Crawford v. District of Columbia ( 2012 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
ISABELL CRAWFORD, )
Plaintiff, )
v. )
) Civil Action No. 11-174 (AK)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )
Defendant. )
____________________________________)
AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter is pending before this Court on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Fees and Costs (“Fee
Motion”) and Memorandum in support thereof (“Memorandum”) [10]; Defendant’s opposition
to the Motion (“Opposition”) [11]; and Plaintiff’s reply to the Opposition (“Reply”) [12].1
Plaintiff Isabell Crawford (“Plaintiff’) has requested $1,820.55 in legal fees and costs, a portion
of which is contested by Defendant District of Columbia (“Defendant” or “the District”) on
grounds that the hourly rate charged by Plaintiff’s counsel is excessive and some of counsel’s
billing entries are “remote” in time. (Opposition, Exh. 1 [Defendant’s chart of proposed
allowable fees and reasons for fee reductions].)
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is the parent of a minor child who prevailed in an administrative action brought
pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Individuals with Disabilities
in Education Improvement Act ( collectively “IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. Pursuant to 20
U.S.C. §1415(i)(3)(B), a court may award attorney’s fees to a parent who prevails in an IDEA
1
This same Fee Motion is filed in multiple cases involving claims for attorneys’ fees and
costs; the Plaintiff is this action is Isabell Crawford.
proceeding. Prior to filing this civil action, the Plaintiff participated in December 18, 2007 due
process hearing wherein the Hearing Officer considered whether or not the District of Columbia
Public Schools (“DCPS”) denied the student a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”) by
failing to convene a compensatory education meeting to discuss and determine warranted
compensatory education. (December 24, 2007 Hearing Officer Decision and Order (“HOD”) [1]
at 1.) The Hearing Officer concluded in his HOD that it was not necessary for Plaintiff to
submit a “selection card” to set up a compensatory education meeting and that the District
should have accepted Plaintiff’s letter as a valid legal election for a compensatory education
meeting. (December 24, 2007 HOD [1] at 2-3.) The District does not dispute Plaintiff’s
prevailing party status in this case.
Plaintiff originally filed her complaint for legal fees and costs with the Small Claims and
Conciliation Branch of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. Defendant removed this
and other simultaneously filed cases to this Court and the parties subsequently consented to the
referral of all such cases to the undersigned Magistrate Judge for all purposes. The parties were
directed to brief the issues in these cases in the form of motions for legal fees and responses
thereto.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The IDEA gives courts authority to award reasonable attorney’s fees to the parents of a
child with a disability who is the prevailing party. 20 U.S.C. §1415(i)(3)(B). An action or
proceeding under IDEA includes both civil litigation in federal court and administrative
litigation before hearing officers. Smith v. Roher, 954 F. Supp. 359, 362 (D.D.C. 1997); Moore
v. District of Columbia, 907 F.2d 165, 176 (D.C. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 998 (1990).
2
The plaintiff has the burden of establishing the reasonableness of any fee requests. See
In re North, 59 F.3d 184, 189 (D.C. Cir. 1995); Covington v. District of Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101,
1107 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“[A] fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an
award, documenting the appropriate hours, and justifying the reasonableness of the rates.”) “An
award of attorneys’ fees is calculated by multiplying a reasonable hourly rate by the number of
hours reasonably expended on the case.” Smith, 954 F. Supp. at 364 (citing Hensley v.
Eckerhard, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983)); Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984). The result of
this calculation is the “lodestar” amount. Smith, 954 F. Supp. at 364.
20 U.S.C. §1415(i)(3)(C) states that “[f]ees awarded under this paragraph shall be based
on rates prevailing in the community in which the action or proceeding arose for the kind and
quality of services furnished.” 20 U.S.C. §1415(i)(3)(C). To demonstrate a reasonable hourly
rate, the fee applicant must show: an attorney’s usual billing practices; counsel’s skill,
experience and reputation; as well as the prevailing market rates in the community. Covington,
57 F.3d at 1107. The determination of a “market rate for the services of the lawyer is inherently
difficult” and is decided by the court in its discretion. Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n.11. “To inform
and assist the court in the exercise of its discretion, the burden is on the fee applicant to produce
satisfactory evidence . . . that the requested [hourly] rates are in line with those prevailing in the
community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and
reputation.” Id. An attorney’s usual billing rate may be considered the “reasonable rate” if it
accords with the rates prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers possessing
similar skill, experience and reputation. Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d
274, 278 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (emphasis added).
3
A party moving for summary judgment on legal fees accordingly must demonstrate
prevailing party status and the reasonableness of the fees requested in terms of hours spent and
hourly rate. Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (a), summary judgment shall be granted if the movant
shows that there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Accord Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247
(1986). Summary judgment should be granted against a party “who fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
The court is required to draw all justifiable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and
to accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. The nonmoving
party must establish more than “the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its
position. Id. at 252. Nor may the non-moving party rely on allegations or conclusory
statements; instead, the non-moving party is obliged to present specific facts that would enable a
reasonable jury to find it its favor. Greene v Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Reasonableness of Hourly Rates
Plaintiff seeks fees for the services of three lawyers, two law clerks, and one paralegal, to
be paid at the following rates: $475 per hour for Douglas Tyrka, an attorney with approximately
10 years experience during the relevant time period; $268 per hour for Zachary Nahass, an
attorney with approximately 1-2 years experience during the relevant time period; $255 per hour
for Keith Coyle, an attorney with approximately 1-2 years experience during the relevant time
period; and $139/$146/150 per hour for Yanet Scott, Patrick Meehan, and Michael Tchorni, who
4
were paralegals/law clerks with the firm Tyrka & Associates during that same period of time.1
(Plaintiff’s Itemization of Fees/Expenses [1]; Fee Motion [10], Exh. 2 [Verified Statement of
Douglas Tyrka (“Tyrka”)] ¶¶ 8-12, 15, 16, 18.) According to Tykra’s Verified Statement
(“Verified Statement”), “[t]he hourly rates in the itemization are the rates Tyrka & Associates
has customarily charged.” (Exh. 2 ¶4.)
Tyrka further asserts that “clients have retained Tyrka & Associates with the
understanding and agreement that the client would retain full responsibility for all fees regardless
of what was reimbursed by third parties, at rates consistent with ‘the Laffey [M]atrix’ as adjusted
per the finding in Salazar v. District of Columbia, 123 F. Supp. 2d 8, 14-15 (D.D.C. 2000), and
other cases.” (Exh. 2 ¶4.)2 Plaintiff relies upon the rates set forth in the “enhanced” Laffey
Matrix in her request for attorney’s fees but Tyrka’s Verified Statement does not indicate how
1
The law firm’s hourly rate for paralegal/law clerk charges occurring after May 31, 2007
increased from $139/hour to $146/hour, matching the “enhanced” Laffey Matrix rate increase
during that same time. However, the law firm’s hourly rate for paralegal/law clerk charges
occurring after May 31, 2008 increased from $146/hour to $150/hour, even though the
“enhanced” Laffey Matrix rates increased from $146/hour to $152/hour during that same time.
2
The Laffey Matrix is “a schedule of charges based on years of experience” developed in
Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F. Supp. 354 (D.D.C. 1983), rev’d on other grounds, 746
F.2d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1021 (1985), as modified by Save Our
Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516, 1524 (D.C. Cir. 1988). The Laffey Matrix
was first developed based upon information about the prevailing rates charged for complex
federal litigation in the District of Columbia, and it is maintained by the United States Attorney’s
Office for the District of Columbia and is updated annually to reflect increases in the local
Consumer Price Index. See Laffey Matrix - 2003-2012, n.3, available at:
htttp://www.justice.gov/usao/dc/divisions/civil_Laffey_Matrix_2003-2012.pdf.
The “enhanced” Laffey Matrix is a schedule of fees based on the original Laffey Matrix, with
adjustments to reflect increases in the national Legal Services Index, prepared by the United
States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Fees Motion, Exh.3.)
5
frequently Plaintiff’s counsel is paid at these “enhanced” Laffey rates.3 Nor has counsel
presented affidavits attesting to the actual billing rates of lawyers who do similar IDEA work.
Furthermore, the Plaintiff has not provided specific information about the nature or complexity
of the IDEA administrative work performed in this case.
Plaintiff asserts that in order to demonstrate prevailing market rates, she may “point to
such evidence as an updated [enhanced] version of the Laffey Matrix or the U.S. Attorney’s
Office [“USAO”] Matrix, or [her] own survey of prevailing market rates in the community.”
(Memorandum in support of Fees Motion (“Memorandum”) at 8 (citing Covington, 57 F.3d at
1109 (additional citation omitted))). In the Covington case, which involved allegations of civil
rights violations, the Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit did look to Laffey rates for prevailing
market rates but the relevant market therein was “complex federal litigation,” 57 F.3d at 1110.
In contrast, this case involves IDEA litigation, which is not complex federal litigation because
most if not all of the attorney’s fees in question are the result of counsel’s preparation for
attendance at routine administrative hearings. Accordingly, the Laffey Matrix rates are
inapplicable as prevailing market rates.
Plaintiff additionally relies upon Rooths v District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 09-
0492, Report and Recommendation of March 31, 2011, and Friendship Edison Pub. Charter
Sch. v. Suggs, Civil Action No. 06-1284, Motion for Attorneys’ Fees of July 10, 2008 and
3
See generally MacClarence v. Johnson, 539 F. Supp. 2d 155, 160 (D.D.C.
2008)(expressing concern that “standardized hourly rates overcompensate lawyers whose
practices are contingent fee based and therefore compensated at an hourly rate they never charge
and none of their clients could pay”).
6
Memorandum Opinion of March 30, 2009 at 5-8. (Fee Motion, Exhs. 5-7).4 According to
Plaintiff, in these two IDEA cases litigated in this United States District Court, the firm’s clients
received an award of fees “based on rates exactly in line with those presented here, . . . ”
(Memorandum at 8.)
As a preliminary matter, this Court notes that the mere showing that a high hourly rate
was approved in another case does not in and of itself establish a new market rate or prove that
the new rate is reasonable. Furthermore, Plaintiff’s reliance on Rooths v District of Columbia,
Civil Action No. 09-0492, Report and Recommendation of March 31, 2011 at 10-11 (Fee
Motion, Exh. 5), is misplaced because the trial court ultimately rejected the application of
enhanced Laffey rates, applied Laffey Matrix rates as a starting point, and then reduced those
rates by 25%. Rooths v District of Columbia, 802 F. Supp. 2d 56, 62-63 (D.D.C. 2011).
In Rooths, the Honorable Paul L. Friedman noted that “[i]n this circuit, the rates
contained in the Laffey Matrix are typically treated as the highest rates that will be presumed to
be reasonable when a court reviews a petition for statutory attorneys’ fees.” 802 F. Supp. 2d at
61. The trial court declined “to approve as reasonable the inflated rates contained in a proposed
alternative fee matrix.” Id. at 61-62; see Blackman v. District of Columbia, 677 F. Supp. 2d 169,
176 (D.D.C. 2010) (in determining prevailing market rates, the court declined to apply enhanced
Laffey rates). The Rooths court further refused to apply enhanced Laffey rates, in part because it
found that the “[enhanced Laffey] matrix was generated using national statistics rather than
4
Plaintiff relies on Friendship Edison Pub. Charter Sch. v. Suggs, Civil Action No. 06-
1284, Motion for Attorneys’ Fees of July 10, 2008 and Memorandum Opinion of March 30,
2009 at 5-8, but this case is inapposite because there was no challenge to the reasonableness of
the hours expended by counsel or the hourly rates in that case.
7
measurements particular to the District of Columbia area.” Rooths at 62 (emphasis in original);
see also DL v. District of Columbia, 256 F.R.D. 239, 243 (D.D.C. 2009) (because the USAO
[Laffey] Matrix accounts for price inflation within the local community, it more aptly focuses on
the relevant community than the [enhanced] Laffey Matrix based on the legal services index).
The Rooths court commented that “[w]hile it is doubtless true that some sectors of the legal
services industry have experienced rapid fee inflation in recent years, [it was] unconvinced that
fees associated with IDEA litigation in the District of Columbia have increased at the same rate.”
Rooths at 62.
Recognizing the difficulty courts encounter in determining what are reasonable legal
fees, this Court agrees with the rationale set forth in Rooths, and finds that the Plaintiff’s reliance
on an enhanced Laffey Matrix is unsupported because such Matrix does not provide an accurate
representation of District of Columbia legal fees applicable to IDEA cases. Nor has Plaintiff
demonstrated that IDEA litigation involving administrative hearings is the type of “complex
federal litigation” encompassed by the Laffey rates. See McClam v. District of Columbia, Civil
Action No. 11-381 (RMC), September 6, 2011 Memorandum Opinion at 8 (declining to apply
Laffey rates in part on grounds that “IDEA cases are generally not complex [and in that case,]
Plaintiffs . . . pointed to no novel issue or other complexity that turned this, particular IDEA
case into a complicated piece of litigation.”)5
Defendant’s argument against imposition of Laffey rates primarily focuses on the Rooths
and McClam decisions, supra. but the Defendant also asserts that “Plaintiffs have made no
5
The McClam court acknowledged that “[f]ederal district courts in this circuit disagree
whether Laffey rates should be applied in IDEA cases.” McClam Memorandum Opinion at 6
(citations omitted).
8
serious attempt to show that rates under the Laffey Matrix are appropriate in this case or, more
specifically, that Laffey rates were necessary to attract competent counsel in the underlying,
special education matters.” (Opposition at 13.)6 Defendant further argues that there is no
“inherent right to Laffey rates.” (Opposition at 13 (citation omitted)); see Lively v Flexible
Packaging Assoc., 930 A.2d 984, 990 (D.C. 2007) (accepting the Laffey Matrix as one legitimate
means of calculating attorney’s fees and using it as a starting point instead of an automatic
application). Federal courts do not automatically have to award Laffey rates but instead they can
look at the complexity of the case and use their discretion to determine whether such rates are
warranted. See Muldrow v. Re-Direct, Inc., 397 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4-5 (D.D.C. 2005) (awarding fees
at a rate 25% less than Laffey in a “relatively straightforward negligence suit”).
This Court follows the reasoning of the Rooths case and other cases declining to apply
enhanced Laffey rates. Considering that this is a straightforward case seeking IDEA legal fees,
this Court concludes that the Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the hourly rates set by her
counsel, which are based on enhanced Laffey rates, are reasonable.7 Such enhanced rates do not
reflect what the local legal market will bear in terms of legal fees for IDEA litigation. Using the
[USAO] Laffey Matrix as a starting point for determination of a reasonable hourly rate, this
Court determines that the hourly rate for Douglas Tyrka [attorney with 10 years experience]
6
See Kenny A. v. Perdue, 130 S. Ct. 1662, 1672 (2010) “a ‘reasonable’ fee is a fee that is
sufficient to induce a capable attorney to undertake the representation of a meritorious civil
rights case”); see also Lively v. Flexible Packaging Association, 930 A.2d 984, 990 (D.C. 2007)
(cautioning that the goal of fee-shifting provisions is not to provide counsel with a windfall but
to attract competent counsel).
7
By statute the Court determines the reasonableness of the hourly rate. The negotiated
legal fee hourly rate between the attorney and his client may be more or less than the hourly rate
set by the Court.
9
would be $315 instead of $475; the hourly rate for Zachary Nahass [attorney with 1-2 years
experience] would be $215, instead of $268, the hourly rate for Keith Coyle [attorney with 1-2
years experience] would be $205, instead of $255, while the rate for a paralegal/law clerk [Yanet
Scott, Patrick Meehan, and Michael Tchorni] would be $120/125/130 instead of $139/146/150.
The Laffey Matrix rates are the presumed maximum rates appropriate for “complex
federal litigation.” Covington v. District of Columbia, 57 F.3d at 1103. Because IDEA litigation
generally does not fall within that category, the Laffey rates should be further reduced. The case
at issue is no exception to that general rule insofar as it involves a routine administrative
proceeding summarized in the Hearing Officer’s Decision dated December 24, 2007 (HOD [1])
and the time spent in preparation for the hearing was nominal. (Itemization of Fees/Expenses.)
In such a case, an hourly rate below the Laffey Matrix rates is appropriate. See Wilson v. District
of Columbia, Civil Action No. 09-2258, 2011 WL 1428090, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 14, 2011) (Laffey
Matrix is “not generally applicable to IDEA cases because they are not usually complex”); A.C.
ex rel. Clark v. District of Columbia, 674 F. Supp. 2d 149, 155 (D.D.C. 2009) (finding the
USAO Laffey inapplicable in an IDEA case where “almost all of the attorney’s fees in question
are the result of counsel’s preparation for attendance at routine administrative hearing”); Agapito
v. District of Columbia, 525 F. Supp. 2d 150, 155 (D.D.C. 2007) (adjusting attorney fee award
and declining to rely on the Laffey Matrix for these “relatively simple and straightforward IDEIA
cases”). The Court will therefore award fees at an hourly rate equal to three-quarters of the
USAO Laffey Matrix rate, which is $236 for Tyrka, $161 for Nahass, $154 for Coyle, and
10
$90/94/98 for Scott, Meehan, and Tchorni.8
B. Challenges to Time Charges
Defendant claims that some of the hours billed by Plaintiff’s counsel [valued at $274.10]
should not be compensated because they are too remote in time as to “preclude a meaningful
relationship with the hearing.” (Opposition at 16, citing Czarniewy v. District of Columbia, 2005
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5161, at *11 (D.D.C. March 25, 2005)). See also Role Models America, Inc. v.
Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 973 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (where administrative fee charges have no
temporal proximity to the proceeding on which the right to fees is based but instead appear to be
administrative matters between counsel and his client, these charges are not appropriate for
reimbursement). Defendant asserts that “[t]he statute does not contemplate an undefined form of
ongoing representation of students [but instead] [i]t quantifies the activities for which school
districts are obliged to reimburse legal representation to the administrative process described in
20 U.S.C. §1415. . . .” (Opposition at 16.)
A review of the time sheets submitted by Plaintiff shows that the time charges noted by
counsel have sufficient temporal proximity to the date of the HOD. Some of the time entries
pre-date and include the due process hearing, reflecting preparation for and attendance at the
hearing; several time entries note the hearing and counsel’s actions taken in response to the
Hearing Officer’s Determination; and finally, some time entries following the HOD reflect
8
Defendant notes that a 25% reduction in Laffey Matrix rates brings these fees in line
with its DCPS Fee Guidelines (Opposition at 15); however, it is not the intent of this Court to
mirror the DCPS Fee Guidelines but instead to apply a percentage reduction that represents the
fact that most IDEA litigation [involving administrative proceedings] is not complex federal
litigation warranting the application of Laffey Matrix rates.
11
follow-up by counsel, including time spent ensuring HOD compliance. This Court will not
further reduce time charges based on Defendant’s claim that some charges are remote.
C. Costs
Plaintiff seeks costs in the amount of $0.80 for expenses arising from copying. These
costs are not contested by the Defendant. Plaintiff also seeks an award of costs for fees charged
by Sharon Millis, a special education advocate with over 20 years experience, whose time is
billed at $200 per hour.9 These costs relating to the services of a non-attorney educational
consultant will be denied on grounds that they are not authorized under the IDEA. See Arlington
Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Murphy, 548 U.S. 291, 300 (2006) (“[T]he terms of the IDEA
overwhelmingly support the conclusion that prevailing parents may not recover the costs of
experts or consultants.”)
D. Fees and Costs Awarded
The amount of fees and costs requested by Plaintiff is $1,820.55, which can be broken
down into $1,819.75 for legal fees and $0.80 for costs. Defendant has not contested the costs.
The legal fees claimed were based on 1 hour billed at $475/hour, 1.75 hours billed at $268/hour,
0.25 hour billed at $255/hour, 1 hour billed at $139/hour, 1.75 hours billed at $146/hour, and 1
9
According to Plaintiff’s counsel, Ms. Millis “worked for parents full-time as an agent of
Tyrka & Associates, primarily attending school meetings, at which she assisted parents and
school officials in interpreting evaluations, developing individualized education programs,
developing compensatory education plans, and related tasks.” (Verified Statement of Douglas
Tyrka ¶17.) The Court notes that Millis billed time for a file review prior to a compensatory
education meeting and attendance at an MDT meeting in January 2008.
12
hour billed at $150/hour.10 This Court has determined that hourly rates based on 75% of the
Laffey Matrix rate are applicable, which means that 1 hour is billed at $236/hour, 1.75 hours are
billed at $161/hour, 0.25 hour is billed at $154/hour, 1 hour is billed at $90/hour, 1.75 hours are
billed at $94/hour, and 1 hour is billed at $98/hour. Total fees thus equal $908.44, and total costs
equal $0.80, which together total $909.24.
DATED: April 26, 2012, __________________/s/_______________
nunc pro tunc April 18. 2012 ALAN KAY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
10
Applying the enhanced Laffey Matrix, the hourly rate for paralegals from June 1, 2008
through May 31, 2009 was $152/hour. The Court is uncertain why Plaintiff used a rate of
$150/hour post-June 1, 2008.
13