Johnson v. Ashcroft ( 2009 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
EMANUEL JOHNSON, JR., :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 04-1158
:
v. : Document Nos.: 51, 52
:
ERIC HOLDER 1 et al., :
:
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS OR, IN THE
ALTERNATIVE, FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
The pro se plaintiff, Emanuel Johnson, Jr., brings this employment discrimination suit
against defendants Barrett Prettyman and Terry Wyllie for allegedly interfering with the
plaintiff’s selection for a position with the D.C. Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”). The
defendants filed a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, on the grounds
that the plaintiff cannot sue the defendants individually and separately under Title VII; the
plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies for a Title VII claim; and the statute of
limitations bars the plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim. Because the plaintiff’s failure to exhaust
administrative remedies for a Title VII claim and the expiration of the four year statute of
limitations on his § 1981 claim prevent these claims from going forward, the court grants the
defendants’ motion to dismiss and does not address the defendants’ remaining arguments.
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The court substitutes Eric Holder for his predecessor, Michael Mukasey, as Attorney General.
FED. R. CIV. P. 25(d)(1); Network Project v. Corp. for Pub. Broad., 398 F. Supp. 1332, 1336
(D.D.C. 1975) (explaining that “[s]ubstitution is appropriate when the original officer is replaced
by an acting officer”).
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
The plaintiff was employed as a special agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigations
(“FBI”) between 1973 and 1999. Compl. at 8. In 1991, the plaintiff participated as the lead
plaintiff in a Title VII class action lawsuit brought by African-American special agents against
the FBI. Id. ¶ 112. That lawsuit, commonly known as the BADGE lawsuit, reached a settlement
in 1993, requiring the plaintiff to waive any then-pending claims arising out of the defendants’
alleged discriminatory practices. Johnson v. Ashcroft, 2005 WL 2064095, at *4 (D.D.C. Aug.
25, 2005).
Following the settlement of the BADGE lawsuit, the plaintiff brought another lawsuit,
Johnson v. Reno, alleging retaliation by the FBI based on his involvement in the prior lawsuit.
Id., at *1. This retaliation suit reached a settlement in 1998, requiring the plaintiff to “release
and forever discharge” the FBI from liability with respect to any claims “which were or could
have been raised on or before the effective date” of the agreement. Id., at *5.
Later in 1998, the plaintiff applied to work at the OIG and was interviewed by defendant
Prettyman, who at the time served as the Inspector General. Johnson v. Ashcroft, 2005 WL
2072752, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 17, 2005). The plaintiff alleges that at the end of the interview,
Prettyman offered him a job. Id. The plaintiff, however, neither heard from Prettyman again
regarding the position, nor followed up on Prettyman’s offer, resulting in the plaintiff never
assuming the position. Id. The plaintiff claims that Prettyman improperly considered racially-
charged statements made by federal defendant J.C. Carter 2 in his ultimate decision not to hire the
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Carter was the FBI Personnel Officer at the time the plaintiff was employed with the FBI.
Compl. ¶ 117. In an earlier memorandum opinion, the court dismissed the plaintiff’s claims
against defendant Carter for failing to exhaust his administrative remedies. Mem. Op. (Mar. 27,
2007) at 5-8.
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plaintiff in 1998. Compl. ¶¶ 383-92. Further, the plaintiff asserts that defendant Wyllie spread
rumors about the plaintiff which also interfered with the plaintiff’s non-selection. Id. ¶¶ 370-81.
B. Procedural History
The plaintiff filed the complaint instituting this action on July 9, 2004 against a number
of D.C. and federal defendants. Compl. at 1. He alleged that several federal defendants were
involved in a conspiracy to deny him due process by destroying documents that he requested in
preparation of a prior lawsuit. Id. ¶¶ 42-110. The court dismissed these claims as barred by the
plaintiff’s 1998 settlement agreement, because the alleged actions occurred prior to that
agreement. Mem. Op. (Aug. 28, 2006) at 7, 8. In addition, the plaintiff asserted a claim against
eight D.C. defendants, alleging they denied his due process rights by falsifying an affidavit and
trial exhibit on which Magistrate Judge Facciola relied in rejecting earlier Title VII claims.
Compl. ¶¶ 412-25. The court dismissed the due process claims, determining that they constituted
an improper collateral attack on the validity of Magistrate Judge Facciola’s prior adverse
judgment. Mem. Op. (Aug. 17, 2005) at 2, 12. The plaintiff also alleged that federal defendant
Carter and D.C. defendants Prettyman and Wyllie conspired to interfere with the plaintiff’s
employment relationship with the OIG. Compl. ¶¶ 111-409. The court dismissed the
interference claims against Carter due to the plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative
remedies. Mem. Op. (Mar. 27, 2007) at 5-8. The remaining defendants, Prettyman and Wyllie,
filed a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment to which the court now
turns.
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III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for a Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1)
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies
outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377
(1994); St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89 (1938); see also Gen.
Motors Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that “[a]s a
court of limited jurisdiction, we begin, and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction”).
Because “subject-matter jurisdiction is an ‘Art. III as well as a statutory requirement[,] no
action of the parties can confer subject-matter jurisdiction upon a federal court.’” Akinseye v.
District of Columbia, 339 F.3d 970, 971 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v.
Compagnie des Bauxite de Guinea, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982)). On a motion to dismiss for lack
of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of
establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the court has subject-matter jurisdiction.
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992).
Because subject-matter jurisdiction focuses on the court’s power to hear the claim,
however, the court must give the plaintiff’s factual allegations closer scrutiny when resolving a
Rule 12(b)(1) motion than would be required for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a
claim. Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Grand Lodge of
Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2001). Thus, the court is
not limited to the allegations contained in the complaint. Hohri v. United States, 782 F.2d 227,
241 (D.C. Cir. 1986), vacated on other grounds, 482 U.S. 64 (1987). When necessary, the court
may consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the
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complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.
Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992).
B. The Court Lacks Jurisdiction over the Plaintiff’s Title VII Claims
1. Legal Standard for Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
In actions brought under Title VII, a court has authority over only those claims that are
(1) contained in the plaintiff’s administrative complaint or claims “like or reasonably related to”
those claims in the administrative complaint and (2) claims for which the plaintiff exhausted
administrative remedies. Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C. Cir. 1995); Caldwell v.
Serv. Master Corp., 966 F. Supp. 33, 49 (D.D.C. 1997). It is the defendant’s burden to prove by
a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies.
Brown v. Marsh, 777 F.2d 8, 13 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (stating that “because untimely exhaustion of
administrative remedies is an affirmative defense, the defendant bears the burden of pleading and
proving it”). Meager, conclusory allegations that the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies will not satisfy the defendant’s burden. Id. at 12 (noting that a mere assertion of failure
to exhaust administrative remedies without more is “clearly inadequate under prevailing
regulations to establish a failure to exhaust administrative remedies”).
Dismissal results when a plaintiff fails to exhaust administrative remedies. Rann v. Chao,
346 F.3d 192, 194-95 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Gillet v. King, 931 F. Supp. 9, 12-13 (D.D.C. 1996)
(dismissing the plaintiff’s Title VII claim because he failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies).
2. The Plaintiff Did Not Timely Exhaust His Administrative Remedies
The defendants argue that the plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies and, as a
result, that the court should dismiss the Title VII claims against the defendants. Defs.’ Mot. at
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11. Specifically, the defendants contend that the plaintiff had a reasonable suspicion of his
claims in 1999 and that he did not file his administrative charge with either the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) or the D.C. Office of Human Rights (“OHR”)
within 300 days as required by 29 C.F.R. § 1601.13(a)(3)(ii). Id. at 11-12. In his opposition to
the motion to dismiss, the plaintiff fails to respond to the defendants’ exhaustion arguments. See
generally Pl.’s Opp’n. Instead, the plaintiff declares that the basis for his claims against the
defendants is 42 U.S.C. § 1981, which does not require exhaustion of administrative remedies.
Id. at 3. Due to his failure to respond to the Title VII exhaustion issue raised in the defendants’
motion, the court may treat the defendants’ arguments as conceded. See Buggs v. Powell, 293 F.
Supp. 2d 135, 141 (D.D.C. 2003) (holding that “when a plaintiff files an opposition to a
dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may
treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded”).
Moreover, it is clear that the court lacks jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s Title VII claim.
An administrative charge for a Title VII claim is considered timely if it is filed with the EEOC
within 180 days or with the OHR within 300 days of developing a reasonable suspicion of the
alleged harm. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). As the court has already determined, the
plaintiff’s sworn statement to the EEOC shows that the plaintiff had a reasonable suspicion of
the alleged discrimination against him as early as 1998. Mem. Op. (Mar. 27, 2007) at 7
(concluding that the plaintiff’s acknowledgement that he “suspected that Carter’s negative
influence played a role in the fact that the first job never materialized” was sufficient to start the
time to exhaust his administrative remedies). The plaintiff did not act on these suspicions,
instead choosing to wait for the direct proof of the alleged discrimination that the plaintiff
contends was revealed during the 2003 trial. Defs.’ Mot., Ex. B at 4. Direct proof of
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discrimination is not required, however. See Aceto v. England, 328 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C.
2004) (holding that the time limit on a statute of limitations begins when the plaintiff “has a
reasonable suspicion that he has been the victim of discrimination”). Because the plaintiff had a
reasonable suspicion as early as 1998 of the alleged discrimination actions against him, the filing
of an administrative complaint with the EEOC in August 2003 was untimely. The court,
therefore, grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss the Title VII claims brought by the plaintiff
against defendants Willey and Prettyman for failing to timely exhaust his administrative
remedies.
C. The Statute of Limitations Bars the Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Claims
The defendants next allege that new evidence regarding the statute of limitations warrants
dismissal of the plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claims. Defs.’ Mot. at 13. More specifically, the
defendants reference the plaintiff’s sworn statement from March 28, 2008 to demonstrate that he
was aware of the alleged discriminatory acts. Id. (noting the plaintiff’s statements that alleged
the FBI used the term “loose cannon” to describe him). Because § 1981 claims must be brought
within four years of the plaintiff becoming aware of the alleged violation, the defendants reason
that the plaintiff’s complaint, filed July 9, 2004, is time barred. Id. The plaintiff retorts that the
defendants wrongly rely on the plaintiff’s EEO statement to infer knowledge of a discriminatory
act. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4-5. The plaintiff’s March 28, 2000 sworn statement to the EEOC discusses
statements by federal defendant Carter, but the plaintiff claims that he understood those
statements to reference someone other than himself. Id. Furthermore, the plaintiff maintains that
he was not aware of any discriminatory acts at the time of his statement to the EEOC as he did
not infer Carter’s “loose cannon” remarks to have any racial connotation. Id. As such, the
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plaintiff insists that he had no knowledge of the alleged discriminatory actions prior to the 2003
trial. Id.
The limitations period begins to run when a plaintiff becomes aware of the alleged harm.
See United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 122-24 (1979) (holding that for a limitation period to
begin, the plaintiff must know that he has been hurt and who inflicted the injury). Before the
defendants submitted the plaintiff’s sworn statement indicating that he suspected the alleged
discriminatory acts as far back as 1998, the court held that the plaintiff timely filed his § 1981
claims. See Mem. Op. (Aug. 17, 2005) at 9. In March 2007, however, based on the plaintiff’s
1998 sworn statement, the court concluded that the limitation period for the plaintiff’s Title VII
claims began to run in 1998. 3 Mem. Op. (Mar. 27, 2007) at 7-8. Because the facts giving rise to
these claims are identical, the plaintiff’s suspicions also trigger the statute of limitations for the
plaintiff’s § 1981 claim. See McWilliams v. Escambia Co. Sch. Bd., 658 F.2d 326, 330 (5th Cir.
Unit B 1981) (holding that “[t]he limitations period for § 1981 and § 1983 employment
discrimination cases commences when the plaintiff knows or reasonably should know that the
discriminatory act has occurred, the same point from which the Title VII 180-day limitation
period runs”). Accordingly, the plaintiff’s filing of this action in July 2004 exceeds the four year
statute of limitations.
Finally, the plaintiff contends that he is entitled to equitable tolling based on the
“undermining of the integrity of judicial proceedings” by various individuals related to this
action. Pl.’s Opp’n at 18-19. This Circuit has consistently held that equitable tolling should be
applied sparingly, only in “extraordinary and carefully circumscribed” instances. Mondy v. Sec’y
of the Army, 845 F.2d 1051, 1057 (D.C. Cir. 1988); Washington v. Washington Metro. Area
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It is unclear why the defendants reference statements made by the plaintiff in 2000 and not his
earlier 1998 sworn statement.
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Transit Auth., 160 F.3d 750, 753 (D.C. Cir. 1998); Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155
F.3d 575, 579-580 (D.C. Cir. 1998). “Equitable tolling permits a plaintiff to avoid the bar of the
limitations period if despite all due diligence [he] is unable to obtain vital information bearing on
the existence of [his] claim.” Smith-Haynie, 155 F.3d at 579. The burden is on the plaintiff to
prove facts that support an equitable tolling defense. See Aceto, 328 F. Supp. 2d at 6.
The plaintiff alleges that various individuals undermined the integrity of judicial
proceedings to the point that the plaintiff could not through “due diligence” discover the alleged
actions. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7-17. Specifically, the plaintiff claims that defendant Prettyman
undermined the integrity of judicial proceedings through “selective memory,” as Prettyman
could not recall the individual who told him to contact Carter regarding the plaintiff’s
application. Id. at 9-10. Knowing who referred Prettyman to Carter, however, does nothing to
prevent the plaintiff from proceeding with his claim against the defendants. See Smith-Haynie,
155 F.3d at 579 (requiring the plaintiff to demonstrate that he is “unable to obtain vital
information bearing on the existence of [his] claim). Accordingly, the plaintiff has not met his
burden.
The plaintiff also insists that contradictory statements made by Charles Maddox,
Inspector General of the District of Columbia, undermine the integrity of judicial proceedings.
Pl.’s Opp’n at 11-14. The plaintiff cites conflicting statements regarding Maddox’s role in
assigning the plaintiff to a particular investigation at the OIG. Id. at 11-12. But it is far from
clear what impact, if any, Maddox’s role in assigning the plaintiff to the particular investigation
has on the plaintiff’s ability to uncover vital information regarding the existence of his
discrimination claim against the defendants. Therefore, this argument, too, fails to carry the
plaintiff’s burden. Moreover, this alleged usurpation of the judicial process, as well as the other
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alleged acts of subterfuge by Gail Davis and Karen Branson (respectively Assistant Corporation
Counsel and General Counsel for the District of Columbia) reference events that occurred after
the plaintiff developed suspicions of the alleged discrimination. The plaintiff fails to present any
evidence explaining why he was prevented from bringing his claims in the four years following
his suspicions of discrimination, which arose in 1998. Accordingly, the plaintiff’s arguments are
unpersuasive, and the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s § 1981 claims
as time barred.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss. An Order
consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 23rd
day of February, 2009.
RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge
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