James v. Federal Election Commission , 914 F. Supp. 2d 1 ( 2012 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
VIRGINIA JAMES,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 12-1451
FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, (JEB)(JRB)(RLW)
Defendant. Three-Judge Court
Before: BROWN, Circuit Judge; WILKINS, District Judge; and BOASBERG, District
Judge
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BOASBERG, District Judge:
Plaintiff Virginia James wishes to contribute to federal candidates and their committees.
Although she has no desire to exceed the $2,500 limit on contributions to particular candidates,
she seeks to make contributions in the aggregate beyond the $46,200 ceiling currently allowed
by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. She has, accordingly, brought this suit against
the Federal Election Commission, arguing that the aggregate limit on candidate contributions is
unconstitutional.
At the time she filed this action, this same three-judge Court was considering the case of
McCutcheon v. FEC, No. 12-cv-1034. The plaintiffs there had challenged several of BCRA’s
aggregate limits, including the one James takes issue with. We consequently stayed James’s suit
pending the resolution of McCutcheon. Having now rejected all of the McCutcheon plaintiffs’
claims, see --- F. Supp. 2d ---, 2012 WL 4466482 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2012), the Court may turn to
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James’s suit. Finding no basis to distinguish it from McCutcheon, the Court will dismiss her
case as well.
I. Background
According to the Complaint, which must be presumed true for purposes of this Opinion,
Plaintiff is “a private individual” who “has given to political candidates in the past and plans to
continue doing so.” Compl., ¶ 5. During this biennium, she “has contributed at least $27,000 to
candidate committees.” Id., ¶ 15. She wishes, however, “to contribute more than the current
sub-aggregate limit of $46,200 to various political candidates, but does not wish to exceed the
$2,500 limit on contributions to each individual candidate.” Id., ¶ 5 (citation omitted). In
addition, she does not “wish to exceed the overall biennial limit of $117,000 on all contributions
to candidates, PACs, and parties.” Id. (citation omitted). “Rather, she wishes to take money that
she may legally contribute to PACs and parties, and instead contribute it directly to candidates
she wishes to support.” Id. Indeed, the “only contributions Ms. James wishes to make during
the balance of this biennium are direct contributions of up to $2,500 to individual candidate
committees.” Id., ¶ 21 (emphasis original).
To ensure that her desired contributions are legal, she filed this suit on August 31, 2012,
challenging BCRA’s aggregate limit of $46,200 on contributions to individual candidates as
facially unconstitutional (Count I) and unconstitutional as applied to her (Count II). She then
moved five days later for a preliminary injunction enjoining the FEC from enforcing the
aggregate limits on contributions to candidate committees. See ECF No. 5.
An action filed after December 31, 2006, that is “brought for declaratory or injunctive
relief to challenge the constitutionality of any provision” of BCRA “shall be filed in the United
States District Court for the District of Columbia and shall be heard by a 3-judge court convened
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pursuant to [28 U.S.C. § 2284]” if the plaintiff requests such a court. See Pub. L. No. 107-155,
116 Stat. 113-14. As Plaintiff here filed an unopposed request for a 3-judge court, Chief Judge
David B. Sentelle assigned this matter to us. See Amended Order of September 18, 2012.
Meanwhile, back in June 2012, Shaun McCutcheon and the Republican National
Committee had brought an action against the FEC challenging the limits on contributions to both
candidate and non-candidate committees. This matter was assigned to the three judges of this
Court, who received lengthy briefing from the parties and amici curiae and held a hearing on
September 6, 2012. Not wishing to duplicate efforts, we stayed James’s case on September 19
pending the decision in McCutcheon. See Minute Order of Sept. 19, 2012. On September 28,
the Court issued its Opinion in McCutcheon, rejecting all of the plaintiffs’ challenges and
dismissing the case. See 2012 WL 4466482, at *7. On October 1, we lifted the stay here and
ordered Plaintiff to show cause why her case should not be dismissed for the reasons set forth in
McCutcheon. See Minute Order of Oct. 1, 2012. Plaintiff then filed a Response to the Order to
Show Cause, and the FEC has now, after invitation from the Court, filed an Opposition.
II. Analysis
Our holding in McCutcheon must be the point of departure here. By way of background,
we first explained the structure of BCRA, noting, “During each two-year period starting in an
odd-numbered year, no individual may contribute more than an aggregate of $46,200 to
candidates and their authorized committees or more than $70,800 to anyone else.” 2012 WL
4466482, at *2 (citing 2 U.S.C. § 441a(a)(3)). Added together, these sums equal $117,000.
McCutcheon himself desired to contribute additional amounts to candidates, which would yield a
total of $54,400, thus exceeding the $46,200 cap. Id. He also wished to make contributions to
national party committees of $75,000, which would similarly exceed the $70,800 ceiling. Id.
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McCutcheon, accordingly, challenged both aggregate limits, arguing, for instance, that the
$46,200 candidate limit was “unsupported by any cognizable government interest . . . at any
level of review” and was “unconstitutionally low.” Id. at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In rejecting his challenge, we first disagreed with his position that the limits should be
subject to strict scrutiny: “Contribution limits are subject to lower scrutiny because they
primarily implicate the First Amendment rights of association, not expression, and contributors
remain able to vindicate their associational interests in other ways . . . .” Id. at *4 (citing
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 22, 28 (1976)). The Court then explained that “[t]he government
may justify the aggregate limits as a means of preventing corruption or the appearance of
corruption, or as a means of preventing circumvention of contribution limits imposed to further
its anticorruption interest.” Id. (citing Buckley, 424 U.S. at 26-27, 38; footnote omitted). We
thus held, “[W]e cannot ignore the ability of aggregate limits to prevent evasion of the base
limits.” Id. at *5 (citing Buckley, 424 U.S. at 38). Evasion could occur, for example, where
large sums were contributed to a joint fundraising committee, which could then transfer money
back “to a single committee’s coffers.” Id. (citations omitted). The committee, in addition,
could “use the money for coordinated expenditures, which have no ‘significant functional
difference’ from the party’s direct candidate contributions.” Id. (quoting FEC v. Colo.
Republican Fed. Campaign Comm., 533 U.S. 431, 460 (2001)).
We also “reject[ed] Plaintiffs’ arguments that the limits are unconstitutionally low and
unconstitutionally overbroad” because, for one thing, “[i]t is not the judicial role to parse
legislative judgment about what limits to impose.” Id. at *6 (citing, inter alia, Randall v. Sorrell,
548 U.S. 230, 248 (2006) (plurality); Buckley, 424 U.S. at 30 (“[I]f it is satisfied that some limit
on contributions is necessary, a court has no scalpel to probe, whether, say, a $2,000 ceiling
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might not serve as well as $1,000.”)).
James nevertheless maintains that her case does not fall within the ambit of
McCutcheon’s fairly broad holding for three principal reasons. First, she asserts that her
challenge does not implicate the anti-circumvention rationale relied on by McCutcheon. See
OSC Resp. at 1-2. More specifically, she notes that the plaintiffs in McCutcheon “sought to lift
the aggregate limits on non-candidate committees, precisely the entities Buckley identifies as
potential conduits for unearmarked contributions.” Id. at 4. In this she is only half right.
McCutcheon did not limit its anti-circumvention rationale to only non-candidate committees;
instead, the reasoning applied equally to candidate committees. While the hypothetical we
offered there involved the former, see 2012 WL 4466482, at *5, one is just as easily invented for
the latter: If the $46,200 aggregate limit on candidate contributions were erased, James or
anyone else could give at least $2.34 million (435 House candidates plus 33 Senate candidates
multiplied by $5,000 – that is, $2,500 for primary and $2,500 for general election) to candidate
committees (or possibly to a joint fundraising committee), which could then transfer those sums
to certain preferred candidates or even to non-candidate national committees. See FEC Opp. at
4-5 (detailing candidate-to-candidate transfers).
While James believes this could not happen because “[s]he is not challenging the biennial
aggregate limit of $117,000,” OSC Resp. at 10 (footnote omitted), and “she does not intend to
give more than the $117,000 Congress already allows,” id. at 3 (footnote omitted), such belief
rests on a fundamental miscomprehension of BCRA. There is no $117,000 total aggregate limit
in the statute; instead, there are merely sublimits of $46,200 and $70,800, which add up to
$117,000. See 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(3)(A), (B). Remove one of the sublimits, and there is no
higher constraint.
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James next contends that her case is different from McCutcheon because, instead of his
facial challenge, she “brings a narrow as-applied challenge, one which accepts both the base
limitation and the overall limitation imposed by Congress.” OSC Resp. at 2. Passing the fact
that one of her two counts is a facial challenge, see Compl. at 6, she nonetheless errs in her
description of the law. As we just pointed out, there is no “overall limitation” of $117,000; there
are only the two sublimits. So the notion that “this case presents specific contributions with
specific limits,” OSC Resp. at 8, is not accurate.
While Plaintiff is correct that a “decision on a facial challenge does not foreclose later,
as-applied challenges,” id. at 7 (citing Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC, 546 U.S. 410(2006)), another three-judge court in this District has guidance on this type of suit:
In general, a plaintiff cannot successfully bring an as-applied
challenge to a statutory provision based on the same factual and
legal arguments the Supreme Court expressly considered when
rejecting a facial challenge to that provision. Doing so is not so
much an as-applied challenge as it is an argument for overruling a
precedent.
Republican Nat’l Comm. v. FEC, 698 F. Supp. 2d 150, 157 (D.D.C. 2010) (three-judge court),
aff’d mem., 130 S. Ct. 3544 (2010). It should be recalled that McCutcheon only wanted to
contribute $54,400 to candidate committees, which represents less than half the $117,000 James
seeks to give. See 2012 WL 4466482, at *2. The factual arguments James raises, therefore, are
even less compelling than McCutcheon’s, while the legal arguments are no different in relation
to candidate limits. And even if Plaintiff had been right that a $117,000 limit existed – thereby
enabling her to claim that such a limit was constitutional, but $46,200 was not – McCutcheon
explained that Congress, not the courts, draws these lines. See 2012 WL 4466482, at *6.
James’s final argument is that even if McCutcheon is viewed as an as-applied challenge,
the facts here are so dissimilar as to render McCutcheon non-binding. See OSC Resp. at 2-3. In
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particular, James argues that “[s]he brings this challenge alone, without any political party,
political action committee, or other entity. She is not challenging any of the other sub-aggregate
contribution limits. She is not challenging the biennial aggregate limit of $117,000.” Id. at 10
(footnote and internal footnote omitted). Yet none of these points, singly or in concert, is
remotely persuasive: McCutcheon’s holding did not rest on the presence of the RNC as a
plaintiff; that James is not challenging the non-candidate limit does not strengthen her candidate-
limit challenge; and, as we have reiterated, there is no $117,000 biennial limit that exists beyond
the sublimits.
III. Conclusion
Because the outcome of James’s suit is dictated by what we have already decided in
McCutcheon, we will contemporaneously issue an Order dismissing the case.
__________/s/_____________
JANICE ROGERS BROWN
United States Circuit Judge
_________/s/______________
ROBERT L. WILKINS
United States District Judge
_________/s/______________
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: October 31, 2012
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