Lazaridis v. United States Department of Justice ( 2011 )


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  •                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
    EMMANUEL N. LAZARIDIS,                                )
    )
    Plaintiff,                     )
    )
    v.                             )   Civ. Action No. 09-1177 (RMC)
    )
    UNITED STATES                                         )
    DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE et al.,                         )
    )
    Defendants.                    )
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    In this pro se civil action, plaintiff Emmanuel N. Lazaridis, seeks records under
    the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    , from the United States Department of
    Justice (“DOJ”), the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (“NCMEC”) and the
    International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (“ICMEC”). Both NCMEC and ICMEC
    have been dismissed from the case. See Order of May 26, 2010 [Dkt. # 39]. DOJ has moved
    separately for partial summary judgment as to the Executive Office for United States Attorneys
    (“EOUSA”) [Dkt. # 46], the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) [Dkt. # 47], and
    INTERPOL-U.S. National Central Bureau (“USNCB” or “INTERPOL”) [Dkt. # 48]. Mr.
    Lazaridis has opposed each motion and DOJ has filed replies. Upon consideration of the parties’
    submissions and the relevant parts of the record, the Court will grant in part and deny in part
    DOJ’s motions as to EOUSA and the FBI and will deny the motion as to USNCB.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Mr. Lazaridis, who resides in Greece, alleges that on August 22, 2005, he
    submitted three FOIA requests to DOJ for records maintained by EOUSA, the FBI and USNCB.
    Compl. ¶ 9. He requested “written audio, video or electronic records” pertaining to himself and
    V.L. “dating from 2002 to 2005.” 
    Id. ¶ 10
    . DOJ denied Mr. Lazaridis’ requests because of his
    alleged fugitive status. 
    Id. ¶ 11
    . On November 13, 2008, Mr. Lazaridis submitted four requests
    to DOJ for the same type of records but “dating from 2002 to 2008.” 
    Id. ¶ 13
    . USNCB denied
    Mr. Lazaridis’ request for V.L.’s records based on its determination that he was in violation of
    two state court judgments awarding custody of V.L. to his ex-wife and, thus, “lack[ed] the
    capacity to make a [FOIA] request for [his] daughter’s records on her behalf[.]” 
    Id. ¶ 14
     (quoting
    “Denial of March 27, 2009”).
    Mr. Lazaridis filed this civil action on June 29, 2009. On May 26, 2010, the
    Court rejected DOJ’s argument that the fugitive disentitlement doctrine applied to this case and
    denied its motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 38] at 9.
    DOJ has now processed Mr. Lazaridis’ FOIA request. The results are summarized as follows.
    1. EOUSA Records
    By letter of July 2, 2010, EOUSA released to Mr. Lazaridis 32 pages of
    responsive material, 19 of which were redacted, and withheld 244 pages in their entirety. Second
    Decl. of Dione Jackson Sterns (“Second Sterns Decl.”) [Dkt. # 46-1], Ex. H. EOUSA also
    referred 13 pages to the FBI and informed Mr. Lazaridis that he could obtain public records in its
    possession from the court or by submitting a new request that would be subject to copying fees.
    EOUSA withheld information under FOIA exemptions 3, 5, 6 and 7(C), see U.S.C. § 552(b), and
    2
    Privacy Act exemption (j)(2), 5 U.S.C. § 552a. Id. By letter of July 6, 2010, EOUSA, with
    regard to records referred from the FBI, released one redacted page and withheld six pages of
    information, one of which was determined non-responsive to the request. It withheld
    information under FOIA exemptions 5, 6 and 7(C) and Privacy Act exemption (j)(2). Supp.
    Decl. of Dione Jackson Sterns (“Sterns Supp. Decl.”) [Dkt. # 63-1], Ex. BB [Dkt. # 63-2].
    2. FBI Records
    By letters of June 11, 2010, and June 22, 2010, the FBI released to Mr. Lazaridis a
    total of 505 pages of responsive material, 231 of which were redacted, and withheld 840 pages in
    their entirety. Second Decl. of David M. Hardy (“Second Hardy Decl”) [Dkt. # 47-1] ¶ 33. This
    determination included 97 pages referred from INTERPOL and 13 pages referred from EOUSA.
    Id. The FBI withheld information under FOIA exemptions 2, 3, 6, 7(C) and 7(D) and Privacy
    Act exemption (j)(2). Id.
    3. USNCB Records
    Following the Court’s ruling, USNCB conducted a search, located 139 pages of
    responsive records – nine of which had been previously located by a search conducted in 2005 –
    and referred 100 of those pages to the FBI for processing. Decl. of Allison M. Tanaka (“Tanaka
    Decl.”) [Dkt. # 48-1] ¶¶ 10, 18. In June 2010, USNCB processed the remaining 39 pages and 22
    pages referred from the FBI and determined that none of the pages could be released to Mr.
    Lazaridis. USNCB invoked FOIA exemptions 2, 6, 7(A), 7(C) and 7(D). Id. ¶ 21. USNCB has
    since withdrawn its invocation of exemption 7(A) “and will be releasing certain
    information/documents for which this exemption was initially claimed.” Second Decl. of Allison
    M. Tanaka (“Second Tanaka Decl.”) [Dkt. # 66-1] ¶ 3.
    3
    II. LEGAL STANDARD
    Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows [through facts supported
    in the record] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
    judgment as a matter of law.” FED . R. CIV . P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 
    477 U.S. 242
    , 248 (1986). This procedural device is not a “disfavored legal shortcut” but a reasoned and
    careful way to resolve cases fairly and expeditiously. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 
    477 U.S. 317
    ,
    327 (1986). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the Court must view
    all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
    Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 
    475 U.S. 574
    , 587 (1986); Tao v. Freeh, 
    27 F.3d 635
    , 638 (D.C. Cir. 1994).
    Summary judgment is the frequent vehicle for resolution of a FOIA action
    because the pleadings and declarations in such cases often provide undisputed facts on which the
    moving parties are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. McLaughlin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
    
    530 F. Supp.2d 210
    , 212 (D.D.C. 2008) (citations omitted). Agencies may rely on affidavits or
    declarations of government officials, as long as they are sufficiently clear and detailed and
    submitted in good faith. See Oglesby v. United States Dep't of the Army, 
    920 F.2d 57
    , 68 (D.C.
    Cir. 1990). The Court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided
    in such affidavits or declarations when they describe “the documents and the justifications for
    nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically
    falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the
    record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 
    656 F.2d 724
    , 738
    (D.C. Cir. 1981); see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 
    484 F.2d 820
    , 826-28 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cert. denied,
    
    4 415 U.S. 977
     (1974). However, the Court must “construe FOIA exemptions narrowly in favor of
    disclosure.” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Landano, 
    508 U.S. 165
    , 181 (1993).
    An inadequate search for records also constitutes an improper withholding under
    the FOIA. See Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 
    254 F. Supp. 2d 23
    , 44 (D.D.C. 2003) (citations
    omitted). Thus, when an agency’s search is questioned, the Court must determine the adequacy
    of the agency’s search, guided by principles of reasonableness. See Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of
    Justice, 
    164 F.3d 20
    , 28 (D.C. Cir. 1998). The agency is required “to make a good faith effort to
    conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can reasonably be expected to
    produce the information requested.” Oglesby, 
    920 F.2d at 68
    . Such methods include following
    through “on obvious leads.” Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 
    180 F.3d 321
    , 325 (D.C. Cir.
    1999) (citation omitted). Although an agency need not search every record system, it “cannot
    limit its search to only one record system if there are others that are likely to turn up the
    information requested.” Oglesby, 
    920 F.2d at 68
    . Because the agency is the possessor of the
    records and is responsible for conducting the search, the Court may rely on “[a] reasonably
    detailed affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring
    that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.”
    Valencia-Lucena, 
    180 F.3d at 326
     (quoting Oglesby, 
    920 F.2d at 68
    ). Summary judgment is
    inappropriate “if a review of the record raises substantial doubt” about the adequacy of the
    search. 
    Id.
     “[T]he [mere] fact that a particular document was not found does not demonstrate
    the inadequacy of a search,” however. Boyd v. Criminal Div. of U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 
    475 F.3d 381
    , 390-91 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citations omitted); see Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 
    315 F.3d 311
    , 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by
    5
    the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.”)
    (citation omitted).
    III. ANALYSIS
    EOUSA’s Response
    Mr. Lazaridis challenges EOUSA’s withholding of responsive material under
    FOIA exemptions 3, 5, 6 and 7(C) and questions the adequacy of its search. Pl.’s Mem. of Law
    in Opp’n to Def. United States Dep’t of Justice’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. as to the EOUSA
    (“Pl.’s Opp’n Mem.”) [Dkt. # 55] at 1.
    A. EOUSA’s Search for Records
    In his request dated August 22, 2005, and addressed to EOUSA in Washington,
    D.C., Mr. Lazaridis stated that “[i]n addition to records that may be stored at your central
    location, additional records may exist in your field offices in the Western District of the State of
    Michigan, particularly in the offices of United States Attorney Margaret Chiara and Assistant
    United States Attorney Michael MacDonald.” Second Stearns. Decl., Ex. A [Dkt. # 46-2] at 1.
    EOUSA is the administrative arm of the 94 United States Attorney’s Offices (“USAO”) located
    throughout the country. Stearns Supp. Decl. ¶ 2. Because USAO files “are located in 100
    separate offices . . . EOUSA requires requesters to identify the specific U.S. Attorney’s office(s)
    where the requester believes the requested records exist.” Id. ¶ 3. Based on the information Mr.
    Lazaridis provided in his request, EOUSA “asked the [USAO] for the Western District of
    Michigan (WDMI) to conduct a [search for responsive records],” id. ¶ 5, which it did via “[t]he
    computer case tracking system, the Legal Information Office Network System (“LIONS”) . . . .”
    Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 17. Paralegal Kristina Zelasko in the WDMI, confirms that in 2005, she
    6
    searched LIONS by Mr. Lazaridis’ name and “was able to ascertain the USAO number . . . and to
    confirm” the identity of the requester.1 Decl. of Kristina Zelasko (“Zelasko Decl.”) [Dkt. # 46-2,
    Ex. J] ¶ 5.
    On November 10, 2009, Ms. Zelasko searched LIONS again by Mr. Lazaridis’
    name, “ascertain[ed] the original search information and that no additional information . . . was
    available[,] retrieved the case file from the closed file room and provided EOUSA with a page
    count.” Id. ¶ 13. Ms. Stearns states that “[a]fter completing the computer search . . . [Ms.]
    Zelasko . . . searched the Criminal Files Index and requested that all of the Criminal Assistant
    U.S. Attorneys . . . determine if they maintain any responsive files.” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 17.
    But Ms. Zelasko makes no such statements in her declaration. In addition, neither Ms. Stearns
    nor Ms. Zelasko has explained why the requester’s name was the only search term utilized when
    Ms. Zelasko had identified a USAO criminal file number and, according to Ms. Stearns,
    information is retrievable from LIONS by name, file jacket number and district court case
    number. Id. Given this omission, the Court cannot find on the current record that EOUSA
    conducted a search reasonably calculated to locate all responsive records. Therefore, summary
    judgment on the adequacy of EOUSA’s search is denied.
    1
    Contrary to Mr. Lazaridis’ argument based on his alleged custodial parent status, Pl.’s
    Opp’n at 6, DOJ was not required to search for third-party records pertaining to his daughter,
    V.L. See Mem. Op. of May 26, 2010 [Dkt. # 38] at 5, n.3 (implicitly finding the unsettled issues
    surrounding V.L.’s custody beyond the scope of this FOIA action). Elsewhere, Mr. Lazaridis
    claims that “there can be no expectation of privacy between him and V.L.,” Response to Def.
    DOJ’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There is No Genuine Issue Submitted on Behalf
    of the FBI and Statement of Genuine Issues [Dkt. # 64] ¶ 4, but this statement ignores the reality
    that “a disclosure made to any FOIA requester is effectively a disclosure to the world at large.”
    Students Against Genocide v. Dep't of State, 
    257 F.3d 828
    , 836 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
    7
    B. EOUSA’s Claimed Exemptions
    1. Exemption 3
    FOIA Exemption 3 covers records that are “specifically exempted from
    disclosure by statute . . . provided that such statute either “(A) [requires withholding] in such a
    manner as to leave no discretion on the issue,” or “(B) establishes particular criteria for
    withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.” 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    (b)(3); see
    Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. U. S. Dep’t of Justice, 
    823 F.2d 574
    , 582 (D.C.
    Cir. 1987).
    EOUSA applied this exemption to 185 pages of grand jury testimony. Second
    Stearns Decl. ¶ 22 & Summary of Withheld/Redacted Documents (“Revised Vaughn index”)
    [Dkt. # 63-2] (Doc. Nos. 33-35). The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure prohibit disclosure of
    “matters occurring before [a] grand jury.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2); see In re: Motions of Dow
    Jones & Co., Inc., 
    142 F.3d 496
    , 498-501 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Criminal Rule 6(e) qualifies as a
    statute under exemption 3, because it was affirmatively enacted by Congress. See Fund for
    Constitutional Government v. National Archives and Records Service, 
    656 F.2d 856
    , 867-68
    (D.C. Cir. 1981). The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has limited the
    grand jury exception to material, which, if disclosed, would “tend to reveal some secret aspect of
    the grand jury’s investigation, such matters as the identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance
    of testimony, the strategy or direction of the investigation, the deliberations or questions of
    jurors, and the like.” Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 
    823 F.2d at 582
     (quoting SEC
    v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 
    628 F.2d 1368
    , 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1980)(en banc)). EOUSA properly
    justified withholding grand jury testimony in its entirety because its release “would reveal the
    8
    scope of the grand jury and the direction of the investigation by providing the identities of the
    targets . . . the source of the evidence, as well as the actual evidence produced before the grand
    jury.” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 24.
    2. Exemption 5
    Exemption 5 protects from disclosure “inter-agency or intra-agency memorand[a]
    or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with
    the agency.” 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    (b)(5). “[T]he parameters of Exemption 5 are determined by
    reference to the protections available to litigants in civil discovery; if material is not ‘available’
    in discovery, it may be withheld from FOIA requesters.” Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and
    Human Servs., 
    87 F.3d 508
    , 516 (D.C. Cir. 1996); accord Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Service, 
    494 F.3d 1106
    , 1112 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citing cases).
    EOUSA applied this exemption to 24 whole pages and one redacted page of
    information. Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 28 & Revised Vaughn index (Docs. 1, 7, 31, 32); Stearns
    Supp. Decl., Ex. CC [Dkt. # 63-2] (Supp. Vaughn index). The withheld records are described as
    containing attorney work product and deliberative process material with regard to “Lazaridis’
    pending kidnapping case,” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 27, including “information reflecting the
    deliberative process of the USAO-WDMI and other federal and state agencies in their
    consideration of possible criminal actions against the [sic] Lazaridis.” Id. ¶ 28. Nineteen pages
    are described as an “attorney’s summary of litigation,” one document is a two-page letter from an
    AUSA to the FBI “prepared in contemplation of litigation,” and one page is described as an
    “attorney’s draft” of an “[u]ndated one-page chronology of a case.” Revised Vaughn index
    (Docs. 1, 31, 32). The remaining document, a one-page letter to an AUSA from an attorney, was
    9
    released with the attorney’s handwritten notes redacted. Id. (Doc. 7). Similarly, EOUSA
    withheld from the supplemental release of records referred from the FBI, a two-page letter to an
    FBI agent from an AUSA “prepared in contemplation of litigation.” Supp. Vaughn index (Doc.
    1). According to Ms. Stearns, “[t]he attorney work product and deliberative process are so
    interwoven as to make it all, in essence, attorney work product.” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 28.
    EOUSA properly applied exemption 5 to the withheld material predominantly as
    attorney work product but also as deliberative process material. See Tax Analysts v. Internal
    Revenue Serv., 
    117 F.3d 607
    , 616 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (quoting Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health & Human
    Servs., 
    839 F.2d 768
    , 774 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (en banc)) (The deliberative process privilege “shields
    only government ‘materials which are both predecisional and deliberative.’ ”); Heggestad v.
    United States Dep’t of Justice, 
    182 F. Supp.2d 1
    , 7 (D.D.C. 2000) (“The primary purpose of [the
    attorney work product privilege] is to protect against disclosure the mental impressions,
    conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party
    concerning litigation.”) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)). Furthermore, the Court finds that
    EOUSA properly withheld 24 pages containing such material in their entirety. See Martin v.
    Office of Special Counsel, Merit Systems Protection Board, 
    819 F.2d 1181
    , 1187 (D.C. Cir.
    1987) (“The work-product privilege simply does not distinguish between factual and deliberative
    material [for segregability consideration] . . . . [I]f the work-product privilege protects the
    documents at issue here, Exemption (b)(5) protects them as well, regardless of their status as
    “factual” or “deliberative.”).
    3. Exemptions 6 and 7(C)
    Recognized as the personal privacy exemptions, FOIA exemption 6 protects from
    disclosure “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute
    10
    a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    (b)(6); exemption 7 protects
    from disclosure “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the
    extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information . . .” would cause
    certain enumerated harms, § 552(b)(7). EOUSA invoked exemptions 6 and 7(C) jointly to
    withhold third-party information. See Revised Vaughn index (Docs. 1, 5-6, 8-31, 33-35); Supp.
    Vaughn index (Docs. 1-5).2
    Ms. Stearns states that the “USAO-WDMI compiled all of the information
    contained in the responsive criminal file and the Victim/Witness file for the law enforcement
    purpose of prosecuting Lazaridis for alleged parental kidnapping/interference with parental rights
    offense.” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 34. The fact that the office “declined prosecution,” id. ¶ 33,
    does not change the law enforcement purpose for which the records were compiled. Thus, the
    Court will address only EOUSA’s application of exemption 7(C) to the withheld material.3
    Exemption 7(C) protects the identities of suspects, witnesses and other persons of investigatory
    interest who are identified in agency records in connection with alleged criminal activity.
    Computer Professionals for Soc. Responsibility v. U.S. Secret Service, 
    72 F. 3d 897
    , 904 (D.C.
    Cir. 1996) (noting “strong interest of individuals, whether they be suspects, witnesses, or
    investigators, in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity” (quoting
    Dunkelberger v. DOJ, 
    906 F.2d 779
    , 781 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). For the same kinds of protective
    2
    Given the Court’s finding that EOUSA properly withheld Documents 1, 31, 32 and
    Supp. Document 1 in their entirety under exemption 5, the application of exemptions 6 and 7(C)
    to portions of those same documents will not be addressed.
    3
    See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 
    489 U.S. 749
    ,
    758 (1989) (finding “Exemption 7(C)’s privacy language broader than the comparable language
    in Exemption 6").
    11
    reasons, the names of law enforcement officers who work on criminal investigations have usually
    been protected against release by exemption 7(C). Lesar v. DOJ, 
    636 F.2d 472
    , 487 (D.C. Cir.
    1980).
    Because third-party identifying information is “categorically exempt” from
    disclosure under exemption 7(C), Nation Magazine, Washington Bureau v. U.S. Customs
    Service, 
    71 F.3d 885
    , 896 (D.C. Cir. 1995), EOUSA, having no third-party waivers or proofs of
    death, properly redacted such information from released documents 5, 8, 9, 10, and 25. See
    Revised Vaughn index. EOUSA’s withholding of portions of a ten-page court judgment (Doc.
    6), however, is inconsistent with what is either the same document as, or one similar to, Doc. 4,
    which was released completely. See 
    id.
     Furthermore, the description and justification sections
    pertaining to Doc. 6 appear to refer to different documents insofar as the document is described
    as a “[t]en-page judgment” whereas the justification section refers to “the letter.” Given this
    confusion, the Court will deny summary judgment to EOUSA on its partial withholding of Doc.
    6.
    The protective scope of exemption 7(C) “ordinarily” is limited to "the specific
    information to which it applies [i.e., names, addresses and other identifying information], [but]
    not the entire page or document in which the information appears[.]" Mays v. DEA, 
    234 F.3d 1324
    , 1327 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Thus, when, as here, entire documents are withheld under
    exemption 7(C), the agency must show that the “ ‘exempt and nonexempt information are
    ‘inextricably intertwined,’ such that the excision of exempt information would . . . produce an
    edited document with little informational value.’ ” Mays, 
    234 F.3d at 1327
     (quoting Neufeld v.
    IRS, 
    646 F.2d 661
    , 666 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). Ms. Stearns states that “the material withheld in its
    entirety contained no meaningful portions that could be released without destroying the integrity
    12
    of the document . . . .” Second Stearns Decl. ¶ 41. In addition, it is noted in the Revised Vaughn
    index with regard to the documents withheld in their entirety under exemptions 6 and 7(C) that
    the “[e]xempt information is so inextricably intertwined with any nonexempt information that it
    cannot be meaningfully segregated for release.” See Docs. 12-17, 20-24, 26-30 and Supp.
    Vaughn index, Docs. 2-4.
    Disclosure of the otherwise protected information may be compelled upon a
    showing that the public interest – i.e., that the withheld information is necessary to confirm or
    refute “compelling evidence that the agency denying the FOIA request is engaged in illegal
    activity,” Quinon v. FBI, 
    86 F.3d 1222
    , 1231 (D.C. Cir. 1996) -- outweighs the privacy interests
    at stake. The public interest “sought to be advanced [must be] a significant one more specific
    than having the information for [one’s] own sake,” however. National Archives and Records
    Administration v. Favish, 
    541 U.S. 157
    , 172 (2004). In making such a showing, a plaintiff must
    assert “more than a bare suspicion” of official misconduct. 
    Id. at 174
    . He “must produce
    evidence that would warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged Government
    impropriety might have occurred.” 
    Id.
     Otherwise, the balancing requirement does not come into
    play. See 
    id. at 175
    .
    Mr. Lazaridis seems to claim that disclosure is warranted because the requested
    documents will assist him in proving violations under Brady v. Maryland, 
    373 U.S. 83
     (1963),
    and future claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 
    403 U.S. 388
     (1971). See Pl.’s Opp’n Mem at 14; Res. in Opp’n to Def. United States Dep’t of
    Justice’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. as to the EOUSA [Dkt. # 55] at 1. As a general rule
    applicable here, however, the identity of the requester and purpose of the request are immaterial
    to the resolution of a FOIA claim. U.S. Dep't of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the
    13
    Press, 
    489 U.S. 749
    , 770-71 (1989); Loving v. Dep’t of Defense, 
    550 F.3d 32
    , 39 (D.C. Cir.
    2008). Furthermore, the public interest in disclosure "does not include helping an individual
    obtain information for his personal use." Oguaju v. U.S., 
    288 F.3d 448
    , 450 (D.C. Cir. 2002),
    vacated and remanded on other grounds, 
    124 S.Ct. 1903
     (2004), reinstated, 
    378 F.3d 1115
     (D.C.
    Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Mr. Lazaridis’ speculative and conclusory claims of employee
    misconduct provide no counterweight to the strong third-party privacy interests shielded by
    exemption 7(C).
    For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that DOJ is entitled to summary
    judgment on EOUSA’s application of exemptions 3, 5 and 7(C) to the withheld information,
    except its application of exemption 7(C) to Document 6, which remains questionable. In
    addition, the Court finds that DOJ is not entitled to summary judgment on the adequacy of
    EOUSA’s search for responsive records. Hence, the motion as to EOUSA will be granted in part
    and denied in part without prejudice to reconsideration after supplementation of the record.
    FBI’s Response
    Mr. Lazaridis challenges the FBI’s withholding of responsive material under
    FOIA exemptions 3, 6, 7(C) and 7(D) and questions the adequacy of its search. Pl.’s Mem. of
    Law in Opp’n to Def. United States Dep’t of Justice’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. as to the FBI
    (“Pl.’s Opp’n Mem.”) [Dkt. 64] at 1; 
    id. at 13
     (“The FBI’s Application of FOIA Exemption 2 Is
    Not Contested”).
    A. FBI’s Search for Records
    Following the Court’s initial ruling, the FBI searched its Central Records System
    (“CRS”) “utilizing a six-way phonetic breakdown of Lazaridis’ name . . . .” Second Hardy Decl.
    ¶ 32. In addition to the name, the FBI searched by Mr. Lazaridis’ birth date, birthplace, social
    14
    security number and prior addresses. 
    Id.
     It located two main files in the Detroit Field Office
    containing 1,243 pages of responsive records. The search identified no cross-reference files. 
    Id.
    Mr. Hardy has provided a detailed description of the CRS and retrieval methods, see id at ¶¶ 26-
    31, and has explained why the General Indices to the CRS files are the means by which the FBI
    can determine what retrievable information, if any, it may have in its CRS files on a particular
    individual. 
    Id. ¶ 31
    ; Reply Mem. in Supp. of United States DOJ’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. as
    to the FBI [Dkt. # 67], Third Decl. of David M. Hardy (“Third Hardy Decl.”) [Dkt. # 67-1] ¶¶
    16-20.
    Contrary to Mr. Lazaridis’ argument that the search did not include “relevant”
    field offices, Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. at 8, Mr. Hardy states that “[a]ccess to the CRS files in FBI field
    offices is also obtained through the General Indices . . . .” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 28. “The
    entries in the General Indices fall into two categories: [] A ‘main’ entry, or ‘main’ file . . . [and]
    A ‘reference’ entry . . . sometimes called a ‘cross-reference’ . . . .” 
    Id. ¶ 27
    . In addition, Mr.
    Hardy states that “the FBI went above and beyond its normal search procedures . . . and contacted
    Special Agent[s] . . . Roberta Gilligan and . . . Scott Duffey in response to plaintiff’s allegations
    that they still had [responsive] documents . . . that had not been filed in the CRS.” Third Hardy
    Decl. ¶ 20. According to Mr. Hardy, both agents “stated all the information they had
    accumulated regarding the plaintiff had been [] filed and indexed to ACS [Automated Case
    Support], and is no longer in their possession.”4 
    Id.
     The Court is satisfied from Mr. Hardy’s
    declarations that the FBI conducted a reasonably adequate search for records, which in fact
    located a main file on Mr. Lazaridis.
    4
    “Because the CRS cannot electronically query the case files for data, such as an
    individual’s name or social security number, the required information is duplicated and moved to
    the ACS so that it can be searched.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 29.
    15
    B. FBI’s Claimed Exemptions
    1. Exemption 3
    The FBI withheld under this exemption federal grand jury subpoenas, the names
    and identifying information of individuals subpoenaed to testify before the grand jury,
    “information that identifies specific records subpoenaed by the Federal Grand Jury, and Federal
    Grand Jury meetings.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 44. The information was withheld because “[a]ny
    such disclosure would clearly violate the secrecy of the grand jury proceedings and could reveal
    the inner workings of the federal grand jury that considered the case.” 
    Id.
    For the reasons previously stated in approving EOUSA’s withholding of grand
    jury testimony, the Court finds that the FBI properly withheld all of the foregoing information,
    except what the Court assumes are dates of “Federal Grand Jury meetings.” See Lopez v. Dep’t
    of Justice, 
    393 F.3d 1345
    , 1347 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (confirming that “dates on which grand jury
    subpoenas and requests for production, writs of testificandum and witness debriefings are all
    items that inherently reveal secret matters occurring before the grand jury . . . .”). Mr. Hardy has
    not stated how disclosure of the grand jury’s meeting dates would reveal its inner working. See
    Peay v. Dep’t of Justice, 
    2007 WL 788871
     at *3 (D.D.C., Mar. 14, 2007) (denying summary
    judgment where DOJ failed to “explain[] how the disclosure of the dates the grand jury convened
    would tend to reveal a “secret aspect” of the grand jury investigation . . . .”). Absent clarification
    of what, if not dates, is the information pertaining to “Federal Grand Jury meetings,” DOJ will be
    required to release that information. See 
    id. at *4
     (directing the release of “the dates on which
    the grand jury convened”).
    16
    2. Exemptions 6 and 7(C)
    The FBI withheld information under exemption 6 in conjunction with exemption
    7(C). Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 47-48. “[T]he FBI located responsive records [that] were compiled
    . . . as a result of a criminal investigation into an alleged illegal relocation of Lazaridis’ minor
    child outside the United States, based on authority provided in the International Parental
    Kidnapping Crime Act of 1993, 
    18 U.S.C. § 1204
    .” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 35. Because the
    records were compiled for law enforcement purposes, the Court will address only the FBI’s
    application of exemption 7(C). As previously determined with regard to EOUSA, the Court
    finds that the FBI properly invoked exemption 7(C) to redact the names and identifying
    information of FBI Special Agents and support personnel, Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 49-50, and that
    of other third-party individuals of various categories. 
    Id. ¶¶ 52-60
    .
    The Court also finds that Mr. Lazaridis has provided no evidence of an overriding
    public interest requiring disclosure of the otherwise protected information. In addition to seeking
    the information for his personal use, which the Court previously determined is not a valid public
    interest, Mr. Lazaridis suggests that some information has been publically revealed. See Pl.’s
    Opp’n Mem. at 16. Under the public domain theory, FOIA-exempt information loses its
    protection if it was previously “disclosed and preserved in a permanent public record.” Cottone
    v. Reno, 
    193 F.3d 550
    , 553-54 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). However, Mr. Lazaridis has
    “ ‘the initial burden of pointing to specific information in the public domain [by official
    disclosure] that appears to duplicate that being withheld.’ ” Wolf v. CIA, 
    473 F.3d 370
    , 378
    (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Afshar v. Dep't of State, 
    702 F.2d 1125
    , 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Mr.
    Lazaridis cites a defamation case he filed in the Western District of Michigan, Pl.’s Opp’n Mem.
    17
    at 16, which was dismissed under the fugitive disentitlement doctrine. See Lazaridis v. Herald
    Co., Inc., 
    2006 WL 222839
     (W.D. Mich., Jan. 26, 2006). He has not shown what, if any, of the
    protected information is in the public domain. The Court therefore finds that DOJ is entitled to
    summary judgment on the FBI’s application of exemption 7(C) to the withheld material.
    3. Exemption 7(D)
    FOIA Exemption 7(D) allows the withholding of records if their disclosure “could
    reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source. . . .” 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    (b)
    (7)(D). “[I]n the case of a record or information compiled by criminal law enforcement authority
    in the course of a criminal investigation,” the agency may also withhold “information furnished
    by a confidential source.” 
    Id.
     A confidential source includes “a State, local, or foreign agency or
    authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis.” 
    Id.
     The
    “paramount objective” of this exemption “is to keep open the Government’s channels of
    confidential information.” Birch v. U.S. Postal Serv., 
    803 F.2d 1206
    , 1212 (D.C. Cir. 1986).
    When invoking Exemption 7(D), an agency must demonstrate, through the use of
    reasonably detailed affidavits, that the information was compiled for a law enforcement purpose,
    that an informant provided the information under either an express or implied promise of
    confidentiality and that disclosure could reasonably be expected to disclose the source’s identity.
    Landano, 
    508 U.S. at 171-72
    . An express assurance of confidentiality is shown by an agency’s
    proffer of “probative evidence that the source did in fact receive an express grant of
    confidentiality.” Campbell, 
    164 F.3d at 34
     (quoting Davin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 
    60 F.3d 1043
    , 1061 (3d Cir. 1995)). Such evidence may take many forms, such as notations on the face
    of the withheld document, an official’s personal knowledge about the source, a statement from
    18
    the source, or documents discussing practices or policies for dealing with the source at issue or
    similarly situated sources. 
    Id.
     When the agency claims an implied assurance of confidentiality,
    the proper inquiry is “whether the particular source spoke with an understanding that the
    communication would remain confidential.” Landano, 
    508 U.S. at 172
    . An implied assurance of
    confidentiality may be inferred from evidence showing the circumstances surrounding the
    imparting of the information, including the nature of the criminal investigation and the
    informant’s relationship to the target. Id; Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 
    72 F.3d at 905-06
    .
    Under Exemption 7(D), the FBI withheld the identity of and information supplied
    by a foreign government agency under an express grant of confidentiality, Second Hardy Decl.
    ¶¶ 64-65, but Mr. Hardy does not claim to have any personal knowledge of the agreement and he
    has presented no probative evidence of such an agreement. Therefore, DOJ is not entitled to
    summary judgment on this claim of an express grant of confidentiality.
    The FBI withheld under an implied grant of confidentiality the identity of and
    information supplied by an individual “during the course of the investigation,” id. ¶ 63, and
    information supplied by the Ottawa County, Michigan, Sheriff’s Department. Id. ¶ 66. Mr.
    Hardy states only that the “individual . . . provid[ed] sensitive and secretive information
    involving Lazaridis which would reasonably raise fear of retaliation if his/her identity were
    revealed.” Id. This generalized statement could apply to any law enforcement investigation. It
    is unknown what relationship the source had to Mr. Lazaridis and his or her knowledge of any
    alleged activity from which a reasonable fear of retaliation may be found. An investigation of
    parental kidnapping without more does not seem to fit within the narrow category of cases where
    19
    confidentiality is presumed. See Landano, 
    508 U.S. at 179-80
     (discussing “generic
    circumstances” in which an applied assurance of confidentiality fairly can be reasonably
    inferred); Mays, 
    234 F.3d at 1330-31
     (concluding that “we have no doubt that a source of
    information about a conspiracy to distribute cocaine typically faces a sufficient threat of
    retaliation that the information he provides should be treated as implicitly confidential”). Mr.
    Hardy’s bare assertion fails to provide a factual basis for finding that the individual spoke on
    condition of an implied grant of confidentiality.
    Mr. Hardy also states that the Sheriff’s Department provided to the FBI reports
    and information obtained during its “investigation of a complaint filed with regard to [Mr.
    Lazaridis’] alleged removal of his daughter out of the United States, including an incident
    report,” and that “a local sheriff contacted an FBI SA to provide information concerning the
    investigation[,] [which] was gathered by conducting interviews of third parties.” 
    Id.
     Exemption
    7(D) seems inapplicable to this information because the FBI’s source – the Ottawa County
    Sheriff’s Department – is identified and, thus, not confidential.5 But even if the exemption
    applies, Mr. Hardy has not stated any facts from which the Court can find that “the particular
    source [Sheriff’s Department] spoke [or conveyed information] with an understanding that the
    communication would remain confidential.” Landano, 
    508 U.S. at 172
    . Mr. Hardy’s rationale
    that “disclosure would result in harm to the FBI’s [] law enforcement endeavors” with, inter alia,
    local law enforcement agencies, Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 66, suggests the type of “sweeping
    presumption” of confidentiality that the Supreme Court rejected in favor of a “more
    particularized approach.” Landano, 
    508 U.S. at 175, 180
    .
    5
    This finding does not preclude the FBI from invoking other exemptions to protect
    information obtained from the Sheriff’s Department.
    20
    Because the FBI has not shown that confidential sources provided information
    under either an express or an implied grant of confidentiality, the Court will deny summary
    judgment on the FBI’s invocation of exemption 7(D).
    C. Segregability of FBI Records
    The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has held that a District
    Court in a FOIA case has “an affirmative duty to consider the segregability issue sua sponte.”
    Trans-Pacific Policing Agreement v. U.S. Customs Serv., 
    177 F.3d 1022
    , 1028 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
    This directive stems from the requirement under 
    5 U.S.C. § 552
    (b) that any “reasonably
    segregable” information must be disclosed – that is, information that can be separated from the
    rest of a document – even if the document is otherwise exempt from disclosure, unless the
    exempt and non-exempt portions are “inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Id.; Mead
    Data Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 
    566 F.2d 242
    , 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977). An agency must
    provide a “detailed justification” and not just “conclusory statements” to prove that it has
    released all reasonably segregable information. Mead Data Center, Inc., 
    566 F.2d at 261
    .
    Mr. Hardy concludes that “the FBI has processed and released all reasonably
    segregable information . . . ,” Hardy Decl. ¶ 69, but he has not separately described the 391
    pages that were withheld in their entirety and discussed the applicable exemptions.6 It is not the
    Court’s job to cull the voluminous record and to piece together such information.7 The Court is
    6
    Mr. Hardy has described 449 of the 840 pages withheld completely as “duplicates of
    other released pages.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 33.
    7
    The initial Vaughn index consisting of 1,353 pages is attached to Mr. Hardy’s
    declaration as Exhibit S and appears on the electronic docket as 14 separate attachments. Mr.
    Hardy states that “[t]he FBI has inserted ‘deleted page sheets’ as placeholders for the 840 pages
    withheld in full,” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 37, but he has not listed the page numbers of the deleted
    page sheets. In supplementing the record, DOJ is advised to include the number of the
    attachment where the cited page appears.
    21
    without sufficient evidence to make a segregability finding with regard to the FBI records and,
    thus, will deny summary judgment on the FBI’s withholding of documents in their entirety.
    USNCB’S Response
    Mr. Lazaridis challenges the adequacy of USNCB’s search for responsive records
    and its withholding of information under FOIA exemptions 6, 7(A), 7(C) and 7(D). Pl.’s Mem.
    of Law in Opp’n to Def. United States Dep’t of Justice’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. as to
    INTERPOL-USNCB (“Pl.’s Opp’n Mem.”) [Dkt. 56] at 1, 7-11; see id. at 7 (“USNCB’s
    Application of FOIA Exemption 2 Is Not Contested”). USNCB has withdrawn its exemption
    7(A) claim. Second Tanaka Decl. ¶ 3. Thus, the contested issues are USNCB’s search and its
    invocation of exemptions 6, 7(C) and 7(D) to the withheld information.
    Ms. Tanaka has described USNCB’s record systems and the retrieval methods that
    are generally employed upon the agency’s receipt of a FOIA request. See id. ¶¶ 2-5. As to Mr.
    Lazaridis’ request, Ms. Tanaka concludes that “[a] search of the USNCB’s system of records and
    administrative files was conducted using the methods indicated in #3 and #4.” Id. ¶ 10.
    Paragraphs 3 and 4 of Ms. Tanaka’s declaration describe in general terms how the entity searches
    for records but they shed no light on the search for records responsive to Mr. Lazardis’ request;
    particularly lacking is any evidence of the search terms utilized and the origin of the retrieved
    records. Hence, the Court is without sufficient evidence to determine the adequacy of USNCB’s
    search for records responsive to Mr. Lazaridis’ request. Furthermore, the Court cannot determine
    the propriety of USNCB’s withholding of information under exemption 7 because it has no
    factual basis to find that the retrieved documents were compiled for law enforcement purposes.
    See Second Tanaka Decl. ¶¶ 2-3 (surmising that the “two sources of information searched for
    information that could be responsive to [Mr. Lazaridis’] request” were USNCB’s system of
    22
    records containing law enforcement and humanitarian material and its administrative files
    containing “non-investigative topical files . . . ”). Therefore, the Court will deny DOJ’s motion
    for summary judgment as to the USNCB without prejudice to reconsideration after
    supplementation of the record.
    IV. CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, the Court rules as follows: (1) DOJ’s motion for
    partial summary judgment on EOUSA’s invocation of FOIA exemptions 3, 5 and 7(C), except as
    to Document 6, is granted; as to EOUSA’s search and the withholding of Document 6, the
    motion is denied without prejudice. (2) DOJ’s motion for partial summary judgment on the
    FBI’s search for responsive records and its invocation of exemptions 7(C) and 3, except as to
    information pertaining to “Federal Grand Jury meetings,” is granted; in all other respects, the
    motion is denied without prejudice. (3) DOJ’s motion for partial summary judgment as to
    INTERPOL-USNCB is denied without prejudice. A memorializing order accompanies this
    Memorandum Opinion.
    /s/
    ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
    Date: February 24, 2011                              United States District Judge
    23
    

Document Info

Docket Number: Civil Action No. 2009-1177

Judges: Judge Rosemary M. Collyer

Filed Date: 2/24/2011

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/30/2014

Authorities (42)

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Nassar Afshar v. Department of State , 702 F.2d 1125 ( 1983 )

Mead Data Central, Inc. v. United States Department of the ... , 566 F.2d 242 ( 1977 )

National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish , 124 S. Ct. 1570 ( 2004 )

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of ... , 91 S. Ct. 1999 ( 1971 )

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility v. United ... , 72 F.3d 897 ( 1996 )

Carl Oglesby v. The United States Department of the Army , 920 F.2d 57 ( 1990 )

Trans-Pacific Policing Agreement v. United States Customs ... , 177 F.3d 1022 ( 1999 )

Campbell v. United States Department of Justice , 164 F.3d 20 ( 1998 )

Valencia-Lucena v. United States Coast Guard , 180 F.3d 321 ( 1999 )

Heggestad v. United States Department of Justice , 182 F. Supp. 2d 1 ( 2000 )

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McLaughlin v. U.S. Department of Justice , 530 F. Supp. 2d 210 ( 2008 )

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 106 S. Ct. 2505 ( 1986 )

Maydak v. U.S. Department of Justice , 254 F. Supp. 2d 23 ( 2003 )

Fund for Constitutional Government v. National Archives and ... , 656 F.2d 856 ( 1981 )

W. Lee Birch v. United States Postal Service , 803 F.2d 1206 ( 1986 )

Betty Martin v. Office of Special Counsel, Merit Systems ... , 819 F.2d 1181 ( 1987 )

Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico on Behalf of ... , 823 F.2d 574 ( 1987 )

In Re Motions of Dow Jones & Co. , 142 F.3d 496 ( 1998 )

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