt. 2-1.
    The Navajo Nation effected service of the complaint and summons on the U.S. Attorney
    and the U.S. Attorney General on February 9, 2018, see Dkt. 6 & 7, and on the HHS Secretary
    on February 12, 2018, see Dkt. 8. But the Navajo Nation did not immediately serve the motion
    for a preliminary injunction. See Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Notice (Feb. 21, 2018),
    Dkt. 10 at 1–2 (“Although copies of the motion for preliminary injunction . . . were prepared and
    were supposed to be included with the summons and complaint, . . . they were inadvertently
    omitted.”). As a result, the government’s deadline for opposing the motion was not triggered.
    See Local Civil Rule 65.1(c). On February 21, 2018, the Court ordered the Nation to serve the
    4
    motion immediately. See Minute Order of February 21, 2018. The Court also set a briefing
    schedule for the motion in order to facilitate a decision before March 1, 2018. 
    Id. Accordingly, HHS
    filed an opposition brief accompanied by the declaration of the Regional Program Manager
    who oversees Head Start grants to American Indian programs. Dkt. 11. The Nation then filed a
    reply brief accompanied by a supplemental affidavit. 2 The Court now resolves the motion.
    1F
    II. LEGAL STANDARD
    A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a
    clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
    
    555 U.S. 7
    , 22 (2008). To warrant a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff “must make a clear
    showing” that (1) he “is likely to succeed on the merits”; (2) he “is likely to suffer irreparable
    harm in the absence of preliminary relief”; (3) the “balance of equities” tips in his favor; and (4)
    “an injunction is in the public interest.” 
    Id. at 20;
    League of Women Voters of United States v.
    Newby, 
    838 F.3d 1
    , 6 (D.C. Cir. 2016). The last two factors “merge when the Government is the
    opposing party.” Nken v. Holder, 
    556 U.S. 418
    , 435 (2009). The plaintiff “bear[s] the burdens
    of production and persuasion” when moving for a preliminary injunction. Qualls v. Rumsfeld,
    
    357 F. Supp. 2d 274
    , 281 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing Cobell v. Norton, 
    391 F.3d 251
    , 258 (D.C. Cir.
    2004)).
    2
    The Court notes in passing that the supplemental affidavit, Dkt. 12-1, is not properly before the
    Court. Under the local rules, applications for a preliminary injunction “shall be supported by all
    affidavits on which the plaintiff intends to rely” and “[s]upplemental affidavits either to the
    application or the opposition may be filed only with permission of the court.” Local Civil Rule
    65.1(c) (emphasis added). The Navajo Nation did not seek leave of court to file the
    supplemental affidavit submitted with the reply. Nevertheless, the Court has reviewed the
    affidavit and finds the Nation’s noncompliance “to be of no moment” because the supplemental
    affidavit “ha[s] not influenced the Court to rule in [the Nation’s] favor regarding the irreparable
    harm factor.” Am. Meat Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 
    968 F. Supp. 2d 38
    , 77 n.35 (D.D.C.
    2013); see also Sataki v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, 
    733 F. Supp. 2d 1
    , 9 n.11 (D.D.C. 2010).
    5
    “Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter, courts weighed the preliminary
    injunction factors on a sliding scale, allowing a weak showing on one factor to be overcome by a
    strong showing on another factor.” Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs,
    
    205 F. Supp. 3d 4
    , 26 (D.D.C. 2016). The D.C. Circuit, however, has “suggested, without
    deciding, that Winter should be read to abandon the sliding-scale analysis in favor of a ‘more
    demanding burden’ requiring a plaintiff to independently demonstrate both a likelihood of
    success on the merits and irreparable harm.” 
    Id. (quoting Sherley
    v. Sebelius, 
    644 F.3d 388
    , 392-
    93 (D.C. Cir. 2011)); see also Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 
    571 F.3d 1288
    , 1292 (D.C.
    Cir. 2009).
    Regardless of whether the sliding scale analysis survives Winter in this Circuit, it is clear
    that failure to show a likelihood of irreparable harm remains, standing alone, sufficient to defeat
    the motion. “[T]he basis of injunctive relief in the federal courts has always been irreparable
    harm.” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 
    454 F.3d 290
    , 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006)
    (quoting Sampson v. Murray, 
    415 U.S. 61
    , 88 (1974)). As such, a plaintiff must show that
    “irreparable injury is likely in the absence of an injunction,” regardless of whether the sliding
    scale analysis survives Winter and regardless of whether the plaintiff satisfies the other three
    factors. 
    Winter, 555 U.S. at 21
    –22 (emphasis in original); see 
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    .
    Therefore, the Court need not resolve whether the sliding scale test is viable after Winter. The
    plaintiff here cannot show likely irreparable harm, so the outcome of this case is the same under
    either test.
    6
    III. ANALYSIS
    Injunctive relief is not warranted because the Navajo Nation has failed to show that it is
    likely to suffer irreparable harm, which is grounds alone for denying the Nation’s motion. See
    
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    .
    The D.C. Circuit “has set a high standard for irreparable injury,” Mdewakanton Sioux
    Indians of Minn. v. Zinke, 
    255 F. Supp. 3d 48
    , 52 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Chaplaincy of Full
    Gospel Churches v. England, 
    454 F.3d 290
    , 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006)), and a mere possibility is not
    enough, see 
    Winter, 555 U.S. at 22
    . “First, the injury must be both certain and great; it must be
    actual and not theoretical. The moving party must show the injury complained of is of such
    imminence that there is a clear and present need for equitable relief to prevent irreparable harm.
    Second, the injury must be beyond remediation.” 
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    (quotation marks,
    citations, and alterations omitted).
    The Navajo Nation fails to show that it is likely to suffer irreparable harm from the HHS
    decision to reduce the Grant from approximately $23.1 million to $15.8 million for fiscal year
    2018. According to an affidavit submitted by the Acting Assistant Superintendent for Navajo
    Head Start, the funding adjustment would cause 672 children and families to lose access to Head
    Start services. Id.; Aff. ¶ 3. The affidavit also states that the Nation will have to lay off at least
    147 employees and reduce the hours of 40 other employees, which would “necessitate the
    closure of a minimum of 34 Head Start facilities.” Aff. ¶ 3. According to the Assistant
    Superintendent’s supplemental affidavit, these changes could begin on March 1, 2018: if the
    funding adjustment occurs on that date, she will begin identifying personnel to be laid off and
    facilities to be closed, and she “anticipate[s] that layoffs would begin within a couple of weeks
    thereafter.” Supp. Aff. of Dr. Elivra Bitsoi (“Supp. Aff.”) ¶ 5, Dkt. 12-1 at 2. Based on these
    7
    assertions, the Navajo Nation argues that the “Nation and the children currently served by the
    Navajo Head Start program will suffer irreparable harm starting on March 1, 2018 if HHS is
    allowed to reduce the Grant without affording the Nation the appeal rights to which it is
    entitled.” Pl.’s Mem. at 7.
    The Court disagrees. First, it appears unlikely that 672 students will lose access to Head
    Start services due to the HHS decision. The Navajo Nation puts forth 672 as the number of
    children who will lose access, which is the difference between the number of students for whom
    Head Start enrollment was previously funded by HHS (2,068) and the Head Start enrollment
    level on which HHS based its funding decision for fiscal year 2018 (1,396). See Compl. ¶ 20;
    Pl.’s Mem. at 6. HHS reduced the funded enrollment level by 672 because that number
    “represent[s] the average number of vacant slots over a 12 month period” during which HHS and
    the Nation sought to remediate under-enrollment. Decl. ¶ 14. Indeed, according to Navajo
    Nation’s self-reported enrollment figures, Head Start enrollment has never exceeded 1,577 in any
    month since March 2015. Decl. Ex. A, Dkt. 11-2 at 1. And during the months in which HHS
    decided to adjust funding for fiscal year 2018, reported enrollment was less than the enrollment
    that HHS ultimately funded: the Navajo Nation reported 1,187 Head Start students in September
    2017, 1,280 in October 2017, 1,304 in November 2017, and 1,394 in December 2017. 
    Id. Therefore, funded
    enrollment appears consistent with reported enrollment, and it seems unlikely
    that there are 672 additional, actual students who would enroll but for HHS’s decision.
    Second, although the Navajo Nation asserts that it will have to layoff employees and
    close facilities in the absence of preliminary relief, it is not clear that these alleged harms are
    sufficiently great, certain, or imminent to warrant injunctive relief. The Nation states that, if a
    loss of funding occurs on March 1, 2018, it will begin identifying personnel to be laid off and
    8
    facilities that must be closed, and it “anticipates that layoffs would begin within a couple weeks
    thereafter.” Reply. at 7, Dkt. 12; Supp. Aff. ¶ 5. These alleged harms, therefore, will not arise
    immediately on March 1 and they can be mitigated by resolving this case on the merits according
    to an expedited litigation schedule, which the government suggests and which the Court intends
    to set. See Def.’s Notice, Dkt. 9 at 2; Def.’s Opp. at 1 n.1, Dkt. 11; see also Order, Dkt. 13.
    Thus, the alleged harms do not “creat[e] a clear and present need for extraordinary equitable
    relief to prevent harm.” Pinson v. DOJ, 
    273 F. Supp. 3d 1
    , 13 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Wis. Gas
    Co. v. FERC, 
    758 F.2d 669
    , 674 (D.C. Cir. 1985)).
    Moreover, the Nation’s past practice indicates that it does not require immediate access to
    $23.1 million to provide the same level of Head Start services in fiscal year 2018 as it provided
    in past years. The Nation regularly fails to spend millions of dollars of its Head Start funds in a
    budget year. Decl. ¶ 6. In fiscal year 2016, the Navajo Nation obligated only $19.3 million of
    $25.5 million awarded. 
    Id. In fiscal
    year 2017, the Navajo Nation is expected to obligate only
    $17.4 million of $23.1 million awarded. 
    Id. In those
    years, the Head Start programs served a
    similar or higher number of students than expected for fiscal year 2018, which undercuts the
    Nation’s assertion that it will be gravely harmed on March 1 unless the full $23.1 million is made
    available immediately. See Decl. Ex. A, Dkt 11-2 at 1.
    Third, even without preliminary relief, HHS will award the Nation $15.8 million for
    fiscal year 2018. Decl. ¶ 29. The Nation replies that its 2018 grant application “was denied in its
    entirety,” so in fact “the Navajo Nation has no approved Head Start funding whatsoever for
    Fiscal Year 2018.” Supp. Aff. ¶ 6; see also Reply at 6. The Navajo Nation may have
    contributed to this issue by maintaining its request for $23.1 million in its application of January
    12, 2018, see Pl.’s Mem. at 2, despite extensive notice over the previous months that the
    9
    Nation’s enrollment did not justify that amount, see, e.g., Decl. Exs. E, F, I, J, & K. Regardless,
    the Navajo Nation is incorrect because HHS clearly represents that $15.8 million will be
    awarded: “On March 1, 2018, [HHS] plans to award the Navajo Nation $15,766,194. That
    entire amount will be available at that time for the Navajo Nation to spend on appropriate Head
    Start expenditures, subject to grant conditions.” Decl. ¶ 29.
    In addition to that sum, HHS has committed to restoring $2 million if the Navajo Nation
    meets certain conditions, the most stringent of which appear to be (1) maintaining enrollment
    levels of 1,396 Head Start students and (2) creating a wait list of children eligible to fill the
    approximately 180 to 200 additional seats funded by the restored funding. See Decl. ¶ 27; Decl.
    Ex. M, Dkt. 11-2 at 32–33.
    Furthermore, the Navajo Nation can request to carryover its unobligated Head Start funds
    from fiscal years 2016 and 2017. See 45 C.F.R. § 75.309; HHS Grants Policy Statement at II-51
    & App. B-2 (Jan. 1, 2007). For fiscal year 2016, the Navajo Nation had approximately $6.3
    million in unobligated Head Start funds. Of that amount, the Nation asserts that $5.1 million is
    unavailable for personnel expenses because HHS has approved its use for projects involving
    physical infrastructure for the Head Start program. Reply at 7; Supp. Aff. ¶ 11; Supp. Aff. Exs.
    B & C, Dkt. 12-1 at 11–20. Even so, that leaves at least $1.2 million that the Nation can
    carryover from fiscal year 2016. HHS “is still waiting for information from the Navajo Nation to
    process the carryover of these funds, but once the Navajo Nation provides that information those
    carryover funds would be available to provide Head Start services.” Decl. ¶ 6. Also, the Nation
    could seek to re-apply the other $5.1 million from physical infrastructure to personnel expenses.
    See id.; HHS Grants Policy Statement at II-51.
    10
    For fiscal year 2017, HHS anticipates that the Navajo Nation will have approximately
    $5.7 million in unobligated 2017 funds available for carryover. 
    Id. The Nation
    disputes that
    estimate, but the Nation does not provide any reasons for its disagreement, nor does it offer an
    alternative estimate. See Reply at 6–7; Supp. Aff. ¶ 10.
    Based on these various available funds, the Navajo Nation will have a minimum of $15.8
    million immediately for fiscal year 2018, and that sum can be supplemented by up to $2 million
    in restored funds, $1.2 million in 2016 carryover funds, $5.7 million in 2017 carryover funds,
    and $5.1 million in re-applied 2016 carryover funds, for a total that exceeds the $23.1 million
    that the Nation considers sufficient to maintain its Head Start programs. As a result, the Navajo
    Nation has failed to show that HHS’s decision is likely to cause “certain,” “great,” and
    “imminen[t]” harm so as to warrant preliminary relief.
    Also, the Nation has failed to show that any harm would be irreparable, the “key word in
    th[e] consideration” of irreparable harm. 
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    (quotation marks
    omitted). “It is . . . well settled that economic loss does not, in and of itself, constitute
    irreparable harm.” Wisconsin Gas 
    Co., 758 F.2d at 674
    . “The possibility that adequate
    compensatory or other corrective relief will be available at a later date, in the ordinary course of
    litigation weighs heavily against a claim of irreparable harm.” 
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    –98
    (quotation marks omitted). Without preliminary relief, the Nation will have access to at least
    $15.8 million instead of $23.1 million on March 1, so the Nation will be unable to immediately
    draw on $7.3 million of funds that it believes should have been awarded. But to the extent this
    shortfall represents an unlawful loss, the Nation may be able to recover it through the ordinary
    course of litigation. Therefore, the alleged economic loss here is not “beyond remediation.” 
    Id. at 297.
    11
    Based on the foregoing analysis, the Navajo Nation has failed to demonstrate that, in the
    absence of a preliminary injunction, it is likely to suffer irreparable harm before a decision on the
    merits can be rendered. Without this showing, the Nation is not entitled to preliminary relief.
    See 
    Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297
    (“A movant’s failure to show any irreparable harm is therefore
    grounds for refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the other three factors entering the
    calculus merit such relief.”); Nat’l Parks Conservation Ass’n v. Semonite, No. 17-cv-01361,
    
    2017 WL 4776985
    , at *2, *5 (D.D.C. Oct. 20, 2017) (denying motion for preliminary injunction
    without considering factors other than likely irreparable harm); GEO Specialty Chems., Inc. v.
    Husisian, 
    923 F. Supp. 2d 143
    , 147, 151 (D.D.C. 2013) (same). The Court will therefore deny
    the Navajo Nation’s motion for a preliminary injunction and set an expedited litigation schedule
    for resolving this case on its merits.
    CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction, Dkt. 2, is
    denied. A separate order consistent with this decision accompanies this memorandum opinion.
    ________________________
    DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH
    United States District Judge
    Date: February 28, 2018
    12