Lazaridis v. United States Department of Justice ( 2010 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________________
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EMMANUEL N. LAZARIDIS, )
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Plaintiff, )
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v. ) Civil Action No. 09-1177 (RMC)
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF )
JUSTICE, et al., )
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Defendants. )
__________________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this pro se civil action, plaintiff Emmanuel N. Lazaridis, who is suing also on
behalf of his minor daughter, V.L, seeks records under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”),
5 U.S.C. § 552, from the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the National Center for
Missing and Exploited Children (“NCMEC”) and the International Centre for Missing and Exploited
Children (“ICMEC”). In addition, Mr. Lazaridis seeks relief under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1782(a) to “compel . . . testimony and documents [from NCMEC and ICMEC] as may not be
obtained under the FOIA, for use in proceedings before foreign tribunals.”1 Compl. ¶¶ 1, 83-94.
1
The Court previously determined that § 1782 does not create a private cause of action but rather
is a mechanism for foreign or international tribunals or litigants appearing before them to obtain
testimony or discovery via the “district court of the district in which a person resides or is found” for
use in the foreign tribunal. 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). This Court may issue an order compelling
testimony or discovery “pursuant to a letter rogatory issued, or request made, by a foreign or
international tribunal or upon the application of any interested person[.]” Mr. Lazaridis makes clear
that he is invoking this statute only against NCMEC and ICMEC, see Mem. of P. & A. in Support
of the Plaintiff’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment on Claims 1 and 2 (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 1 n.1,
neither of which “resides” in the District of Columbia but arguably “is found” here. Presumably
because Mr. Lazaridis’ need for such relief is contingent upon his inability to obtain information
under the FOIA, he has not specified “the testimony or statement to be given, or the document[s] .
. . to be produced.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). His application, see Compl. at 20 (“Fourth Cause of
(continued...)
Pending before the Court are DOJ’s motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted [Dkt. # 27], NCMEC and ICMEC’s joint motion to dismiss
under Rule 12(b)(6) [Dkt. # 18] and Mr. Lazaridis’ motion for summary judgment on “Claims 1 and
2” [Dkt. # 30]. Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions, the Court will grant NCMEC and
ICMEC’s motion to dismiss, grant in part and deny in part DOJ’s motion to dismiss, and deny Mr.
Lazaridis’ motion for summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
A. DOJ Records
Mr. Lazaridis, who resides in Greece, alleges that on August 22, 2005, he submitted
three FOIA requests to DOJ for records maintained by the Executive Office for United States
Attorneys (“EOUSA”), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and the United States National
Central Bureau of INTERPOL. Compl. ¶ 9. He requested “written audio, video or electronic
records” pertaining to himself and V.L. “dating from 2002 to 2005.” Id. ¶ 10. DOJ denied Mr.
Lazaridis’ requests because of his alleged fugitive status. Id. ¶ 11. On November 13, 2008, Mr.
Lazaridis submitted four requests to DOJ for the same type of records but “dating from 2002 to
2008.” Id. ¶ 13. INTERPOL denied Mr. Lazaridis’ request for V.L.’s records based on its
determination that he was in violation of two state court judgments awarding custody of V.L. to his
ex-wife and, thus, “lack[ed] the capacity to make a [FOIA] request for [his] daughter’s records on
her behalf[.]” Id. ¶ 14 (quoting “Denial of March 27, 2009").
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(...continued)
Action”), is not only too broad to support an order authorized by § 1782 but is also premature. Only
the FOIA claims are properly before the Court.
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B. NCMEC and ICMEC Records
Mr. Lazaridis alleges that on November 13, 2008, he submitted two requests to
NCMEC and to ICMEC, both based in Alexandria, Virginia, “for records pursuant to the Privacy
Act 1974, the FOIA and Virginia Code § 2.2-3806.” Id. ¶ 15. Each organization denied Mr.
Lazaridis’ request on the basis that it was a private, non-profit organization not subject to the Privacy
Act or the FOIA. Id. ¶¶ 16-17. Mr. Lazaridis filed this civil action on June 26, 2009.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The Court’s jurisdiction under the FOIA extends only to claims arising from the
improper withholding of agency records. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095,
1105 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (quoting Kissinger v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 445
U.S. 136, 150 (1980)). As a general rule, the requestor’s identity and need for the records are
irrelevant to the FOIA analysis. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the
Press, 489 U.S. 749, 770-71 (1989); Swan v. S.E.C., 96 F.3d 498, 499-500 (D.C. Cir. 1996); North
v. Walsh, 881 F.2d 1088, 1096-97 (D.C. Cir. 1989). Therefore, the Court, unlike the parties, will
confine its discussion to the FOIA issues at hand.2
At this pleading stage, a complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon
a determination that the plaintiff cannot establish “any set of facts consistent with the allegations in
the complaint” to support the alleged violation. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007) (citations omitted). “A pleading that [merely] offers ‘labels and conclusions’[,] ‘a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action’ [or] ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual
enhancement’” cannot survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937,
2
The Court will deny Mr. Lazaridis’ motion for summary judgment on Claims 1 and 2 because, as
will become apparent, it is predicated on facts immaterial to the FOIA issues.
3
1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly). In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court need not accept legal
conclusions cast as factual allegations, Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir.
2004), or “inferences drawn by [the plaintiff] if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out
in the complaint,” Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
On a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing that the court has subject matter jurisdiction. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,
504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); Delaney v. District of Columbia, 612 F. Supp. 2d 38, 42 (D.D.C. 2009)
(citing cases). "The defect of standing is a defect in subject matter jurisdiction." Haase v. Sessions,
835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
DOJ argues correctly that Mr. Lazaridis lacks standing to sue on V.L.’s behalf
because he is neither an attorney nor V.L.’s duly appointed representative as defined by Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 17(c)(1). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1654, “the parties [in federal court] may plead
and conduct their own cases personally or by counsel as, by the rules of such courts, respectively,
are permitted to manage and conduct causes therein.” In other words, a lay person such as Mr.
Lazaridis can appear pro se but is not qualified to appear as counsel for others. Georgiades v.
Martin-Trigona, 729 F.2d 831, 834 (D.C. Cir. 1984); accord Delaney v. District of Columbia, 612
F. Supp. 2d 38, 41 (D.D.C. 2009). Moreover, Mr. Lazaridis has not established that he is V.L.’s
“general guardian” or “a like fiduciary,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c)(1), under District of Columbia law.
See Brimhall v. Simmons, 338 F.2d 702, 706 (6th Cir. 1964) (concluding that under Fed. R. Civ. P.
17(b) and (c), “the capacity to sue by one acting in a representative capacity shall be determined by
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the law of the state in which the district court is held”).3 The Court therefore will grant DOJ’s Rule
12(b)(1) motion to dismiss the claims brought on behalf of V.L.
B. NCMEC and ICMEC’s Motion
The FOIA creates a cause of action only against federal agencies and agency
components of the executive branch of the United States. See Sherwood Van Lines, Inc. v. U.S.
Dep’t of Navy, 732 F. Supp. 240, 241 (D.D.C. 1990). They include "any executive department,
military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other
establishment in the executive branch of Government (including the Executive Office of the
President ), or any independent regulatory agency[.]" 5 U.S.C. § 552(f)(1).
NCMEC and ICMEC argue that as private, non-profit organizations, they are not
subject to the FOIA’s disclosure requirements. Mr. Lazaridis appears to concede this issue, see
Response in Opposition to Defendants NCMEC and ICMEC’s Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n.”)
at 10, but “reserv[es] [] the right to request review on appeal and rejection of [the District of
Columbia Circuit’s] construction of 5 U.S.C. § 552(f)” announced in Dong v. Smithsonian Inst., 125
F.3d 877, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1997). In Dong, the D.C. Circuit reasoned that in crafting § 552(f),
“Congress evidently viewed the four specified classes as examples of ‘establishments in the
executive branch,’ so that an entity clearly outside the executive branch would not qualify even if
it could otherwise be shoehorned into the concept of a ‘Government controlled corporation.’” 125
F.3d at 879. It concluded that “because the Smithsonian is not an establishment in the executive
branch, it cannot fall into any of the conceivably applicable § 552(f) categories.” Id. at 880. While
3
Given the unsettled nature of the custody dispute over V.L., see Def.’s Mem. at 3-8, “[i]t would
be wholly inappropriate to recognize either parent as an appropriate guardian” for the purpose of
resolving this case. Foretich v. Glamour, 741 F. Supp. 247, 250 (D.D.C. 1990).
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acknowledging “an impressive array of links between the Smithsonian and the federal government,”
including its operating under “a federal charter granted by Congress in 1846,” id., the D.C. Circuit
determined nonetheless that “the Smithsonian lacks both the [substantial independent] ‘authority’
necessary for it to qualify as an ‘authority of the government of the United States’ under § 551(1)
and the executive department status necessary under § 552(f).” Id. at 883. It reasoned that the
Smithsonian “does not make binding rules of general application or determine rights and duties
through adjudication. It issues no orders and performs no regulatory functions.” Id. at 882.
NCMEC’s and ICMEC’s connections to the executive branch are much more remote
than the Smithsonian’s. “NCMEC was established in 1984 as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3)
organization to provide services nationwide for families and professionals in the prevention of
abducted, endangered, and sexually exploited children.” Mandate and Mission,
http://www.ncmce.org (follow “About Us” hyperlink; then follow “Mandate & Mission” hyperlink)
(last visited May 26, 2010). It was founded by private individuals John and Reve Walsh of Walsh
Consultants, and its Board of Directors includes representatives of the private, non-profit, corporate
and public sectors.4 See id. (follow “About Us” hyperlink; then follow “Board of Directors”
hyperlink); cf. with Dong, 125 F.3d at 879 (finding it “plain that the Smithsonian is not an [executive
branch] establishment” where most of the governing Board of Regents is appointed by Congress).
As a federal grantee, NCMEC is “a key component” of programs administered by the Child
Protection Division of DOJ’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (“OJJDP”),
“which prevent or address offenses committed against vulnerable children and which support
missing children's organizations[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 5773(8)-(9). It serves as a national resource center
4
Neither Mr. Lazaridis nor the website suggests that the executive branch has a hand in appointing
board members.
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and clearinghouse, “works in partnership” with a number of agencies “in the effort to find missing
children and prevent child victimization” and operates a national network with international links.
Id. at (9). In addition to receiving an annual grant from OJJDP, NCMEC is funded by corporations,
foundations and individuals. See http://www.ncmec.org (follow “Supporters” hyperlink). NCMEC
“launched” ICMEC in 1998 “to identify and coordinate a global network of organizations fighting
child-sexual exploitation and abduction.” Missing Children Website, http://www.icmec.org (last
visited May 26, 2010).
Mr. Lazaridis has identified neither a statutory nor a regulatory source authorizing
NCMEC to exercise independent governmental authority. See Dong, 125 F.3d at 882.
Similar to the D.C. Circuit’s observation of the Smithsonian, NCMEC “appears to be no different
from any private [organization] which receives federal funds and enjoys some control over their
use.” Id. at 882. Its seemingly “public authority” is “entirely ancillary to its [informational] and
educational mission.” Id. Because NCMEC and ICMEC are not subject to the FOIA, the Court
will grant their motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.5
C. DOJ’s Motion
DOJ seeks dismissal of this FOIA lawsuit because of Mr. Lazaridis’ alleged fugitive
status. Under the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, a court, in its discretion, may dismiss a civil action
if the plaintiff is a fugitive, his fugitive status has a connection to the present proceedings, see
Daccarett-Gia v. Comm’r of I.R.S., 70 F.3d 621, 626 (D.C. Cir. 1995), and dismissal “is necessary
5
Mr. Lazaridis may have “a common-law right of access to public records that stands independently
of the [FOIA].” Hill v. Fed. Judicial Center, 238 Fed.Appx. 622, 623 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Because
NCMEC and ICMEC are based in Virginia, however, the Court declines to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over such a claim, which presumably is redressable in the Virginia courts under Virginia
law.
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to effectuate the concerns underlying the . . . doctrine.” Magluta v. Samples, 162 F.3d 662, 664 (11th
Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). “[T]he sanction of disentitlement is most severe” and, thus, is “limited
by the necessity giving rise to its exercise.” Degan v. United States, 517 U.S. 820, 828-29 (1996).
As the D.C. Circuit explained:
[T]he doctrine is grounded in a court's power to control its own
docket and its own proceedings. If the individual's fugitive status has
no ‘connection’ to the present proceedings in the sense that it neither
affects the court's ability to carry out its judicial business nor
prejudices the government as a litigant, the claim may not be
dismissed. There is no exception to this rule for individuals who
remain fugitives.
Daccarett-Gia, 70 F.3d at 626; see Jaffe v. Accredited Surety and Casualty Co., Inc., 294 F.3d 584,
596-97 (4th Cir. 2002) (observing that since the Degan opinion in 1996, “[f]ederal courts . . . have
required a substantial nexus between a litigant's fugitive status and the issue before the court”)
(citations omitted).
DOJ has not established the requisite connection between Mr. Lazaridis’ fugitive status
and these proceedings. Practically all FOIA cases are decided on the papers, and discovery is rare and
“usually limited to the adequacy of the agency's search and similar matters.” Voinche v. F.B.I., 412
F. Supp. 2d 60, 71 (D.D.C. 2006) (citations omitted); see Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 217 F.
Supp.2d 29, 35 (D.D.C. 2002) (stating that a discovery motion in a FOIA case “should be denied
where an agency's declarations are reasonably detailed, submitted in good faith and the court is
satisfied that no factual dispute remains”) (citation omitted). Mr. Lazaridis’ physical presence
therefore is unlikely to be required. Moreover, because FOIA decisions typically turn on the
sufficiency of the government’s declarations, DOJ would be hard-pressed to assert prejudice based
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solely on Mr. Lazaridis’ absence from this jurisdiction.6 See Daccarett-Gia, 70 F.3d at 628
(observing that the appellant’s “failure to appear in reference to the New Jersey federal indictment
has had no institutional effect on the Tax Court [because] [a]ppellant's presence was in no way
required at the Tax Court's proceedings); id. at 627, 629 (stating that “mere commonality of subject
matter is insufficient” to “give rise to the authority to dismiss the petition” under the fugitive
disentitlement doctrine).
In the absence of a demonstrable connection between Mr. Lazaridis’ fugitive status
and these FOIA proceedings, the Court declines the invitation to apply the fugitive disentitlement
doctrine to Mr. Lazaridis. DOJ’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss therefore will be denied.7
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant the joint motion of NCMEC and
ICMEC to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) and DOJ’s motion to dismiss the claims as to V.L. under Rule
6
DOJ notes that Mr. Lazaridis “recently requested that he be given substantially more time to
respond to Defendants’ filings just because he is litigating his case from Greece,” Mem. of P. & A.
in Support of United States Dep’t of Justice’s Mot. to Dismiss (“DOJ’s Mem.”) at 19 n.20, but DOJ
did not oppose Mr. Lazaridis’ motion and has not asserted any prejudice arising from the granting
of said motion. Nor could it, given the regularity with which government attorneys seek
continuances. DOJ also argues that Mr. Lazaridis’ fugitive status would “compromise[]”
enforcement of orders, but it refers to potential orders issued in unrelated proceedings in other courts.
Id. at 19. DOJ does not assert, and the Court does not detect, how Mr. Lazaridis’ absence from
these proceedings could negatively affect enforcement of this
Court’s orders, which would most likely be directed at the agency to, for example, release responsive
records.
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DOJ indicates that it has processed some of Mr. Lazaridis’ requests and “reserves the right to assert
[] FOIA exemptions.” Def.’s Mem. at 24 n.24. Mr. Lazaridis claims that DOJ has waived the right
to assert exemptions, see Pl.’s Mem. at 1 n.2, but DOJ has yet to address the merits of the complaint
and the resolution of the pending motions does not end the case. See Maydak v. Dep’t of Justice, 218
F.3d 760, 764 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (reiterating that “as a general rule, [the government] must assert all
[FOIA] exemptions at the same time in the original district court proceedings”) (citations omitted)
(emphasis added). The Court therefore finds Mr. Lazaridis’ waiver claim to be premature.
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12(b)(1), and will deny DOJ’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) and Mr. Lazaridis’ motion for
summary judgment under Rule 56. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: May 26, 2010 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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