Ricci v. Clinton ( 2013 )

SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION; NOT FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
NICOLE M. RICCI,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 11-cv-2185 (RLW)
JOHN F. KERRY, Secretary,
U.S. Department of State,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
Plaintiff Nicole Ricci (“Ricci”) is currently employed by the U.S. Department of State as
a Foreign Affairs Specialist in the Office of Marine Conservation. She brings this action against
John F. Kerry in his official capacity as Secretary of State, asserting claims under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et seq. 2 Ricci claims that she was
the victim of sex-based harassment, and she further claims that after she complained about this
alleged harassment, her supervisors at the State Department began subjecting her to a retaliatory
hostile work environment. The case is presently before the Court on the State Department’s
1
This unpublished memorandum opinion is intended solely to inform the parties and any
reviewing court of the basis for the instant ruling, or, alternatively, to assist in any potential
future analysis of the res judicata, law of the case, or preclusive effect of the ruling. The Court
has designated this opinion as “not intended for publication,” but this Court cannot prevent or
prohibit the publication of this opinion in the various and sundry electronic and legal databases
(as it is a public document), and this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the citation of this opinion
by counsel. Cf. FED. R. APP. P. 32.1. Nonetheless, as stated in the operational handbook adopted
by our Court of Appeals, “counsel are reminded that the Court’s decision to issue an unpublished
disposition means that the Court sees no precedential value in that disposition.” D.C. Circuit
Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 43 (2011).
2
Ricci originally sued former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, but upon confirmation,
Secretary Kerry was automatically substituted as the named defendant. See FED. R. CIV. P.
25(d). Insofar as Secretary Kerry is named in his official capacity only, the Court will refer to
the defendant as the State Department, or State, for simplicity’s sake.
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IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS
Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 23) and Ricci’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction
(Dkt. No. 26). Upon consideration of the parties’ briefing, the entire record in this action, and
the arguments of counsel during the hearing, the Court concludes, for the reasons that follow,
that the State Department’s Motion will be GRANTED and that Ricci’s Motion will be
DENIED. For purposes of this ruling, the Court will assume the reader is familiar with the
factual assertions and arguments advanced by the parties and will not recite those again here.
ANALYSIS
A. The State Department’s Motion for Summary Judgment
1. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); Moore
v. Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). To establish a genuine issue of material fact, the
nonmoving party must demonstrate—through affidavits or other competent evidence, FED. R.
CIV. P. 56(c)(1)—that the quantum of evidence “is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.” Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 692 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). While the Court views all facts in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party in reaching that determination, Keyes v. District of Columbia, 372 F.3d 434,
436 (D.C. Cir. 2004), the nonmoving party must nevertheless provide more than “a scintilla of
evidence” in support of its position, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.
2. The Scope of Ricci’s Claims
At the outset, the Court notes that the precise nature of Ricci’s claims has been a subject
of some confusion. Through her Complaint, Ricci pled two counts: “Count I” is captioned
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IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS
“Denial of Career Ladder Promotion, Sexual Harassment, and Continuing Hostile Work
Environment,” (see Dkt. No. 1 (“Compl.”) at ¶¶ 4-19), and “Count II” is entitled “Retaliation and
Continuing Hostile Work Environment,” (see id. ¶¶ 20-25). In substance, however, it originally
seemed these two counts were comprised of several discrete claims under Title VII. Indeed, in
seeking summary judgment, the State Department treated Ricci’s claims as four separate causes
of action—(1) denial of career ladder promotion based on gender; (2) hostile work environment
sexual harassment; (3) hostile work environment based on gender and retaliation; and (4)
retaliation. In her opposition, Ricci did not really contest State’s characterization of her claims,
but essentially just responded to most of its arguments in turn.
During oral argument, however, Ricci’s counsel clarified that Ricci pursues two—and
only two—claims in this case: (1) a claim of hostile work environment based on her gender, and
(2) a claim of retaliatory hostile work environment. In other words, Ricci does not contend that
any single incident gives rise to an independent discrimination or retaliation claim, but that the
State Department’s pattern of conduct created gender-based and retaliatory hostile work
environments. With this understanding in mind, the Court moves to the merits of Ricci’s two
claims.
3. Ricci’s Gender-Based Hostile Work Environment Claim
The allegations that Ricci marshals in support of her sex-based hostile work environment
claim are these: following two instances of inappropriate behavior by her second-line supervisor,
William Gibbons-Fly—one that took place while on work travel in Bellevue, Washington in
August 2009, and the second during a business trip to New York City in November 2009—the
State Department discriminatorily denied Ricci a career-ladder promotion to the GS-13 level.
(See Dkt. No. 30-24 (“Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n”) at 13) (“Ms. Ricci has set forth a prima facie case of
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sexual harassment and hostile work environment for denial of promotion. After the hugging
incident in Bellevue and assault in New York, Ms. Ricci’s promotion was denied.”). 3 These
incidents represent the sum total of the acts Ricci claims created a hostile work environment
based on her sex. (See id. at 12-15).
The State Department seeks summary judgment on this claim on several grounds. First,
State argues that Ricci’s claim is barred on statute of limitations grounds because she failed to
timely exhaust her administrative remedies. Second, State insists that, even if timely, Ricci’s
claim fails on the merits because her allegations do not rise to the level of severity or
pervasiveness necessary to sustain an actionable hostile work environment claim, and because
Ricci cannot establish that the underlying acts were motivated by her gender in any event.
Finally, State invokes a Faragher/Ellerth defense, rejoining that Ricci cannot pursue this claim
because she failed to take advantage of the State Department’s procedures to prevent and correct
harassment. Agreeing with State’s first argument, the Court does not reach the other two.
It is well settled that Title VII plaintiffs must timely exhaust their administrative remedies
prior to bringing suit. See Steele, 535 F.3d at 693; Harris v. Gonzales, 488 F.3d 442, 443 (D.C.
Cir. 2007). For federal employees, “[f]ederal regulations bar discrimination claims that an
3
At all times relevant to this case, Mr. Gibbons-Fly served as the Director of the Office of
Marine Conservation (“OMC”). In August 2009, Ricci and Mr. Gibbons-Fly traveled to
Bellevue, Washington as part of a U.S. delegation to the North Pacific Ocean negotiations. (See
Dkt. No. 37-1 (“Compiled Facts”) at ¶ 52). After socializing one evening at the hotel bar with
other colleagues, Mr. Gibbons-Fly walked Ricci to the elevator bank and hugged her goodnight.
(Id. ¶ 53). According to Ricci, Mr. Gibbons-Fly “grabbed, embraced [her] and pulled [her]
toward him and put his face in the cradle of her neck and inhaled and held [her] . . . . [She]
pushed him away and said goodnight and went upstairs.” (Id. ¶ 53). Subsequently, Ricci and
Mr. Gibbons-Fly were again on work travel to New York City in November 2009. While having
some drinks at the hotel bar one evening during the trip, Mr. Gibbons-Fly apparently lost his
temper, raised his voice, and used strong language that he admits was unprofessional. (Id. ¶¶ 56-
58). According to Ricci, Mr. Gibbons-Fly “pinned her against the couch; [and he] started
shoving his finger into her chest, and shouting with spit flying from his mouth.” (Id. ¶ 58).
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employee does not first bring to the attention of an agency’s EEO counselor within forty-five
days of the alleged conduct.” Vickers v. Powell, 493 F.3d 186, 198 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citing 29
C.F.R. §§ 1614.105(a), 1614.107); see also Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1232 (D.C.
Cir. 2006). “Dismissal is required when a plaintiff fails to exhaust [her] administrative remedies
with respect to particular claims.” Ndondji v. InterPark, Inc., 768 F. Supp. 2d 264, 276-77
(D.D.C. 2011) (citing Rann v. Chao, 346 F.3d 192, 194-95 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). Here, State argues
that Ricci failed to timely exhaust her administrative remedies because all of the alleged conduct
giving rise to her sex-based hostile work environment claim occurred more than 45 days before
Ricci first contacted an EEO counselor on April 21, 2010. The Court agrees.
To begin with, Ricci does not dispute that her contact with an EEO counselor on April
21, 2010, constitutes the operative contact for exhaustion purposes. (See Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n at 9)
(“On April 21, 2010, Ms. Ricci included all of [her] complaints in her contact with an EEO
counselor”). 4 Instead, Ricci responds, without any meaningful analysis, that hostile work
environment claims “are not judged under the filing standard for single incident claims.” (Id. at
12). This, of course, is true. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in National Railroad
Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, so long as one act contributing to a hostile work environment
“occurs within the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile environment may be
considered by a court for the purposes of determining liability.” Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117
4
In particular, Ricci does not argue that her January 2010 communications with Jennifer
DeHeer, an Attorney Advisor in the Office of Civil Rights, sufficed to exhaust her Title VII
claims (See Dkt. No. 23 (“Def.’s MSJ Mem.”) at 6-9). Even if Ricci were contending otherwise,
since she completely failed to respond to the State Department’s arguments contesting this
potential theory, (see id. at 6-9), the Court would deem State’s arguments conceded by Ricci.
See Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C.
2003) (citing FDIC v. Bender, 127 F.3d 58, 67-68 (D.C. Cir. 1997)) (“It is well understood in
this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only
certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff
failed to address as conceded.”).
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(2002) (distinguishing statute of limitations analysis as between hostile work environment claims
and discrimination claims premised on discrete incidents); see also Steele, 535 F.3d at 691, 694(applying Morgan to the 45-day exhaustion window covering federal employees). But contrary
to Ricci’s position, Morgan’s “continuing violation” framework finds no application here
because all of the acts comprising Ricci’s gender-based hostile work environment claim occurred
well outside the 45-day window preceding her EEO contact. The Washington and New York
incidents took place in August and November 2009, respectively—both several months before
Ricci contacted an EEO counselor in April 2010. (See Compiled Facts at ¶¶ 52-53, 56-58).
Further, Ricci was informed as early as October 2009 that she would not be promoted to the GS-
13 level, and, by her own admission, she understood that decision to be “definitive” by no later
than January 4 or 5, 2010—more than three months prior to April 2010. (See id. ¶¶ 32-33, 37).
Since none of these acts occurred within the filing period, Ricci’s claim is time-barred.
Undeterred, Ricci deploys two arguments to avoid this result. Neither is persuasive.
First, Ricci invokes the doctrine of equitable tolling. Our Circuit has “set a high hurdle
for equitable tolling,” permitting its application “only in extraordinary and carefully
circumscribed instances.” Commc’ns Vending Corp. of Ariz., Inc. v. FCC, 365 F.3d 1064, 1075
(D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 580 (D.C. Cir.
1998)). Generally speaking, a plaintiff “is entitled to equitable tolling only if she shows (1) that
she has been pursuing her rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood
in her way and prevented timely filing.” Dyson v. District of Columbia, 710 F.3d 415, 421 (D.C.
Cir. 2013) (describing this standard as “a weighty burden”). In urging the doctrine’s application
here, Ricci relies exclusively on the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Bowden v. United States, which
recognized that equitable tolling might apply “when complainants neither knew nor had reason
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to know about the limit,” made “diligent but technically deficient efforts to act within a
limitations period,” or were “misled about the running of a limitations period, whether by an
adversary’s actions, by a government official’s advice on which they reasonably relied, or by
inaccurate or ineffective notice from a government agency.” Bowden, 106 F.3d 433, 438 (D.C.
Cir. 1997); see also Washington v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 160 F.3d 750, 752-53 (D.C.
Cir. 1998)). But Bowden and its progeny lend no support to Ricci’s position here because she
fails to demonstrate that the State Department misled her as to her EEO filing deadline.
In arguing otherwise, Ricci focuses principally on the actions of Ms. DeHeer in January
2010, contending that Ms. DeHeer’s failure to investigate Ricci’s complaints provides a basis for
equitable tolling. For several reasons, the Court disagrees. First, the record establishes that Ms.
DeHeer did follow the appropriate procedures in responding to the concerns Ricci raised. With
respect to the possible “workplace violence” issue—i.e., Mr. Gibbons-Fly’s pinning and poking
of Ms. Ricci while on travel in New York—Ms. DeHeer reported the matter to the Bureau of
Diplomatic Security, as called for by Department regulations. (See Dkt. No. 30-21 (Pl.’s MSJ
Ex. 21), Dkt. No. 25-12 (Def.’s MSJ Ex. L11)). And in response to the potential “sexual
harassment” concerns alluded to by Ricci—i.e., Mr. Gibbons-Fly’s allegedly inappropriate hug
on the Washington trip—the undisputed facts confirm that Ms. DeHeer did initiate an
investigation. Ms. DeHeer promptly set up an in-person interview with Ricci to discuss the
incident, and it was only after Ricci reiterated that she did not believe Mr. Gibbons-Fly’s conduct
was sexual harassment and did not wish to move forward with such a claim that Ms. DeHeer did
not pursue the investigation any further. (Compiled Facts at ¶ 70). 5 Ricci is therefore wrong on
5
In responding to this fact in the Compiled Statement, Ricci “denies she stated she did not
believe Ms. [sic] Gibbons-Fly’s conduct was sexual harassment.” (See Pl.’s Response to
Compiled Facts at ¶ 70). That is, Ricci purports to deny that she told Ms. DeHeer, during an
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the facts. But even taking her assertions at face value, Ricci fails to explain how Ms. DeHeer’s
failure to properly investigate would trigger tolling under Bowden. In other words, even if true,
Ms. DeHeer’s supposed failure to investigate is nothing like the sort of conduct that could have
misled Ricci about the deadline to pursue her claim. Bowden, 106 F.3d at 438; cf. Currier v.
Radio Free Europe, 159 F.3d 1363, 1368 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (indicating that a “statement
promising [a plaintiff] a fair and impartial investigation, standing alone, provides inadequate
support for [an] equitable estoppel theory”).
Perhaps sensing this, Ricci’s counsel pivoted somewhat at oral argument, contending for
the first time that Ms. DeHeer failed to properly apprise Ricci of the specific 45-day time limit to
pursue an EEO claim. It is true that, by regulation, the filing deadline shall be tolled if an
employee “was not notified of the time limits and was not otherwise aware of them.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(2); see also Harris, 488 F.3d at 444. But this is not what happened here. Instead,
Ms. DeHeer repeatedly advised Ricci that she had not started the EEO process by contacting her,
and she offered to connect Ricci with an EEO Counselor and to “explain the EEO process.” (See
Dkt. No. 25-12 (Def.’s MSJ Exs. L7, L9)). Moreover, Ms. DeHeer provided Ricci with a copy
of the State Department’s Anti-Sexual Harassment policy, both by email and during the in-
person meeting in early February. (See Dkt. No. 25-12 (“DeHeer Decl.”) at ¶ 10). This policy
interview in early February 2010, that she did not believe the incident constituted sexual
harassment. But the evidence Ricci cites does not support this assertion. Ricci cites two email
messages with Ms. DeHeer, both of which are dated months later, in July and August 2010. (See
Pl.’s Exs. 1T, 23). These materials do nothing to refute Ms. DeHeer’s summary of the events
that took place six months prior, in February 2010. Additionally, Ricci’s deposition testimony
supports, rather than refutes, the Department’s version of events. (See Dkt. No. 30-10 (Pl.’s MSJ
Ex. 10 (“Ricci Dep.”) at 229-230)) (“So I came back, I met with Ms. DeHeer and I said I don’t
think that this is sexual harassment per the Department’s policy because it’s not affecting my
work because my supervisor is still willing to work with me to resolve this issue. So then I
immediately met with Mr. Gibbons-Fly post my meeting with Ms. DeHeer and informed Mr.
Gibbons-Fly that I was not filing a sexual harassment complaint and that there was no need for
an investigation . . . .”).
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expressly states that “[i]ndividuals who wish to file an EEO complaint must consult a
Department of State EEO counselor within 45 days of the most recent harassing incident,” (Dkt.
No. 25-12 (Def.’s Ex. L13)) (emphasis in original). This chain of events is wholly uncontested
by Ricci. 6 As such, Ricci cannot credibly contend that she was never apprised of the appropriate
EEO procedures and time limits. Otherwise, Ricci faults David Balton, Deputy Assistant
Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries, and Holly Koehler, a Foreign Affairs Specialist GS-15 in the
OMC, for failing to investigate her complaints about Mr. Gibbons-Fly. She contends that their
inaction provides a basis for equitable tolling under Bowden. (See Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n at 9-11).
This argument is similarly unavailing. Even crediting Ricci’s assertions as true—and the record
is far from clear that Ricci ever complained to either individual about Mr. Gibbons-Fly’s
behavior, as she suggests—their potential failure to investigate does not equate to the type of
misleading information about the running of her limitations periods that would trigger tolling
under Bowden’s framework.
Absent equitable tolling, Ricci is left with her second argument to avoid the limitations
bar—that she did not understand her non-promotion decision to be final until March 2010, less
than 45 days before she contacted an EEO counselor. But this contention is belied by the record.
Ricci admits that was told she would not be promoted to the GS-13 level as early as October
2009. (See Compiled Facts at ¶ 32). And the notion that Ricci did not think this decision final
6
Ricci also claims that Ms. DeHeer told her, in July 2010, that she “can report sexual
harassment at any time.” (See Pl.’s Resp. to Compiled Facts at ¶ 70). True enough. But Ricci
leaves out the rest of Ms. DeHeer’s response. After confirming that Ricci could report
harassment and that State “will take any and all appropriate actions per the policy,” Ms. DeHeer
explained that “[w]hether or not it would be accepted for investigation in a formal complaint of
discrimination would be a procedural legal decision pursuant to the 29 C.F.R. §1614 – i.e.
making timely EEO contact. As you may remember from EEO Counseling, an individual has 45
calendar days after they believe that they have been discriminated against to initiate EEO
Counseling.” (See Dkt. No. 30-2 (Pl.’s MSJ Ex. 1T)). Thus, to the extent Ricci suggests that
this message misled her as to the exhaustion deadline, this argument misses the mark.
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until the following March is squarely contradicted by her deposition testimony, wherein she
confirmed that she understood the decision not to promote her to the GS-13 level was
“definitive” by no later than January 4 or 5, 2010. (Id. ¶ 37). Given these undisputed facts,
Ricci’s argument on this point borders on the frivolous.
In sum, because Ricci failed to timely exhaust her sex-based hostile work environment
claim, the State Department is entitled to summary judgment on Count I.
4. Ricci’s Retaliatory Hostile Work Environment Claim
Through her second cause of action, Ricci alleges that the State Department subjected her
to a retaliatory hostile work environment in violation of Title VII. “In this Circuit, a hostile work
environment can amount to retaliation under Title VII.” Hussain v. Nicholson, 435 F.3d 359,
366 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing Singletary v. District of Columbia, 351 F.3d 519, 526 (D.C. Cir.
2003)). To prevail on this claim, Ricci must show that the State Department “subjected [her] to
discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult of such severity or pervasiveness as to alter the
conditions of her employment and create an abusive working environment.” Id.; see also Baird
v. Gotbaum, 662 F.3d 1246, 1251 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (summarizing legal standards for retaliatory
hostile work environment). As with all hostile work environment claims, these demanding
standards “ensure that Title VII does not become a general civility code, and are intended to
filter out complaints attacking the ordinary tribulations of the workplace.” Perkins v. Vance-
Cooks, 886 F. Supp. 2d 22, 31 (D.D.C. 2012). Ricci must also “establish a causal connection
between the harassment and her protected activity to succeed on the claim.” Ward v. District of
Columbia, --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2013 WL 2897015, at *6 (D.D.C. June 14, 2013); Lewis v.
District of Columbia, 653 F. Supp. 2d 64, 81 (D.D.C. 2009). This is because “only the actions
that have a causal link to protected activity may be considered part of a hostile work environment
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claim.” Bergbauer v. Mabus, --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2013 WL 1245944, at *17 (D.D.C. Mar. 27,
2013); see also Mason v. Geithner, 811 F. Supp. 2d 128, 179 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[E]vidence that
bears no connection to the plaintiff’s protected status cannot support a hostile work environment
claim.”); Noviello v. City of Boston, 398 F.3d 76, 93 (1st Cir. 2005) (“It is only those actions,
directed at a complainant, that stem from a retaliatory animus which may be factored into the
hostile work environment calculus.”). In other words, the Court must exclude from
consideration those challenged acts that “lack a linkage” to Ricci’s protected activity. Mason,
811 F. Supp. 2d at 179 (quoting Bryant v. Brownlee, 265 F. Supp. 2d 52, 63 (D.D.C. 2003)).
With this framework in mind, the Court turns to the substance of Ricci’s claim.
According to Ricci, after she contacted Ms. DeHeer in the Office of Civil Rights in
January 2010 and complained about Mr. Gibbons-Fly’s conduct, her supervisors began a
“campaign of retaliatory actions” against her. (Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n at 17). In particular, Ricci
contends that the State Department subjected her to a retaliatory hostile work environment
through the following acts: (1) removing the North Pacific Fisheries negotiations from her
portfolio in or around March 2010; (2) giving her a Letter of Warning in or around August 2010;
(3) rating her as “Fully Successful” in her 2011 performance appraisal, as compared to the
“Exceeds Expectations” rating she received in 2007; (4) issuing her several unspecified absent-
without-leave (“AWOL”) charges, presumably in late 2011 and early 2012; (5) placing her on
leave restriction, apparently in May 2012 and again in January 2013; (6) issuing her a Letter of
Reprimand in January 2012; (7) giving her a three-day suspension in August 2012; and (8)
issuing her a proposed five-day suspension in March 2013. (See id. at 15-17). 7 Upon review of
7
Although Ricci did not specifically exhaust most of these individual incidents at the
administrative level, this does not necessarily bar her from including these allegations as part of
her hostile work environment claim. As noted earlier, so long as one act contributing to the
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the record, the Court concludes that, even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to Ricci, these allegations fail to establish an actionable hostile work environment as a matter of
law. As the Court will explain, Ricci fails to show that many of the acts underpinning her claim
bear any causal connection to her protected activity, and those acts that a jury could conceivably
find causally linked to Ricci’s complaints are not sufficiently severe or pervasive to give rise to a
viable hostile work environment claim.
For purposes of discrete retaliation claims, “a causal connection . . . may be established
by showing that the employer had knowledge of the employee’s protected activity, and that the
adverse . . . action took place shortly after that activity.” Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211,
1220 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Mitchell v. Baldrige, 759 F.2d 80, 86 (D.C. Cir. 1985))
(alterations in original); see also Holbrook v. Reno, 196 F.3d 255, 263 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
Although the D.C. Circuit has never expressly extended this framework to the retaliatory hostile
work environment context, other courts in this District “have applied the ‘knowledge plus
temporal proximity’ standard to retaliatory hostile work environment claims as well.”
Bergbauer, 2013 WL 1245944, at *17; see also Na’im v. Clinton, 626 F. Supp. 2d 63, 81
(D.D.C. 2009); Nichols v. Truscott, 424 F. Supp. 2d 124, 141 (D.D.C. 2006). And this is the
approach Ricci presses here. (See Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n at 15) (“A causal connection can be
hostile work environment “occurs within the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile
environment may be considered by a court for the purposes of determining liability.” See
Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117. In turn, “[s]ubsequent events . . . may still be part of the one hostile
work environment claim.” Id.; see also Singletary, 351 F.3d at 527 n.9 (reiterating same and
observing “that the entire time being of the hostile environment may be considered by a court for
the purposes of determining liability”). Since the Department does not argue that these acts are
too unrelated or diffuse to be considered as part of the same hostile work environment, the Court
presumes that the all of these acts—whether exhausted or not—can be advanced as part of
Ricci’s claim. Of course, were Ricci pursuing discrete retaliation claims based on these
incidents, her failure to exhaust would likely be fatal to such claims. But Ricci has confirmed
that she does not assert any discrete retaliation claims as part of her case.
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established by showing the employer’s supervisors had knowledge of the protected activity, and
the injury of harm occurred shortly after the protected activity.”). With one relevant exception,
Ricci’s sole basis for claiming a causal link between her protected activity and the State
Department’s purportedly retaliatory acts is timing alone—i.e., the mere sequencing of events.
(Id. at 16) (“The actions are retaliatory acts, taken after Ms. Ricci filed her complaint of
discrimination. Viewed objectively, a reasonable person would be deterred from making a
claim, having observed the multiple adverse actions taken against Ms. Ricci.”) (emphasis added).
Our Circuit has held that a “close temporal relationship may alone establish the required causal
connection,” Singletary, 351 F.3d at 525, “but only where the two events are very close in time,”
Hamilton v. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1357 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Woodruff v. Peters, 482
F.3d 521, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).
In analyzing this causation theory, the Court must first identify the particular protected
activity—and the timing of such activity—underpinning Ricci’s claim. In her opposition brief,
Ricci relies exclusively on her January 2010 contact with Ms. DeHeer in the Office of Civil
Rights. (See Pl.’s MSJ Opp’n at 15-17). At oral argument, however, Ricci’s counsel also
referenced as protected activities Ricci’s contact with an EEO Counselor on April 21, 2010, as
well as Ricci’s filing of her formal EEO complaint on August 3, 2010. The Court will therefore
consider all of these claimed protected activities in evaluating Ricci’s retaliatory hostile work
environment claim. 8 See Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1358 (“[C]ourts should consider later protected
8
The State Department argues that Ricci’s contact with Ms. DeHeer cannot constitute
“protected activity” for purposes of Title VII. According to the Department, in reaching out to
Ms. DeHeer, Ricci sought to initiate a union-related grievance, not to file a complaint of
employment discrimination, which means that Ricci’s contact cannot amount to protected
opposition activity for purposes of Title VII. See, e.g., King v. Jackson, 468 F. Supp. 2d 33, 37-
38 (D.D.C. 2006) (“Title VII’s opposition clause protects an individual who opposes an act of
employment discrimination.”). But on balance, the Court need not decide this issue because, as
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activity in determining whether evidence of temporal proximity satisfies the causation
element.”); see also Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 680 (D.C. Cir. 2009). But even then, most
of the Department’s allegedly retaliatory actions against Ricci did not occur until months—and,
in many cases, years—after Ricci’s most recent protected activity in August 2010.
First, Ricci received the “Fully Successful” (rather than “Exceeds Expectations”)
performance appraisal rating in February 2012—approximately sixteen months after filing her
EEO complaint, and more than two years after initially contacting Ms. DeHeer in the Office of
Civil Rights. (See Dkt. No. 30-7 (Pl.’s MSJ Ex. 7)). Similarly, Ricci was charged with AWOL
in late 2011 and during 2012, and she was placed on leave restrictions in May 2012 and in
January 2013. (See Dkt. Nos. 30-2, 31-4 (Pl.’s MSJ Exs. 1K, 24C)). 9 In addition, Ricci received
the challenged Letter of Reprimand in January 2012, she received her three-day suspension in
August 2012, and she was notified of her proposed five-day suspension in March 2013. (Dkt.
Nos. 25-2, 42-1 (Def.’s MSJ Exs. B4, B5); Dkt. Nos. 30-12, 31-5 (Pl.’s MSJ Exs. 12, 24D)).10
These lengthy delays—all of which span more than a year from Ricci’s protected activity, and
some much longer—are simply too great to allow for an inference of causation based on timing
alone. See Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74 (2001) (“Action taken . . . 20
explained infra, even assuming that Ricci’s January 2010 contact amounted to protected activity,
her retaliatory hostile work environment claim still fails as a matter of law.
9
Ricci offers no specific dates anywhere in her opposition brief for the AWOL charges she
claims were retaliatory. Based on the parties’ Compiled Statement of Facts, however, the Court
presumes that Ricci takes issue with the AWOL charges from December 9, 2011, and February
29, 2012. (See Compiled Facts at ¶ 23). Ricci may also be challenging subsequent instances of
AWOL, such as those referenced in the proposed five-day suspension in March 2013, (see Dkt.
No. 31-5 (Pl.’s MSJ Ex. 24D)), although Ricci never says as much. Even if considered, though,
these additional instances are even more distanced in time from Ricci’s protected activity—
occurring in August, October, and November 2012—and would thus suffer the same fate.
10
It appears that Ricci first received notification of her three-day suspension on or around
May 4, 2012. (See Dkt. No. 30-11, Pl.’s MSJ Ex. 11). But even this notification came nearly
two years after her latest protected activity, and thus does not impact the Court’s analysis.
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months later suggests, by itself, no causality at all.”); Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d 303, 313-14
(D.C. Cir. 2011) (explaining that “too much time had passed to link the past activity to the
challenged action,” where plaintiff alleged that her non-promotion in June 2004 was retaliatory
for complaints made in 2002 and in September 2003); see also Cooke v. Rosenker, 601 F. Supp.
2d 64, 88 (D.D.C. 2009) (“[A] six-month delay by itself is insufficient to demonstrate the close
temporal proximity necessary to infer a retaliatory motivation.”); Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 360
F. Supp. 2d 105, 118-19 (D.D.C. 2004) (describing a three-month window as the “outer limit” of
the temporal requirement in retaliation cases).
With respect to the proposed five-day suspension, Ricci offers an additional theory,
above and beyond proximity alone, in an effort to establish a causal connection to her protected
activity. She contends that the proposed suspension was “clearly” retaliatory because it was
premised on her conduct in mid-2012 while under Ms. Koehler’s supervision, but was not issued
until March 2013, after Ms. Koehler’s departure from the State Department. (See Pl.’s MSJ
Opp’n at 16-17). In other words, Ricci argues that because State proposed discipline for
behavior toward a supervisor who was not employed by the State Department at the time, a jury
could find its motives retaliatory. The Court finds this argument unpersuasive. First, while Ricci
focuses solely on those aspects of the proposed suspension concerning her communications with
Ms. Koehler in May 2012, the suspension was also based on Ricci’s apparent failure to follow
leave procedures and additional occasions of AWOL, all of which occurred later in 2012—some
just a few short months before the proposed discipline was issued. (See Dkt. No. 31-5 (Pl.’s MSJ
Ex. 24D)). The State Department’s reliance on these other concerns militates strongly against
Ricci’s retaliation theory, particularly since Ricci does not dispute the substance of the AWOL
charges described in the proposed suspension. Moreover, the State Department offers a
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legitimate explanation for the delay, responding that the Conduct, Suitability, and Discipline
Division—the component of the State Department responsible for issuing the proposed
suspension—did originally received concerns about Ricci’s potentially insubordinate interactions
with Ms. Koehler in May 2012; however, due to a large volume of work and staffing shortages, a
final proposal letter was not sent to Ricci until early March 2013, after additional issues were
forwarded for consideration. (See Dkt. No. 39-3 (“Bernlohr Decl.”) at ¶¶ 9-12). Ricci does not
even attempt to impugn the legitimacy of this explanation. For these various reasons, therefore,
the Court finds that neither the timing nor the substance of the proposed five-day suspension
amounts to evidence establishing a causal link to Ricci’s protected activity.
At this point, then, the only remaining acts contributing to Ricci’s allegedly hostile work
environment are the reassignment of the North Pacific Fisheries negotiations from her portfolio
in March 2010, and the Letter of Warning she received in August 2010. As to the former, even
assuming that Ricci can establish some retaliatory animus for the reassignment—not
surprisingly, the State Department argues otherwise—this single, personnel-related decision falls
short of the severe or pervasive threshold to state a viable hostile work environment claim.
Rather, as courts repeatedly hold, this type of “work-related action[] by supervisors”—at least in
the absence of any added element of offensiveness, intimidation, or insult—generally provides
insufficient grounds for a hostile work environment claim. Nurriddin v. Bolden, 674 F. Supp. 2d
64, 94 (D.D.C. 2009) (explaining that “the removal of important assignments . . . [cannot] be
characterized as sufficiently intimidating or offensive in an ordinary workplace context”); see
also Brooks v. Grundmann, 851 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2012) (“[N]on-selection for a desirable
position [and] assignment to undesirable duties . . . do not establish a hostile work
environment.”) (citing Veitch v. England, 471 F.3d 124, 130-31 (D.C. Cir. 2006)); Bell v.
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Gonzales, 398 F. Supp. 2d 78, 92 (D.D.C. 2005) (holding that “missed opportunities for
teaching, travel, and high-profile assignments” and “reassignment to the Field Support Subunit”
lacked the “severity that is required to establish a hostile work environment”). The Court finds
that the removal of this single assignment from Ricci’s work portfolio, particularly considering
that she retained a substantial number of other assignments and responsibilities thereafter, (see
Compiled Facts at ¶ 44), falls among the “ordinary tribulations of the workplace” and is not so
“extreme [as] to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of [her] employment.”
Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788.
Nor does Ricci’s receipt of a Letter of Warning several months later, in August 2010,
establish a hostile work environment. As with Ricci’s portfolio reassignment, this standalone
incident of informal counseling or discipline—that did not carry any adverse consequences in
and of itself—is a similarly routine, work-related action that is insufficient to support a viable
hostile work environment claim. See Nurriddin, 674 F. Supp. 2d at 94. Further, Ricci does not
allege, much less establish, that anything about the Letter of Warning—whether in its content or
in the circumstances surrounding its issuance—subjected her to “intimidation, ridicule, and
insult.” Hussain, 435 F.3d at 366. Moreover, timing notwithstanding, Ricci also fails to
establish a causal connection between this action and her protected activity. The State
Department offers a legitimate, non-retaliatory explanation for the Letter of Warning, explaining
that its issuance was warranted by the issues identified therein, namely State’s belief that Ricci
had “fail[ed] to follow directions” and had exhibited “poor conduct in communicating with [her]
supervisor and other managers.” (See Dkt. No. 25-6 (Def.’s MSJ Ex. F26)). And Ricci fails to
come forward with evidence that would enable a reasonable jury to find this explanation
pretextual. In fact, Ricci admits that she failed to timely provide a report to the Deputy Director
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of the OMC, David Hogan, (it seems it was at least three weeks overdue), and while she quibbles
with the other issues outlined in the letter, she does not outright deny the allegations either. (See
Compiled Facts at ¶ 18). Instead, Ricci seemingly relies on the same proximity argument that
propels the rest of her retaliation claim, given that the Letter of Warning was issued within
weeks of her filing a formal EEO complaint. But faced with the State Department’s non-
retaliatory explanation, Ricci must come forward with something more than timing and
proximity to survive summary judgment. See, e.g., Woodruff, 482 F.3d at 530 (“[P]ositive
evidence beyond mere proximity is required to defeat the presumption that [an employer’s]
explanations are genuine.”); Bell v. Donley, --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2013 WL 857748, at *13
(D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2013). She fails to do so.
In sum, the Court concludes that based on the undisputed factual record, no reasonable
jury could conclude that the State Department subjected Ricci to a retaliatory hostile work
environment. Summary judgment is thus warranted in the State Department’s favor on Count II.
B. Ricci’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction
Having determined that the State Department is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
both of Ricci’s claims, the Court can easily dispose of Ricci’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction.
To secure preliminary injunctive relief, Ricci “must establish that [s]he is likely to succeed on
the merits, that [s]he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that
the balance of equities tips in [her] favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter
v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); see also Gordon v. Holder, 632 F.3d 722,
724 (D.C. Cir. 2011). A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary form of interim relief that
should be granted sparingly, and only if “the movant, by a clear showing, carries the burden of
persuasion.” Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997). “It is particularly important for
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the movant to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits,” because otherwise
“there would be no justification for the court’s intrusion into the ordinary processes of
administration and judicial review.” Howard v. Evans, 193 F. Supp. 2d 221, 226 (D.D.C. 2002)
(citing Benten v. Kessler, 505 U.S. 1084, 1085 (1992)).
Applying these standards, Ricci’s request for injunctive relief fails because she cannot
establish a likelihood of success on the merits of her claims. Instead, as the Court has just
explained, Ricci’s claims are subject to dismissal on summary judgment as a matter of law and
undisputed fact. In so concluding, the Court is mindful that Ricci’s Supplemental Memorandum
seeking injunctive relief sets forth additional acts—not raised through her summary judgment
briefing—that she alleges contributed to the retaliatory hostile work environment. (See Dkt.
Nos. 38, 38-15). In particular, Ricci focuses on the following newly-asserted actions: (a) Ms.
Koehler’s issuance of a “Not Successful” interim evaluation in July 2012, and the State
Department’s concurrent failure to provide Ricci with a performance improvement plan; (b) Mr.
Hogan’s issuance of an overall summary rating of “Not Fully Successful” to Ricci in or around
April 2013; (c) Mr. Balton’s decision, shortly thereafter, not to alter Ricci’s rating upon
reconsideration; (d) Mr. Hogan’s indication that he planned to place Ricci on a performance
improvement plan; and (e) Ricci’s loss of eligibility for the State Department’s student loan
repayment program due to her “Not Successful” summary rating. (See id.). None of these new
allegations impact the Court’s earlier analysis, and they certainly do not establish a substantial
likelihood that Ricci will succeed on the merits, as required for interim injunctive relief.
Rather, these contentions suffer from the same flaw discussed above—Ricci fails to show
a causal link between these events and her protected activity. Instead, she essentially relies on
timing alone, but these incidents are even more removed in time from her protected activity and
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thus cannot be found retaliatory based solely on timing. See Clark Cnty., 532 U.S. at 273-74;
Talavera, 638 F.3d at 313-14. Otherwise, Ricci makes only one other linkage-related argument
that merits any attention: she asserts that the involvement of the State Department’s attorney—
apparently the same attorney involved in the instant litigation, Stacy Hauf—in consulting with
Mr. Balton regarding Ricci’s performance appraisal constitutes “direct evidence” of retaliation.
(Dkt. No. 38-15 at 2-3). The Court disagrees. But the document Ricci relies upon for this
argument is a version of Mr. Balton’s response to Ricci with the “track changes” feature of
Microsoft Word visible, containing comments from Ms. Hauf to Mr. Balton. (See Dkt. No. 38-
13). The State Department asserts that the document was inadvertently produced and maintains
that it is protected by the attorney-client privilege. (See Dkt. No. 39 at 34 n.19). In view of this,
Ricci’s reliance on this document is improper, and she does not even respond to State’s claim of
privilege in her reply brief. In sum, Ricci’s newly-proffered allegations of purportedly
retaliatory acts do not impact the Court’s analysis as to the merit of her retaliatory hostile work
environment claim.
With this issue decided, the Court need not venture any farther down the preliminary
injunction path. See Greater New Orleans Fair Housing Action Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Housing
and Urban Dev., 639 F.3d 1078, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“When a plaintiff has not shown a
likelihood of success on the merits, there is no need to consider the remaining factors.”); Ark.
Dairy Coop. Ass’n, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 573 F.3d 815, 832 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (same).
Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution and to enable full review by the Circuit should this
case be appealed, the Court will briefly address and weigh the remaining preliminary injunction
factors. See Gordon v. Holder, 632 F.3d 722, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (remanding “to allow the
district court to weigh the factors in determining whether a preliminary injunction is warranted”);
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Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 305 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“[W]ithout
any conclusions of law as to the three remaining factors, we are unable to determine whether the
district court properly [exercised its discretion].”).
On the second factor—irreparable injury—the Court finds that Ricci fails to establish the
requisite irreparable injury to secure interim injunctive relief. Ricci asserts that State’s actions
are causing “damage to [her] reputation and denial of career opportunities,” and she also
contends that her placement on a performance improvement plan has rendered her ineligible for
the State Department’s student loan repayment program. In its opposition brief, State argued that
none of Ricci’s claimed injuries rose to the level of “irreparable” injury. Surprisingly, Ricci
failed to respond to these arguments altogether, practically failing to address the irreparable
injury component of injunctive relief whatsoever in her reply brief. Nor did Ricci touch on this
issue whatsoever during oral argument. The Court thus deems State’s arguments on this point
conceded, see Hopkins, 284 F. Supp. 2d at 25 (citing FDIC, 127 F.3d at 67-68), although the
State Department’s arguments are well taken in any event. First, Ricci’s assertion that she is
being prevented “from continuing in employment in her field,” (see Dkt. No. 26-6 at 6), is vastly
overstated. Instead, the evidence simply shows that Mr. Balton declined to grant Ricci
permission to accept a particular detail assignment outside of OMC. (See Dkt. No. 26-1 (“Ricci
Decl.”) at ¶¶ 27-28; Dkt. No. 39-2 (“Balton Decl.”) at ¶¶ 5-9). With respect to her claims of
reputational harm, it is true that “reputational injury can be used to establish irreparable harm in
certain circumstances . . . [but] the showing of reputational harm must be concrete and
corroborated, not merely speculative.” See Trudeau v. FTC, 384 F. Supp. 2d 281, 297 (D.D.C.
2005), aff’d, 456 F.3d 178 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Here, Ricci’s claim of reputational injury is just
that—speculative. Finally, with respect to Ricci’s loss of student loan reimbursement payments,
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it is well settled that “recoverable economic losses are not considered irreparable.” Taylor v.
Resolution Trust Corp., 56 F.3d 1497, 1507 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Our Circuit “has set a high
standard for irreparable injury,” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297, and none
of Ricci’s claimed injuries clear this tall hurdle.
Turning to the third and fourth factors, the Court similarly concludes that Ricci has not
established that the balance of equities tips in her favor, or that the public interest would be
served by the issuance of a preliminary injunction. With respect to the equities, the Court finds
that upending the State Department’s day-to-day management of its personnel—and instead
forcing Ricci’s supervisors to route any potential criticism or discipline of Ricci through a
disinterested third party—would work at least some hardship on the State Department. And
when balanced against Ricci’s unsubstantiated claims of retaliation, the scale does not tip in her
favor. As for the public interest, Ricci contends that “there is a broad public interest in the
elimination of discrimination and the protection against retaliation.” (Dkt. No. 26-6 at 7). The
Court agrees with this goal in the abstract, but Ricci puts forth nothing to suggest that the same
objective could not be achieved if this lawsuit proceeded in ordinary course. Moreover, while
the public interest is certainly served by vindicating meritorious Title VII claims, the opposite is
true once a court has already concluded that those claims lack merit, as here. Accordingly, both
of these factors weigh against preliminary injunctive relief as well.
To summarize, because Ricci cannot establish a substantial likelihood of success on the
merits of her claims, and because none of the other factors the Court must consider tilt in Ricci’s
favor, the Court denies Ricci’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the State Department’s Motion for
Summary Judgment will be GRANTED, and that Ricci’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction will
be DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Digitally signed by Judge Robert
L. Wilkins
DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins,
o=U.S. District Court,
ou=Chambers of Honorable
Robert L. Wilkins,
Date: September 23, 2013 email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US
Date: 2013.09.23 15:45:03 -04'00'
ROBERT L. WILKINS
United States District Judge
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