Harrigan v. Carson ( 2019 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
CLARE HARRIGAN,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 17-930 (TJK)
BENJAMIN S. CARSON,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Clare Harrigan brings this lawsuit alleging that her supervisors discriminated
and retaliated against her while she was an attorney in the Department of Housing and Urban
Development’s Office of General Counsel (OGC). In her amended complaint, Harrigan asserts
nine counts alleging various theories of gender discrimination and retaliation under Title VII.
Defendant Benjamin S. Carson, named in his official capacity as head of the Department, has
moved to dismiss seven counts in full and two in part. For the reasons explained below, the
Court will grant Defendant’s motion in part and deny it in part: Counts I, VII, VIII, and IX will
proceed, and the Court will dismiss Counts III through VI in full and Count II in part.
Legal Standard
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s complaint; it does not
require a court to ‘assess the truth of what is asserted or determine whether a plaintiff has any
evidence to back up what is in the complaint.’” Herron v. Fannie Mae, 861 F.3d 160, 173 (D.C.
Cir. 2017) (quoting Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). When
considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court construes the complaint in favor of the plaintiff
and grants her the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged. Hettinga v. United
States, 677 F.3d 471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012). 1
Analysis
A. Gender Discrimination (Count I)
In Count I of her amended complaint, Harrigan alleges that her supervisors discriminated
against her because of her gender by denying her the chance to detail or transfer to other federal
government offices. See ECF No. 8 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 86–109. Defendant moves to dismiss this
count in part, to the extent that it is based on a detail opportunity she was allegedly denied in
February 2007. ECF No. 11 (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 5–7. Harrigan alleges that at that time her
supervisors denied her a detail to a different section of the OGC, where she would “learn a new
and interesting area of the law,” receive “career enhancing opportunities,” and “avoid further
discrimination” by her supervisors. Compl. ¶¶ 18, 88.
Defendant argues that denial of a detail opportunity cannot be the basis of a
discrimination or retaliation claim because it is not, under D.C. Circuit precedent, adverse
enough to state a Title VII claim. Def.’s Mot. at 6. But the two cases Defendant cites for this
proposition do not reflect such an ironclad rule. Rather, those cases—Maramark v. Spellings,
No. 06-5099, 2007 WL 2935411 at *1 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 20, 2007), and Kangethe v. District of
Columbia, 206 F. Supp. 3d 661, 670 (D.D.C. 2016)—hold that denial of a temporary position
can support a Title VII discrimination or retaliation claim when the plaintiff alleges it deprived
her of an objective, tangible benefit. See also Ortiz-Diaz v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.,
867 F.3d 70, 73 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (using the “objectively tangible harm” standard for adversity).
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The pleading standard is relaxed even more when a plaintiff is pro se unless, as here, the
plaintiff is an attorney. See Curran v. Holder, 626 F. Supp. 2d 30, 33 (D.D.C. 2009).
2
Harrigan asserts that, when her supervisors denied her the detail, she lost out on “career
enhancing opportunities” and the ability to “avoid further discrimination” by her supervisors.
Compl. ¶ 88. The two cases cited by Defendant suggest that the former allegation, standing
alone, might well be too generalized and speculative to meet the pleading standard. Def.’s Mot.
at 7–8. But when combined with the latter allegation, it appears to be same type of “adverse
impact on the employee’s potential for career advancement” that the Circuit found adverse
enough to support a discrimination claim in Ortiz-Diaz, which postdates them. 867 F.3d at 74.
The Court thus concludes that Harrigan has adequately pleaded her denial of a detail as an
adverse action undergirding her discrimination claim in Count I.
B. Retaliation (Count II)
Count II involves some of the same factual allegations in Count I, this time cast as a
retaliation claim. Again, Harrigan alleges that her supervisors denied her a detail opportunity in
February 2007, a chance to transfer to another office in April 2007, and another detail
opportunity in August 2010. Compl. ¶¶ 97–106. As with Count I, Defendant moves to dismiss
this count in part, to the extent that it is based on her supervisors’ denial of her detail
opportunities. Def.’s Mot. at 5–6. Defendant also asserts that any denial of Harrigan’s February
2007 detail could not have been retaliatory because it predated her protected activity. Def.’s
Mot. at 5–6, 9.
Defendant also correctly points out that in Harrigan’s opposition, she failed to respond to
any of his arguments about Count II. ECF No. 18 (“Def.’s Reply”) at 6; see also ECF No. 13
(“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 8–15 (addressing arguments only as to Count I). Harrigan has thus conceded
Defendant’s motion to dismiss part of Count II. Wannall v. Honeywell, Inc., 775 F.3d 425, 428
(D.C. Cir. 2014) (“[I]f a party files an opposition to a motion and therein addresses only some of
the movant’s arguments, the court may treat the unaddressed arguments as conceded.”). The
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Court will therefore dismiss Count II to the extent that it is based on her supervisors allegedly
denying Harrigan detail opportunities in February 2007 and August 2010.
C. Discriminatory and Retaliatory Hostile Work Environment (Counts V and
VI) and Forced Transfer (Counts III and IV)
In Counts V and VI, Harrigan alleges that her supervisors discriminated against her
because of her gender and retaliated against her by creating a hostile work environment. Compl.
¶¶ 124–36. And in Counts III and IV, Harrigan alleges that her supervisors forced her to transfer
to another section within the OGC to escape that hostile work environment. Id. ¶¶ 110–23; Pl.’s
Opp’n at 18, 27. Defendant moves to dismiss all these claims because Harrigan’s allegations are
insufficiently severe to state a hostile work environment claim. Def.’s Mot. at 10–11.
“To prevail on [a hostile work environment] claim, a plaintiff must show that his
employer subjected him to ‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that is ‘sufficiently
severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive
working environment.’” Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting
Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993)).
In both Counts V and VI, Harrigan alleges many incidents that, she says, combined to
subject her to a “hostile and abus[iv]e work environment.” Compl. ¶ 127. In summary, she
alleges that her supervisors criticized and condescended to her; disparaged her performance,
personal qualities, and mental health; micromanaged her and assigned her so much work that she
could not complete it; thwarted her attempts to detail or transfer to another office; and took
various tacks to improperly discipline her. Id. ¶¶ 15–39, 126, 133; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 16,
23–24. She also alleges that one supervisor “regularly stalked up and down the hallway outside
[her] office . . . and [would] stare and scowl and clench and unclench her fists,” and that another
supervisor “repeatedly sighed and scowled” at her in a meeting, which Harrigan “found . . .
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physically threatening. Compl. ¶ 38. She characterizes her supervisors’ intent as discriminatory
and retaliatory. Id. ¶¶ 128, 134.
Defendant argues that Harrigan has not alleged such a severe or pervasive pattern of
abuse, and the Court agrees. To be sure, Harrigan pleads a pattern of slights over a relatively
compressed time period—about two years in Count V and six months in Count VI— which
suggests they were more than just intermittent instances. Compl. ¶¶ 124–36. Cf. Nurriddin v.
Bolden, 674 F. Supp. 2d 64, 94 (“[T]he alleged events are temporally diffuse, spread out over a
four-year period, suggesting a lack of pervasiveness.”). But the pattern of events she alleges is
simply not severe enough. See Baird v. Gotbaum, 792 F.3d 166, 172 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“[A] long
list of trivial incidents is no more a hostile work environment than a pile of feathers is a crushing
weight.”). A hostile work environment is one where the abuse “amount[s] to a change in the
terms and conditions of employment,” and that requires “extreme” misconduct. 2 Faragher v.
City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998). Although Harrigan has alleged many ways in
which her supervisors made her life unpleasant and interfered with her performance, the alleged
misconduct simply does not rise to that level. Other courts in this district have dismissed similar
allegations of mismanagement and disparagement for failure to state a hostile work environment
claim. See, e.g., Aldrich v. Burwell, 197 F. Supp. 3d 124, 137–38 (D.D.C. 2016); Allen v.
Napolitano, 774 F. Supp. 2d 186, 205–06 (D.D.C. 2011); Nurriddin, 674 F. Supp. 2d at 93–94.
2
Harrigan brings both a discrimination claim (Count V) and a retaliation claim (Count VI) based
on her alleged hostile work environment. Because retaliation claims can be based on a broader
set of adverse actions than discrimination claims, “[i]t is unclear . . . whether the same standard
applies to both discriminatory and retaliatory hostile work environment claims.” Fields v.
Vilsack, 207 F. Supp. 3d 80, 92 (D.D.C. 2016). But even assuming the standard for a retaliatory
hostile work environment claim is lower than that for a discriminatory hostile work environment
claim, the Court finds that Harrigan’s allegations do not plausibly allege such a claim.
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And unfortunately for Harrigan, the standard for her forced transfer claims is even higher.
A claim that an employer’s abuse forced a plaintiff out of her position requires first, that a
plaintiff show there was a hostile work environment, and second, that she make the “further
showing . . . that the abusive working environment became so intolerable that her [departure]
qualified as a fitting response.” Penn. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 134 (2004).
Harrigan has not adequately pleaded a hostile work environment claim, so she cannot state a
claim for forced transfer either. See id.; McKeithan v. Boarman, No. 11-5247, 2012 WL
1450565 at *1 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 12, 2012) (“[T]he district court correctly determined appellant
failed to state a claim of constructive discharge, because he failed to make out an underlying
predicate claim of hostile work environment.”). The Court will therefore grant Defendant’s
motion to dismiss Counts III through VI.
D. Third-Party Retaliation (Count VII)
In Count VII, Harrigan brings a third-party retaliation claim, alleging that her supervisors
took several adverse actions against her coworker and friend, Terri Roman, in retaliation for
Harrigan’s participation in protected activity. Compl. ¶¶ 137–42. In doing so, Harrigan asserts
that her supervisors acted against Roman to dissuade Harrigan from continuing to engage in that
protected activity. Id. ¶ 139. Defendant moves to dismiss this claim on two grounds: (1) that
third-party retaliation claims under Title VII can be brought only by the party who suffered the
materially adverse action—in this case, Roman—as opposed to the employee who participated in
protected activity; and (2) that Harrigan has not pleaded a close enough relationship with Roman
to state a third-party retaliation claim. In support of both arguments, Defendant relies on
Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP, 562 U.S. 170 (2011).
Defendant misreads Thompson. True, most of the Court’s analysis addressed whether a
party in Roman’s shoes has a cause of action under Title VII. But nothing in the Court’s analysis
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(which answered that question in the affirmative) suggested that a party in Harrigan’s shoes—
the employee who had undertaken protected activity—could not also assert a retaliation claim
under Title VII. To the contrary, the Court remarked that it was “obvious that a reasonable
worker might be dissuaded from engaging in protected activity if she knew that her fiance would
be fired.” Id. at 173. Given the Court’s observation, it seems equally obvious that a worker such
as Harrigan may, in some cases, assert a retaliation claim based on a materially adverse action
against a third party. Following that logic, courts in this district have denied motions to dismiss
such claims based on Defendant’s misunderstanding of Thompson. See Dozier-Nix v. District of
Columbia, 851 F. Supp. 2d 163, 168 (D.D.C. 2012) (plaintiff could bring retaliation claim based
on husband’s termination); Ali v. District of Columbia Gov’t, 810 F. Supp. 2d 78, 89 (D.D.C.
2011) (plaintiff could bring retaliation claim based on best friend’s threatened termination).
Defendant’s second argument also comes up short, at least at the motion-to-dismiss stage.
In Thompson, the Court also considered what types of relationships might sustain third-party
retaliation claims, offering these guideposts: “We expect that firing a close family member will
almost always meet the [material adversity] standard, and inflicting a milder reprisal on a mere
acquaintance will almost never do so, but beyond that we are reluctant to generalize.” 562 U.S.
at 175. Here, Harrigan alleges that she had a “close personal relationship outside of work” with
Roman and that her supervisors were aware of their relationship. Compl. ¶ 40. The Court’s
language in Thompson does not, as Defendant urges, categorically bar close friendships from
sustaining third-party retaliation claims; if anything, it appears to hold open that possibility
depending on the particulars of the relationship and the adverse action at issue. Moreover, while
Defendant cites a few cases in which courts determined, as a matter of law, that certain
relationships were insufficiently close to sustain a third-party retaliation claim, those decisions
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resolved motions for summary judgment. See Mackall v. Colvin, Civil Action No. ELH—12—
1153, 2015 WL 412922 (D. Md. Jan. 29, 2015); Moyer v. Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc., Civil
Action No. 3:11-CV-3076-L, 2014 WL 1661211 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 25, 2014). For all these
reasons, the Court finds that Harrigan has adequately pleaded her third-party retaliation claim,
and the Court will deny Defendant’s motion to dismiss as to Count VII.
E. Retaliation (Count VIII)
In Count VIII, Harrigan asserts a retaliation claim based on another set of alleged adverse
actions against her. Compl. ¶ 145. Defendant argues that none of them rise to the level of
material adversity required to state a retaliation claim. Def.’s Reply. at 18–20; see also
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006). But Defendant did not do so
until his reply. 3 Harrigan had no opportunity to respond to those arguments, so the Court need
not consider them here. See Lu v. Lezell, 45 F. Supp. 3d 86, 91 (D.D.C. 2014). And in any
event, at least some of the actions described do meet the pleading standard for material adversity
including, as described above, the denial of Harrigan’s detail opportunity in February 2007.
Compl. ¶ 145. For these reasons, the Court will deny Defendant’s motion to dismiss Count VIII.
F. Retaliation (Count IX)
Finally, in Count IX, Harrigan contends that her supervisors retaliated against her by
interfering in the EEO investigation of her discrimination complaints. Compl. ¶ 151. She
alleges many ways in which her supervisors injected bias into the EEO process and thwarted its
evidence-gathering activities. Id. In moving to dismiss this count, Defendant argues that
3
Defendant at first argued for dismissal of Count VIII on the theory that it failed to state a
hostile work environment claim. Def.’s Mot. at 18–21. But unlike other counts, it does not
invoke the term “hostile work environment,” and in her opposition, Harrigan disclaimed any
reliance on that theory. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 33–36. Only in his reply, then, did Defendant address
whether each act individually could meet the standard for material adversity. See Def.’s Reply at
18–20.
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interference in the EEO process cannot, as a matter of law, form the basis for a retaliation claim.
See, e.g., Briscoe v. Kerry, 111 F. Supp. 3d 46, 59 (D.D.C. 2015); Diggs v. Potter, 700
F. Supp. 2d 20, 46 (D.D.C. 2010); see also Def.’s Mot. 24–25; Def.’s Reply at 24–25.
The Court cannot agree with Defendant. The above cases Defendant cites mainly rely on
Keeley v. Small, 391 F. Supp. 2d 30, 45 (D.D.C. 2005). And the court’s reasoning in that case is
incompatible with the Supreme Court’s later clarification of the scope of adverse actions on
which retaliation claims may be based in Burlington Northern. See Lawson v. Sessions, 271
F. Supp. 3d 119, 141 (D.D.C. 2017). In Keeley, the court held that allegations of interference
with an EEO investigation could not support a Title VII retaliation claim, citing the requirement
that an adverse action relate to a condition of employment. 391 F. Supp. 2d at 45. But in
Burlington Northern, the Court held that—to the contrary—the scope of adverse actions
underlying retaliation claims is not limited to actions that affect the terms and conditions of
employment. 548 U.S. at 62–63. Accordingly, in light of Burlington Northern, plaintiffs are not
categorically barred from pleading a retaliation claim based on interference with the EEO
process. The Court will therefore deny Defendant’s motion to dismiss Count IX.
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III. Conclusion
For all the above reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint in
Part, ECF No. 11, is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Counts III through VI are
dismissed in full, and Count II is dismissed to the extent that it is based on the denial of
Harrigan’s detail opportunities. Defendant shall file its answer to the remaining claims by
October 21, 2019.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: September 28, 2019
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