Goode v. Billington , 932 F. Supp. 2d 75 ( 2013 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JEFFREY H. GOODE, PhD.,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 10-929 (CKK)
JAMES H. BILLINGTON, LIBRARIAN OF
CONGRESS, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(March 25, 2013)
Plaintiff Jeffrey Goode filed suit against Defendant James Billington in his official
capacity as the Librarian of Congress, alleging religious discrimination (Jewish), retaliation, and
a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, as amended,
42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. Presently before the Court are the Defendant’s [32] Motion for
Summary Judgment and the Plaintiff’s [34] Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Upon
consideration of the pleadings,1 the relevant legal authorities, and the summary judgment record,
the Court finds the Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on the Plaintiff’s hostile work
environment, discrete discrimination, and retaliation claims. Accordingly, the Defendant’s
motion is GRANTED and the Plaintiff’s cross-motion is DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
The Plaintiff, a Jewish male, has a doctorate degree in economics. Def.’s Ex. 3 (Pl.’s
1
Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. [32]; Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot.
(“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF Nos. [37-38]; Def.’s Reply, ECF No. [43]; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Partial
Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”); Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot., ECF No. [36]; Pl.’s Reply,
ECF No. [44].
Dep. Tr.) at 14:3, 17:3. The Plaintiff worked for various executive agencies between 1981 and
2008. Id. at 22:8-41:2. In July 2008, the Plaintiff was hired as a Section Research Manager in
the International Trade and Finance Section of the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
(“FDT”) of the Congressional Research Service. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 6.2 The Congressional Research
Service (“CRS”) is a unit within the Library of Congress that provides research and analysis in
response to requests from Congressional committees and individual members of Congress. Id. at
¶ 1. The CRS is comprised of five research divisions, with “Section Research Managers”
responsible for supervising research analysts within each division. Id. at ¶¶ 2-3. Prior to the
institution of the Section Research Manager position in 2008, individual analysts within each
section served, sometimes on a rotating basis, as “section heads.” Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 4.
The Plaintiff, like all new employees of the Library, was required to serve a one-year
probationary period. Def.’s Stmt. ¶¶ 7-11. Between July 2008 and September 5, 2008, Charlotte
Preece served as the Plaintiff’s immediate supervisor. Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 13. From September
6, 2008, until December 22, 2008, Ed Bruner served as the Plaintiff’s immediate supervisor.
Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 24. Morris Davis served as the Plaintiff’s immediate supervisor from December
23, 2008, until the Plaintiff’s termination. Id. at ¶ 36.
A. Incidents Involving the Plaintiff’s Office
Ray Ahearn served as the section head of FDT prior to the Plaintiff being hired as the
2
The Court strictly adheres to the text of Local Civil Rule 7(h) when resolving motions
for summary judgment. Sched. & P. Order, ECF No. [20] (“The Court assumes facts identified
by the moving party in its statement of material facts are admitted, unless such a fact is
controverted in the statement of genuine issues filed in opposition to the motion.”). Thus, where
possible, the Court shall cite only to the Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts (“Def.’s
Stmt.”) unless a statement is contradicted by the Plaintiff, in which case the Court may cite the
Plaintiff’s Response to the Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts (“Pl.’s Resp. Stmt.”). The
Court shall also cite directly to evidence in the record, or if undisputed and not otherwise
evidenced, the parties’ pleadings.
2
Section Research Manager. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 14. Ray Ahearn remained as an analyst in the FDT
division under the Plaintiff’s supervision. Def.’s Ex. 12 (OIC Invest. Aff. of R. Ahearn) at 2.
On three occasions in August 2008—twice on August 19 and once on August 21—Mr. Ahearn’s
nameplate was removed from the door of his office and placed on the door to Plaintiff’s office.
Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 14. The Plaintiff understood the moving of the nameplate to be sending a
message that the Plaintiff “[was] not wanted. Get lost. You don’t belong here. I want Ray.”
Def.’s Ex. 3 at 83:22-25; see also id. at 85:7-20; Def.’s Ex. 7 (Pl.’s OIC Invest. Aff.) at 4
(“Someone clearly was determined to send a message that I should be removed, and that the
former boss should be reinstated.”).
The Plaintiff informed Ms. Preece of the incidents, and Ms. Preece responded by keeping
Mr. Ahearn’s nameplate in her office until Mr. Ahearn returned to the office. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 17.
The Plaintiff further notified Mr. Ahearn, who indicated that he also had a problem with his
nameplate disappearing for over a week at some earlier point in time. Def.’s Ex. 9 (8/25/2008
Email Pl. to R. Ahearn). Mr. Ahearn also mentioned to the Plaintiff that someone had set a
picture of a naked woman as the screensaver on Mr. Ahearn’s computer when he stepped away
from his office. Def.’s Ex. 3 at 83:14-21. The Plaintiff testified that he had suspicions as to who
was responsible for moving the nameplate, but never mentioned those suspicions to his
supervisors. Id. at 84:17-23. After Ms. Preece took possession of Mr. Ahearn’s nameplate, it
was never again placed on the door to Plaintiff’s office. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 18.
The Plaintiff, a fan of the New York Yankees, stored a Yankee’s baseball cap in his
office. Def.’s Ex. 3 at 85:24-86:11. The Plaintiff asserts that at some point in the middle August
2008, someone removed the cap from the Plaintiff’s office. Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 19. The Plaintiff
mentioned to Ms. Preece that the cap was missing, but “did not make a big deal about it at the
3
time.” Def.’s Ex. 7 at 5. Nor did the Plaintiff indicate that he believed the cap was stolen
because of the Plaintiff’s religion. Def.’s Ex. 3 at 167:15-23.
The Plaintiff also displayed a picture of the Old City of Jerusalem in his office. Def.’s
Stmt. ¶ 20. The photograph depicted an alley and building, with the caption stating either the
name of the street or that the picture was taken in Jerusalem. Def.’s Ex. 3 at 88:14-90:4. At
some point in late August or early September 2008, the picture was removed from the Plaintiff’s
office. Id. The Plaintiff reported to his supervisor at some point that the picture was taken, but
could not recall when. Id. at 168:4-13. The Plaintiff indicated that he “didn’t want to tell them
right away” because he “didn’t want to make a big deal about it.” Id. at 168:18-20; see also id.
at 168:21-22 (indicating the picture was “not worth a lot of money”). There is evidence in the
record to suggest the Defendant did not notice the picture was missing until a co-worker
mentioned it several months later. Pl.’s Ex. 8 (OIC Invest. Report) at 16. The Plaintiff did not
report the theft of the picture or his Yankee’s cap to the Library of Congress Police. Def.’s Ex. 3
at 168:25-169:1; see Def.’s Ex. 14 (Library of Cong. Reg. 111.2) (“The loss or theft of personal
property in Library buildings or on the grounds should be reported as soon as practicable to the
Library of Congress Police, who will take a report.”).
B. Plaintiff’s Work Performance
Beginning in October 2008, Mr. Bruner held a number of meetings with the Plaintiff
which involved discussions of the Plaintiff’s work. Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 25.3 During the October
8, 2008 meeting, Mr. Bruner relayed to the Plaintiff several complaints he had received from
analysts under the Plaintiff’s supervision, including that the Plaintiff (1) inappropriately or
3
The parties disagree as to whether the meetings should be classified as regularly
scheduled meetings to discuss the status of the FDT division’s work, or “informal” counseling
sessions. Nevertheless, the topics discussed during the meetings are undisputed.
4
arbitrarily assigned research requests from Congress with little regard for the specialties of
particular analysts; (2) had an “autocratic” rather than collegial leadership style; (3) persistently
advocated for projects in which he had a personal interest despite more pressing congressional
needs; and (4) expressed dissatisfaction with his section to a junior analyst in another section.
Def.’s Ex. 4 (12/17/2008 Mem. E. Bruner to Pl.) at 1-2. On November 4, 2008, Mr. Bruner
submitted an assessment of four Section Research Managers, including the Plaintiff, to Angela
Evans, the Deputy Director of the CRS. Def.’s Ex. 17. With respect to the Plaintiff, in addition
to several positive comments, Mr. Bruner indicated that the Plaintiff “wasted some of his and
analysts’ time advocating a personal idea for the research agenda without first determining a
Congressional need for the research,” took a long time to review work product from analysts,
and “alienated many members of the [the section] due to a sometimes gruff manner (to include
shouting), some apparently arbitrary decisions, an authoritarian outlook, and lack of
consultation.” Id. at 5. Two days later, Mr. Bruner also sought guidance regarding how to
document performance or fitness issues of probationary employees. Def.’s Ex. 18 (11/6/2008
Email D. Duffy to E. Bruner).
Mr. Bruner met with the Plaintiff again on November 20, 2008. Pl.’s Resp. Stmt. ¶ 29.
Mr. Bruner indicated that since the October meeting, the analysts in the Plaintiff’s section
indicated that “not much has changed,” and “Section morale continues to decline.” Def.’s Ex. 4
(12/17/2008 Performance Counseling Meeting Mem.) at 2. Furthermore, Mr. Bruner “received
reports and complaints from several sources that sounds of yelling have emerged from your
office,” and that several analysts complained that the Plaintiff delegated too many tasks, and
added an additional level of review that led to deadlines being missed. Id. at 3. Mr. Bruner also
questioned the Plaintiff’s decision to deny a senior analyst’s request to attend a conference
5
regarding a subject for which the analyst was responsible. Id.
Angela Evans met with various sections, including FDT, in order to discuss how the new
Section Research Manager position was working out in late 2008. Def.’s Ex. 19 (Aff. of W.
Cooper) ¶ 3. In preparation for their meeting with Ms. Evans, the Plaintiff’s section asked
analyst William Cooper to serve as a “spokesperson” and even held a practice session in which
Mr. Cooper practiced presenting talking points conveying the section’s concerns regarding the
Plaintiff. Id. at ¶ 4; see Def.’s Ex. 20 (Talking Points for “Meeting with Angela Regarding
SRM”). All thirteen analysts in the Plaintiff’s section attended the meeting, during which they
“addressed myriad concerns [they] had about Mr. Goode, including, but not limited to,” the
Plaintiff’s “seeming lack of knowledge of the subject matter areas,” the role of Congress, and the
role of the CRS in assisting Congress. Id. at ¶ 5. The analysts also expressed concerns that the
Plaintiff delegated his review responsibilities to other members of the section, missed review
deadlines, and was reluctant to “reach out to congressional clients.” Id.
On December 17, 2008, Mr. Bruner issued a counseling memorandum to the Plaintiff,
recounting their discussions in the October 8 and November 20 meetings, and indicating that
“[s]ome of your comments and actions I have observed call into question your understanding and
commitment to the CRS mission.” Def.’s Ex. 4 at 3. Mr. Bruner also indicated that “your
performance and general fitness for retention in your position can be evaluated at any time
during your term as a probationary employee. The evidence before me indicates that your
personality and skills may not ensure the good fit we need between you and your Section.” Id. at
4.
Morris Davis replaced Ed Bruner as the Plaintiff’s immediate supervisor on December
22, 2008. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 36. On January 26, 2009, Mr. Davis and Mr. Bruner (now the Deputy
6
Assistant Director of FDT) conducted the Plaintiff’s six month performance and conduct
evaluation. Def.’s Ex. 23 (Pl.’s Performance & Conduct Eval.) at 1. Prior to the meeting, the
Plaintiff’s supervisors consulted with the Library’s legal team to draft the written six-month
evaluation which was designed to “set up the termination and/or the resolution agreement.”
Def.’s Ex. 37 (1/16/2009 Email D. Warshof to D. Duffy, et al.). Overall, the written summary of
the Plaintiff’s evaluation concluded that while the Plaintiff “paid close attention to his
administrative duties,” and “provided clear guidance to two underperforming analysts in his
section,” he had yet to demonstrate “that he has all the research management skills needed to
perform effectively,” in his position at the CRS. Id. Specific concerns included “a serious
communication gap between [the Plaintiff] and his section members,” the Plaintiff did not
“ma[ke] much of an effort to establish the congressional contacts needed to properly manage the
work of the section.” Id. “In aggregate, the situation described has resulted in poor working
relationships between [the Plaintiff] and his analysts.” Id. The evaluation concluded by
indicating that:
Based on the above, the [Mr. Bruner] will be forwarding a recommendation
shortly regarding Mr. Goode’s retention during the probationary period. In the
attached counseling memorandum, [i]t was indicated to him that improvements
must be immediate and sustained in order to demonstrate his fitness for
conversion to permanent status. To date, there have not been detected sufficient,
necessary changes in his overall performance, and the concerns regarding his
general fitness for this position persist.
Id. at 1-2. The Plaintiff asserted in his deposition that he told Mr. Bruner and Mr. Davis during
the January 2009 evaluation that the Plaintiff might file a complaint regarding his perceived
hostile work environment. Pl.’s Ex. 6 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr.) at 153:3-13.4 When asked during his
4
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the Plaintiff’s exhibits refer to the exhibits
attached to the Plaintiff’s Opposition to the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
7
deposition what the basis for any claim of religious discrimination at that time might have been,
the Plaintiff replied:
The basis might have been, then, I don’t know. I was just telling them that I don’t
like what’s happening to me. I’m going to complain[] about it. This is just not
right. I’m not being treated right. There was the Jerusalem thing. There was a
Yankee hat. There was my sign, my nameplate raised, being put on my door.
There was constant people complaining about innocuous things in my mind.
Id. at 153:17-24 (all errors in original).
The Plaintiff replied in writing to the six month evaluation. Def.’s Ex. 24 (2/2/2009
Mem. Pl. to A. Evans, M. Davis, & E. Bruner). The Plaintiff noted that “it seems that I will not
be the Section Research Manager too much longer,” and expressed his feeling that he had not
been given “clear guidance and a genuine chance to improve [his] performance.” Id. at 1; see
also id. (“[M]y time seems to be running out.”). The Plaintiff expressed his belief that “[t]he
entire process has been adversarial with attention paid to the legalities of removing me instead of
improving my performance.” Id. The memorandum emphasized the number of new CRS
reports his section had completed and the group awards his section received since his arrival. Id.
at 2. The Plaintiff asked that “if you remove me from my Section Research Manager position,”
that he be permitted to (1) work as an analyst or on a special project until the Plaintiff could
“find a new job elsewhere or resurrect my reputation at CRS”; (2) take leave while looking for a
new position but “remain a CRS employee so I would not have any break in service before
obtaining a new position”; or (3) permit the Plaintiff to take early retirement. Id.; see also Pl.’s
Ex. [6] (Pl.’s Dep. Tr.) at 137:20-25 (“By then I saw I wasn’t going to be the manager anymore,
and I wrote that memo. So I wanted out. I mean they wanted me out. I wanted out just as much,
and I wrote that memo to give me time.”).
Following the Plaintiff’s six month evaluation, Mr. Davis contacted the legal department
8
for the CRS to request a sample letter to the Director of the CRS recommending separation
during an employee’s probationary period, which was provided on February 4, 2009. Def.’s
Stmt. ¶ 40; Def.’s Ex. 25 (2/4/2009 Email D. Warshof to M. Davis). On February 4, 2009,
Morris Davis spoke with the Plaintiff “and told him to weigh his options.” Def.’s Ex. 6 at 10.
The Plaintiff asked if the Library could make him an analyst while he looked for other
employment or until he was eligible for retirement in April 2010, but Morris Davis indicated “we
didn’t need an analyst in the section, we needed an SRM.” Id. The Plaintiff also consulted with
human resources in order to determine if he could take early retirement. E.g., Pl.’s Ex. 6 at
152:7-10; Def.’s Ex. 13 (Compl. of Discrimination at 6). After further discussions Mr. Davis
informed the Plaintiff that “if he didn’t decide soon” between resignation or termination, Mr.
Davis “would have no choice but to give him the 30 day termination notice.” Def.’s Ex. 6 at 10.
Mr. Davis began drafting the letter to Dan Mulhollan, the director of the CRS, on February 4,
2013. Id. at 10-11.
C. February 5, 2009 Incident & Plaintiff’s Termination
According to the Plaintiff, upon arriving at his office on the morning of February 5, 2009,
he discovered a type-written sign hanging on the back of the door to his office reading “GOOD
RIDDANCE JEW BOY.” Pl.’s Resp. ¶ 43. The Plaintiff contends that he immediately called
the United States Capitol Police to report the sign. Id. The Defendant alleges that, based on the
testimony of Jared Nagel, an administrative assistant within the CRS, there is reason to believe
the Plaintiff placed the sign on his door. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 43; see Def.’s Ex. 28 (OIC Invest. Aff. of
J. Nagel) at 3 (indicating the Plaintiff told Mr. Nagel that the police would be arriving shortly,
before the Plaintiff had an opportunity to go to his office to discover the sign). Regardless, the
order of events that followed is generally undisputed. The Capitol Police took photographs and
9
dusted the door, sign, and the magnet holding the sign for fingerprints. Pl.’s Ex. 2 (Crime Scene
Analysis Report). One of the responding officers, Officer Brandon Jon Pigg, testified that
Morris Davis informed him that the CRS was in the process of terminating the Plaintiff. Def.’s
Ex. 30 (Pigg Dep. Tr.) at 17:14-18:5.
The same day as the incident, someone within the CRS also informed Kenneth Keeler, an
Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, about the incident and Plaintiff’s impending
termination. Def.’s Ex. 27 (Decl. of K. Keeler) ¶ 2. Mr. Keeler emailed Alan Morris of the
Capital Police stating:
I just learned that a USCP Lt. recently investigated a complaint about anti-Semitic
material found in or around the work area of Jeffrey Goode, a Library employee.
We have some important information relevant to Mr. Goode’s complaint. Also,
since this is an internal complaint that we would investigate, would you please ask
the investigating officer to contact my office as soon as possible.
Pl.’s Ex. 7 (2/5/2009 Email K. Keeler to A. Morris) at 2. Mr. Morris indicated he was not aware
of any investigation, and copied Mr. Keeler’s message to Captain Dogan of the Capitol Police to
determine who was involved in the investigation. Id. Captain Dogan replied that:
I learned late today that there was a report of such but Lieut [sic] Greene was
leaning towards it not having much merit. The complainant is facing imminent
termination and was supposed to have stated to someone as he entered his work
area that the police will be reporting here soon. I am having some issue about
what the OIG will or will not investigate. This topic has never been completely
discussed. I will ask Greene to forward to OIG at your direction.
Id. The email chain was forwarded to Morris Davis on February 9, 2009. Id. at 1. Diane Duffy
indicated that “[a]lthough CRS wasn’t copied on these emails, Denise McCray (Workforce
Management, LOC) sent them to [Duffy] this morning to make sure we were aware of the IG’s
involvement.” Id. “The [Office of the Inspector General] deferred to the [Capitol Police]
inquiry and did not pursue the matter any further.” Def.’s Ex. 27 ¶ 5. On February 27, 2009,
Lieutenant Greene indicated that “[t]he status of the investigation is, [sic] Mr. Goode’s complaint
10
had no merit requiring no further Police involvement.” Def.’s Ex. 36 (2/27/2009 Email Lt.
Greene to M. Dogan).
At some point between February 2 and February 5, 2009, Morris Davis offered the
Plaintiff the choice between resigning and being terminated. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 41; Def.’s Ex. 6
(OIC Invest. Aff. of M. Davis) at 10. On February 5, 2009, Mr. Davis forwarded a draft of a
letter recommending the Library terminate the Plaintiff’s employment. Def.’s Ex. 26 (2/5/2009
Email M. Davis to D. Warshof). Mr. Davis, Mr. Bruner, and the Plaintiff met once again on
February 6, 2009. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 50. Mr. Davis and Mr. Bruner asked the Plaintiff if he had
decided whether or not to resign, to which the Plaintiff replied “that’s like asking how you want
to die . . . hanging or shooting.” Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 151:18-152:11. The Plaintiff threatened to file a
complaint if he was terminated, causing Mr. Davis to immediately end the meeting. Id. at
152:12-19; Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 50. Mr. Davis stated in an affidavit that “[h]is threat solidified my
decision, so I ended the discussion and went back to my office to finalize the termination
recommendation.” Def.’s Ex. 6 (OIC Invest. Aff. of M. Davis) at 11. Mr. Davis sent a
memorandum to Daniel P. Mulhollan, the Director of the CRS, recommending that the Plaintiff
be separated from employment with the CRS. Def.’s Ex. 32 (2/6/2009 Mem. M. Davis to D.
Mulhollan). Later that day, the Plaintiff received a termination letter signed by Director
Mulhollan, stating that
you have made no meaningful effort to ascertain and address the needs of the
Congress related to your section’s area of expertise; you have failed to lead your
section to produce international trade and finance products relevant to the debate
on topics of legislative interest to the Congress, including the global financial
crisis and the proposed economic stimulus plans; and, most seriously, you have
alienated your subordinates and have adversely impacted the morale of your
section.
Def.’s Ex. 31 (2/6/2009 Ltr. D. Mulhollan to Pl.) at 1.
11
On February 10, 2009, the Plaintiff filed an informal complaint with the Library’s Office
of Opportunity, Inclusiveness & Compliance. See Def.’s Ex. 35 (Description of Compl. &
Invest.). The Plaintiff filed a formal complaint of discrimination on March 23, 2009. Def.’s Ex.
13 (Compl. of Discrimination). In response to the Plaintiff’s formal complaint, the Library
conducted an investigation into the Plaintiff’s allegations, which was completed on August 7,
2009. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 56; Pl.’s Ex. 8 (Description of Compl. & Invest.). The Library issued a
Final Agency Decision with respect to the complaint on May 4, 2010. Compl. ¶ 8.
The Plaintiff filed suit in this court on June 4, 2010. See generally Compl. The Plaintiff
asserts three discrete charges: (1) the Plaintiff was subject to a hostile work environment on the
basis of his religion; (2) discriminating against the Plaintiff by terminating him on the basis of
his religion; and (3) retaliating against the Plaintiff by terminating him in retaliation for his
protected activity, that is, threatening to file complaints regarding his perceived hostile work
environment. See generally id. at ¶¶ 115-17. Following discovery, the parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment, with are now ripe.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a).
A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the
assertion by:
(A) citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions,
documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations,
stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions,
interrogatory answers, or other materials; or
12
(B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a
genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to
support the fact.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). “If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to
properly address another party's assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c), the court may . . .
consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). When
considering a motion for summary judgment, the court may not make credibility determinations
or weigh the evidence; the evidence must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, with all justifiable inferences drawn in his favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). “If material facts are at issue, or, though undisputed, are
susceptible to divergent inferences, summary judgment is not available.” Moore v. Hartman,
571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).
The mere existence of a factual dispute, by itself, is insufficient to bar summary
judgment. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. “Only disputes over facts that might affect the
outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary
judgment.” Id. For a dispute about a material fact to be “genuine,” there must be sufficient
admissible evidence that a reasonable trier of fact could find for the nonmoving party. Id. The
Court must determine “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require
submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.”
Id. at 251–52. “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not sufficiently probative, summary
judgment may be granted.” Id. at 249–50 (citations omitted). The adverse party must “do more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita
Elec. Indus., Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Conclusory assertions offered
without any factual basis in the record cannot create a genuine dispute. See Ass’n of Flight
13
Attendants–CWA v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465–66 (D.C. Cir. 2009).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Framework for Plaintiff’s Title VII Claims
Title VII provides two theories under which a plaintiff may recover for discriminatory
conduct. First, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1) bars discrimination “because of ... [an] individual's
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” A plaintiff can establish liability under this
provision by showing that a protected characteristic, in this case the Plaintiff’s religion, was a
but-for cause of the adverse employment action. Ponce v. Billington, 679 F.3d 840, 844 (D.C.
Cir. 2012). This is commonly referred to as the “pretext” theory of discrimination. Fogg v.
Gonzales, 492 F.3d 447, 451 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “A plaintiff who establishes but-for causation
may recover damages, as well as declaratory and injunctive relief.” Ponce, 679 F.3d at 845.
Second, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(m) provides that “an unlawful employment practice is
established when . . . race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any
employment practice.” A plaintiff can prevail under this section by showing that unlawful
discrimination was “a factor motivating the adverse action.” Ginger v. District of Columbia, 527
F.3d 1340, 1345 (D.C. Cir. 2008). This is commonly known as a “mixed-motive” theory of
discrimination. Ponce, 679 F.3d at 844. “[R]elief in a mixed-motive case is limited to
‘declaratory relief,’ certain ‘injunctive relief,’ and certain fees and costs if the defendant
‘demonstrates that [it] would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible
motivating factor.’” Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(g)(2)(B)). “[A] plaintiff may proceed
under both theories simultaneously.” Id. at 845. A plaintiff “need not expressly allege in the
complaint that the action is either a ‘pretext’ or a ‘mixed-motives’ case,” and “may ultimately
decide to proceed under both theories of liability.” Id.
14
As the parties’ summary judgment pleadings indicate, the Plaintiff is pursuing his
discrete discrimination claim and retaliation under both pretext and mixed-motive theories.5 The
Court begins with the Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim, finding there is no genuine
issue of material fact precluding summary judgment in favor of the Defendant. The Court then
analyzes the Plaintiff’s discrete discrimination claim, concluding that—under either theory of
liability—no reasonable jury could conclude the Plaintiff’s termination was based on his
religion. Finally, looking to the Plaintiff’s retaliation claim, the Court finds no reasonable jury
could conclude from the evidence in the record that the Plaintiff was terminated because of his
threat to file a hostile work environment complaint.
B. Hostile Work Environment Claim
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits an employer from “discriminat[ing] against
any individual with respect to [her] compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin,” 42
U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1). Toward that end, an employer may not create or condone a hostile or
abusive work environment that is discriminatory. Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S.
57, 64–65 (1986). To establish a prima facie Title VII hostile work environment claim, the
Plaintiff must show: (1) he was a member of a protected class; (2) he was subjected to
unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment occurred because of his protected status; (4) the
harassment had the effect of unreasonably interfering with the plaintiff's work performance and
creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment; and= (5) that his employer
5
“[A]lthough every circuit to address the issue” has held the mixed-motive theory does
not apply to retaliation claims, “it remains an open question in this circuit.” Porter v. Natsios,
414 F.3d 13, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Because the Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on
the Plaintiff’s retaliation claim even under a mixed-motive theory, the Court does not reach this
issue.
15
knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to implement prompt and appropriate
corrective action. See Davis v. Coastal Int’l Sec., Inc., 275 F.3d 1119, 1122-23 (D.C. Cir. 2002);
Curry v. District of Columbia, 195 F.3d 654, 660 (D.C. Cir. 1999).6
A workplace becomes “hostile” for purposes of Title VII only if the allegedly offensive
conduct “permeate[s] [the workplace] with discriminatory [or retaliatory] intimidation, ridicule,
and insult, that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's
employment and create an abusive working environment.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S.
17, 21–22 (1993) (citation omitted). This standard has both objective and subjective
components: the work environment must be one that a reasonable person in the plaintiff's
position would find hostile or abusive, and the plaintiff must actually perceive the environment
to be hostile or abusive. Id. The objective prong requires the Court to evaluate the “the totality
of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its
offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Baloch v.
Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524
U.S. 775, 787–88, (1998)). “[A] few isolated incidents of offensive conduct do not amount to
actionable harassment.” Stewart v. Evans, 275 F.3d 1126, 1134 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
The Plaintiff summarizes his hostile work environment claim as follows:
6
When the alleged harasser is the employee’s supervisor, the employer is vicariously
liable to the employee. Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 807 (1998). However,
“[w]hen no tangible employment action is taken,” the employer may raise an affirmative defense
comprised of two elements: “(a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and
correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee
unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by
the employer or to avoid harm otherwise.” Id. As set forth below, the Plaintiff failed to raise a
genuine issue as to whether the supervisor harassment was based on his religion. Therefore this
question of the employer’s remedial action arises only in the context of a co-worker harassment
claim.
16
In sum, the GOOD RIDDANCE JEW BOY sign/hate crime directed at Dr.
Goode; the theft of Dr. Goode’s picture of Jerusalem; and the unreasonable
hostility levied at Dr. Goode by his supervisors as they papered an unreasonable,
mean-spirited attack against Dr. Goode’s solid performance before firing him
under false pretenses are all evidence of the hostile work environment levied at
Dr. Goode, which a reasonable jury could find to be severe or pervasive.
Pl.’s Opp’n at 29.7 As to the first prong of a hostile work environment claim, there is no dispute
that the Plaintiff is Jewish and thus is a member of a protected class. For purposes of resolving
the parties’ motions, the Court also assumes that the Plaintiff was subjected to unwelcome
harassment.8 The Court makes this assumption because the record demonstrates the Plaintiff’s
claim fails to satisfy the third, fourth, and fifth elements of a hostile work environment.
1. Harassment on the Basis of Protected Status
There is no question that the “Good Riddance Jew Boy” sign was based on the Plaintiff’s
religion. The Court shall also assume that the theft of the picture of Jerusalem from the
Plaintiff’s office was likewise based on the Plaintiff’s religion. However, the Plaintiff proffers
no evidence whatsoever that the alleged “unreasonable hostility levied at Dr. Goode by his
supervisors,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 29, was based on the Plaintiff’s religion. Neither Ed Bruner nor
Morris Davis knew the Plaintiff was Jewish until the sign was posted on his door—the day
before his termination. Def.’s Ex. 2 (Bruner Dep. Tr.) at 77:17-21; Def.’s Ex. 6 (OIC Invest.
7
Because the Plaintiff failed to respond to the Defendant’s contentions, the Defendant is
entitled to summary judgment that the moving of Ray Ahearn’s nameplate and theft of the
Plaintiff’s baseball cap were unrelated to the Plaintiff’s religion. Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen.
Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C. 2003). (“It is well understood in this
Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain
arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to
address as conceded.”).
8
Although the record demonstrates that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether the Plaintiff placed the offensive sign on his office door, supra at 9, this dispute does not
preclude summary judgment insofar as the Plaintiff’s hostile work environment fails on other
grounds.
17
Aff. of M. Davis) at 4, ¶ 10. “[H]ostile behavior, no matter how unjustified or egregious, cannot
support a claim of hostile work environment unless there exists some linkage between the hostile
behavior and the plaintiff's membership in a protected class.” Nguyen v. Mabus, ––– F.Supp.2d
––––, No. 09–1349, 2012 WL 4475670, at *20 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2012). The Plaintiff fails to
provide any evidence to suggest his supervisors knew he was Jewish before the conduct at issue,
much less any evidence that their actions were based on his religion. Therefore, the Defendant is
entitled to summary judgment to the extent the Plaintiff claims his supervisors’ conduct created a
hostile work environment.
2. Severity or Pervasiveness of the Alleged Harassment
The fourth element of a hostile work environment claim requires the Plaintiff to show
that, subjective and objectively, the alleged harassment was “sufficiently severe or pervasive to
alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment.”
Harris, 510 U.S. at 21–22. The Plaintiff runs into difficulty at this juncture with respect to the
theft of the picture of Jerusalem because he admits that, at the time the picture was taken, he
subjectively did not believe the act was related to his religion. Def.’s Ex. 13 (Pl.’s OIC Invest.
Aff.) at 4, ¶ 5 (“The Jewish theme of this incident was lost on me at the time. It took prodding
by one of my employees . . . and finally the last incident on February 5, 2009, before I pieced
together that this was an anti-Semitic act.”). It is not even clear that the Plaintiff noticed the
picture was removed in the first place. Pl.’s Ex. 8 at 16 (recounting testimony indicating the
Plaintiff did not notice the picture was missing until a co-worker inquired about it months later);
Def.’s Ex. 15. Subjectively, the Plaintiff did not view this incident as harassing.
The Plaintiff has asserted that he subjectively found the February 5, 2009, incident to be
sufficiently offensive so as to create a hostile working environment. Objectively the Court finds
18
that a reasonable jury could not conclude that the alleged harassment was either severe or
pervasive. In terms of severity, the Plaintiff argues that“[a] single discriminatory incident, when
it is extreme, can constitute a hostile work environment.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 27. The D.C. Circuit
has repeatedly emphasized that “‘casual or isolated manifestations of a discriminatory
environment, such as a few ethnic or racial slurs, may not raise a cause of action.’” Park v.
Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Bundy v. Jackson, 641 F.2d 934, 943
n.9 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). Moreover, each of the cases cited by the Plaintiff involved multiple slurs
or multiple incidents of harassment. King v. Board of Regents, 898 F.2d 533, 534-35 (7th Cir.
1990) (involving claims arising from suggestive comments and forcible kissing and fondling
over a several months); Bennett v. Corroon & Black Corp., 845 F.2d 104, 105-06 (5th Cir. 1988)
(involving claims arising from four obscene cartoons depicting the plaintiff which were
displayed in the men’s room for approximately one week); Bailey v. Binyon, 583 F. Supp. 923,
925 (N.D. Ill. 1984) (involving claims arising from incident in which supervisor called the
plaintiff the n-word three times); Imperial Diner v. State Human Rights Appeal Bd., 52 N.Y.2d
72, 72-73 (1980) (involving state law claim arising from incident in which restaurant owner
directed two obscene and anti-Semitic remarks at the plaintiff). The sign posted on the back of
the Plaintiff’s door was undoubtedly offensive, but the Plaintiff does not even argue that it
interfered with his performance. Based on the totality of the circumstances, no reasonable jury
could conclude from this record that the theft of the picture of Jerusalem and the sign posted in
the Plaintiff’s office “had the effect of unreasonably interfering with the plaintiff's work
performance and creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.” Davis,
275 F.3d at 1122-23.
The Plaintiff also argues that “[a] reasonable jury could also find the hostile work
19
environment at the Library to be pervasive, based on Dr. Goode’s comments about a hostile
work environment (and threatened complaint to his supervisors regarding this hostile work
environment) on January 27, 2009 and February 6, 2009.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 28. In other words, the
Plaintiff contends that the jury could conclude that the environment was hostile because the
Plaintiff said it was. Prior to February 5, 2009, the Plaintiff himself did not believe he was
subject to harassment based on his religion, nor could any reasonable jury. Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 153:17-
24. Considering the theft of the picture and the sign together, there is insufficient evidence of
any “tangible workplace consequences” from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the
purported harassment was either severe or pervasive as required for a hostile work environment
claim. See Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201.
3. Defendant’s Remedial Efforts
Even if a genuine issue of material fact remained as to the severity or pervasiveness of
the harassment, the Defendant is also entitled to summary judgment on the fifth element of the
Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim, namely whether the Library “implement[ed] prompt
and appropriate corrective action.” Curry, 195 F.3d at 660. The Plaintiff argues that the
Defendant’s response to the posting of the sign was insufficient because: (1) CRS management
“sabotage[ed]” the investigation conducted by the Capitol Police; and (2) CRS management
“discouraged” an investigation by the Office of the Inspector General. Pl.’s Opp’n at 25-26.
The Plaintiff relies entirely on the emails in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 7 to support this
conclusion. As set forth in the factual discussion, the emails provide no support for the
Plaintiff’s contentions on this issue. CRS management did inform Lieutenant Greene that they
were in the process of terminating the Plaintiff, but the Plaintiff does not explain—much less
provide evidence to show—how this affected the investigation. Moreover, the Office of the
20
Inspector General decided not to conduct a parallel investigation before informing CRS
management of its involvement in the matter. Denise McCray of Workforce Management
(human resources) at the Library informed Diane Duffy of the Inspector General’s
communication with the Capitol Police in a February 9, 2009 email. Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 1. Diane
Duffy then forwarded the exchange of emails between the Office of the Inspector General and
the Capitol Police to Morris Davis, noting that “Although CRS wasn’t copied on these emails,
Denise McCray (Workforce Management, LOC) sent them to me this morning to make sure we
were aware of the IG’s involvement, etc.” Id. Ultimately, the Capitol Police conducted a prompt
investigation, and the Plaintiff fails to articulate why a secondary investigation by the Library
was necessary.9 As the Plaintiff noted, “the very act [of] investigating and making a major scene
almost always serves as a deterrent for any future behavior of the same sort.” Def.’s Ex. 13
(Pl.’s OIC Compl.) at 2.
Furthermore, the Office of Opportunity, Inclusiveness & Compliance (“OIC”) conducted
an investigation into the Plaintiff’s claim of discrimination and retaliation, which included
interviews with at least seven witnesses and review of relevant documents. Def.’s Ex. 34
(amended notice of complaint); Pl.’s Ex. 8. The Plaintiff dismisses this investigation (and the
Capitol Police investigation) as an inadequate remedy because the Plaintiff initiated the
complaint. When an employer has an effective mechanism for reporting and resolving
discrimination complaints, the plaintiff must make reasonable efforts to avail himself of those
remedies. Faragher, 524 U.S. at 806-07. The Library has a reporting mechanism available
9
To the extent the Plaintiff claims the Library failed to investigate the theft of the picture
of Jerusalem, this claim lacks merit. The Plaintiff did not report the theft right away because he
“didn’t want to make a big deal about it.” Def.’s Ex. 3 at 168:18-20. The Defendant cannot be
faulted for failing to investigate a theft that did not even concern the Plaintiff.
21
through the OIC, which the Plaintiff made use of in filing his complaint. The resulting
investigation, which the OIC pursued even after the Plaintiff’s termination, was a prompt and
adequate remedy. No reasonable jury could conclude from this record that the Library did not
take prompt remedial action to resolve the Plaintiff’s hostile work environment complaint. Thus,
the Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on this claim.
C. Discrete Discrimination Claim
The Plaintiff contends that he was unlawfully terminated on the basis of his religion,
under both a pretext and mixed-motive theory of liability. As set forth below, there is
insufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude the Plaintiff’s termination
was motivated, even in part, by the Plaintiff’s religion.
Because direct evidence of an employer's discriminatory motives is often elusive,
a plaintiff typically establishes but-for causation using the familiar pretext
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93
S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Under the McDonnell Douglas framework,
discrimination claims proceed in three steps: (1) the plaintiff must prove a prima
facie case of discrimination; (2) if the plaintiff does so, then the burden shifts to
the defendant to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the
action in question; and (3) if the defendant meets that burden, the plaintiff must
show that the defendant's proffered reasons were “not its true reasons, but were a
pretext for discrimination.”
Ponce, 679 F.3d at 844 (quoting Wiley v. Glassman, 511 F.3d 151, 155 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (per
curiam)). When, the employer asserts a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse
employment action, the Court “must resolve one central question: Has the employee produced
sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory
reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the
employee on the basis of [his religion]?” Hampton v. Vilsack, 685 F.3d 1096, 1100 (D.C. Cir.
2012) (quoting Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008))
(emphasis added).
22
The parties devote much of the briefing to disputing whether or not the criticisms of the
Plaintiff recounted in his six-month evaluation—and echoed in his termination letter—were fair
critiques of the Plaintiff’s performance. However, the fundamental problem with the Plaintiff’s
discrimination claim is that there is no evidence that the Library terminated the Plaintiff, even in
part, because of his religion. In his cross-motion, the Plaintiff asserts there is direct evidence of
discrimination on the part of the Library in terminating the Plaintiff:
The phrase “Good Riddance” is direct evidence of Dr. Goode’s termination the
following day, and the racial slur “Jew Boy” is direct evidence of religious
discrimination against Dr. Goode. As a threatening, hateful message to Dr.
Goode, the phrase “GOOD RIDDANCE JEW BOY” constitutes conspicuous,
direct evidence of the Agency’s discriminatory termination of Dr. Goode.
Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 7. This argument is nonsensical. There is no evidence in the record to
suggest the sign was placed on the Plaintiff’s door by Morris Davis, Ed Bruner, or any of the
Defendant’s other supervisors. The Plaintiff makes no attempt to explain why the sign is
attributable to his employer. The fact that someone placed an anti-Semitic sign on the Plaintiff’s
door is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Plaintiff’s religion
was a motivating factor or a but-for cause of the Plaintiff’s termination.
The Plaintiff emphasizes two supposed “findings” to support this contention: (1) that the
Capitol Police concluded the incident constituted a hate crime; and (2) the OIC admitted the sign
was discriminatory. The Crime Scene Analysis Report refers to the offense as a “hate crime,”
but there is nothing to suggest this is anything more than an initial classification for investigation
purposes. Pl.’s Ex. 2 at 5. Lieutenant Greene ultimately concluded the complaint had no merit,
thus this initial characterization has no bearing on whether or not the Plaintiff’s termination was
in fact discriminatory. Likewise, the OIC did not admit the sign was discriminatory. To the
contrary, Naomi Earp, the Director of the OIC, explained “I construed the sign in favor of Dr.
23
Goode. I questioned the authorship of the sign, but in completing the analysis, presumed that it
was true. Found it offensive but still believed at the end of the analysis that the complainant had
not carried his burden. Pl.’s Ex. 4 (Earp Dep. Tr.) at 28:9-14 (emphasis added). In any event,
the Plaintiff fails to proffer any evidence or legal theory through which the sign is attributable to
the Library such that the sign itself is evidence that the Plaintiff’s termination was
discriminatory.
Moreover, the sequence of events does not support an inference of discrimination.
Morris Davis initiated the process of terminating the Plaintiff by no later than February 4. On
February 5, the sign was posted on the Plaintiff’s door, and the Plaintiff’s supervisors learned for
the first time that the Plaintiff was Jewish. That same day, the Morris Davis sent a draft of his
letter recommending termination to the legal department. On February 6, the Library terminated
the Plaintiff’s employment, as they intended to do before the incident the day prior. The fact that
the Library continued with its previously contemplated plan after learning of the Plaintiff’s
religious affiliation, even if the Plaintiff’s termination was “not yet definitively determined,” is
“no evidence whatever of causality.” Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 272
(2001). Simply put, there is no evidence in the record to demonstrate the Plaintiff was
terminated to any degree on the basis of his religion.
D. Retaliation Claim
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment with respect to a claim of unlawful
retaliation under Title VII, the Court “looks to whether a reasonable jury could infer . . .
retaliation from all the evidence, which includes not only the prima facie case but also the
evidence the plaintiff offers to attack the employer’s proffered explanation for its action and
other evidence of retaliation.” Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citation
24
omitted). The Plaintiff alleges his termination was in retaliation for his threats on January 27 and
February 6, 2009 to file a hostile work environment claim. The question before the Court is
whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to support summary judgment in favor of either
party.
Initially, the Defendant contends that the Plaintiff’s January 27, 2009 threat cannot form
the basis for a claim of retaliation. As of that date, a hostile work environment complaint would
be based on: (1) moving the Plaintiff’s nameplate; (2) the theft of the Plaintiff’s New York
Yankees cap; and (3) the theft of the picture of Jerusalem. The Plaintiff conceded the
Defendant’s contention that the first two acts cannot be considered harassment on the basis of the
Plaintiff’s religion. Supra at 16, n.6. Moreover, as set forth above, the Plaintiff himself did not
believe the third act was based on his religion until the sign was placed on his door. At the time
the Plaintiff first threatened to file a hostile work environment complaint, the Plaintiff did not,
and could not reasonably, believe he was being harassed on the basis of his religion.
Accordingly, the Plaintiff’s January 27, 2009 threat was not protected activity because “no
reasonable employee could believe that the conduct about which []he complained amounted to a
hostile work environment under Title VII.” Grosdidier v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, — F.3d —,
No. 11-5291, 2013 WL 845289, at *4 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 8, 2013).
With respect to the Plaintiff’s February 6, 2009 threat, the order of events is not itself
evidence of causality. Undisputed evidence in the record indicates the Library began the process
to terminate the Plaintiff before February 6, 2009. The fact that the Library followed through
with this course of action after the Plaintiff threatened to file a complaint is “no evidence
whatever of causality.” Breeden, 532 U.S. at 272. Thus, the Plaintiff must rely entirely on
Morris Davis’s statement that the Plaintiff’s threat “solidified” his termination decision in
25
establishing causality.
Prior to the parties’ February 6 meeting, the Library had already taken significant steps
towards the Plaintiff’s termination, including: (1) with consultation of the legal department,
drafting a six-month evaluation that “set up” the Plaintiff’s resignation or termination; (2)
engaging in discussions with Plaintiff regarding whether he would resign; and (3) drafting the
letter to the Director of the CRS recommending termination and forwarding that draft to the legal
department. Then, Morris Davis explained:
Things came to a head on February 6th and caused my sympathy for Jeffrey to
evaporate. On that day, Ed and I were with Jeffrey when he gave a subordinate a
performance evaluation. I asked Jeffrey to stay afterwards and asked him how his
talks with HR were going. He still wanted to stay on until April 2010 to reach full
retirement, and when I told him that was not going to happen he said his choices
were like having to choose between a rope and a bullet to commit suicide. He
continued to try to persuade me to let him stay in some capacity until 2010 or
until he could find another job, but I told him those were not options and that if he
couldn’t choose I was going to have to move forward without his input.
At that point he said he had endured a hostile work environment and no one did
anything about it and the reason he had called the police before telling me about
the sign was he knew I wouldn’t do anything either. He said he had a good law
suit against us because of the hostile environment and we could avoid it by
allowing him to stay until retirement or he found another job. His threat
solidified my decision, so I ended the discussion and went back to my office to
finalize the termination recommendation. At 3:00pm that day I (with Ed Bruner
present) gave Jeffrey the termination notice signed by Dan Mulhollan and a memo
from me directing him to turn in his blackberry, office key, and security card by
the end of the day and not to return to the division without my approval. He was
given 30 days with full pay and no work responsibilities so he could devote his
full time and attention to finding another job.
Def.’s Ex. 6 at 11 (emphasis added); see also Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 152: 3-6. The Plaintiff does
not dispute Mr. Davis’s characterization of the February 6 meeting. Def.’s Ex. 13 at 6 (“Around
12 non on Feb 6, Morris Davis and Edward Bruner gave me the choice between resigning and
receiving a two-month temporary appointment or termination with one month notice required by
law.”).
26
Considering the totality of the undisputed evidence in the record, no reasonable jury
could conclude the Plaintiff’s threat to file a hostile work environment complaint on February 6,
2009, was a motivating factor or a but-for cause of the Plaintiff’s subsequent termination. The
Library had already decided to separate the Plaintiff, it was simply up to the Plaintiff to indicate
whether he would resign rather than face termination. The Plaintiff refused to make a decision,
leaving the Library no choice but to proceed with the termination. The Plaintiff did not simply
threaten to file a hostile work environment complaint, he made the threat as leverage in hopes the
Library would allow him to stay on in some capacity until he found other employment.
Moreover, Morris Davis did not terminate the meeting because the Plaintiff threatened to file a
complaint, but rather because “[he] did not see the potential for fruitful discussions after being
threatened.” Def.’s Ex. 6 at 12. The issue was not that the Plaintiff engaged in protected
activity; at the point the Plaintiff threatened to file a complaint it was clear discussing further the
Plaintiff’s options would not be fruitful. The Plaintiff’s threat may have motivated Morris Davis
to end the meeting rather than allow it to continue, but the decision to separate the Plaintiff from
employment with the Library---be it by the Plaintiff’s resignation or termination---was made
before meeting, and before the protected activity. On this record, no reasonable jury could find
the Plaintiff’s threat was a motivating factor or but-for cause of his termination.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds the Defendant is entitled to summary judgment
on the Plaintiff’s hostile work environment and discrimination by termination claims, but
genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment in favor of either party with respect
to the Plaintiff’s retaliation claim. Based on the summary judgment record, no reasonable jury
could conclude the harassment arguably based on the Plaintiff’s religion was sufficiently severe
27
or pervasive to be actionable, or that the Library failed to take adequate remedial action. The
Plaintiff also failed to produce any evidence to suggest his termination was based on his religion.
The Plaintiff’s January 27, 2009 threat to file a hostile work environment complaint was not
protected activity and thus cannot form the basis for a retaliation claim because no reasonable
employee could believe the acts about which she complained amounted to a hostile work
environment under Title VII. Finally, the undisputed evidence in the record demonstrates the
decision to end the Plaintiff’s employment with the Library was made before his February 6,
2009 protected activity, precluding any reasonable jury from finding the Plaintiff’s protected
activity was a motivating factor or but-for cause of the Plaintiff’s termination. Accordingly, the
Defendant’s motion is GRANTED and the Plaintiff’s cross-motion is DENIED. An appropriate
Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
28