Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran ( 2010 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
SHERYL WULTZ, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) 08-cv-1460 (RCL)
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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
)
MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs have moved for leave to depose the Bank of China’s (BOC) Israeli-law experts
prior to the Court’s adjudication of BOC’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims based on Israeli
law. Pls.’ Mot. to Permit the Parties to Depose the Opposing Parties’ Israeli Law Declarants &
for Related Relief, Aug. 18, 2009, ECF No. 43 [hereinafter Pls.’ Mot]. Because plaintiffs wish
to conduct depositions before they have conducted their discovery conference with BOC, leave
of court is required. Courts should grant such leave only for good cause. Plaintiffs have not
shown good cause. Plaintiffs’ motion will therefore be denied.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that a “[a] party may depose any person
who has been identified as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b)(4)(A). The availability of this source of discovery, however, is curtailed “before the
parties have conferred as required by Rule 26(f).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). Before the Rule
26(f) conference, a party may engage in discovery only “in a proceeding exempted from initial
disclosure . . . or when authorized by these rules, by stipulation, or by court order.” Id. A
motion to dismiss is not a proceeding exempted from initial disclosure, see Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(a)(1)(B), the rules do not authorize the early deposition of experts, see Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b)(4)(A), and the parties have not stipulated to the deposition plaintiffs seek, hence this
dispute.
Accordingly, and as plaintiffs recognize, leave of court is required for plaintiffs to
conduct the deposition sought. Reply in Further Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. 3, Sept. 10, 2009, ECF No.
49 [hereinafter Pls.’ Reply] (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1)). In other words, and as BOC
properly points out, plaintiffs do not have a “‘clear right’ to depose BOC’s experts now.” Mem.
of P. & A. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. 3, Aug. 31, 2009, ECF No. 45 [hereinafter BOC’s Opp’n]
(quoting Pls.’ Mot. 5). Rather, plaintiffs must show good cause for such depositions.
Courts have found good cause to permit depositions of experts on foreign law where the
courts considered such depositions necessary or helpful to their adjudication of pretrial motions
concerning the application of foreign law. See, e.g., Base Metal Trading S.A. v. Russian
Aluminum, No. 00-cv-9627, 2002 WL 987257, at *4 (S.D.N.Y May 14, 2002); In re
Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. ATX, ATX II and Wilderness Tires Prods. Liab., 131 F. Supp. 2d
1027, 1031 (S.D. Ind. 2001). Plaintiffs argue that they should be permitted to depose BOC’s
experts because the two sides’ experts “are at total loggerheads about the substance of Israeli
law.” Pls.’ Reply 4. “[I]t is difficult to see how this Court can rule on the viability of plaintiffs’
Israeli[-]law claims” without depositions and additional briefing to assist the Court in deciding
which side to believe, say plaintiffs. Id. The Court is less concerned.
When “determining foreign law, the court may consider any relevant material or
source, . . . whether or not submitted by a party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 44.1. The 1966 committee note
explains that Rule 44.1 allows a court to “engage in its own research and consider any relevant
material thus found.” As the Seventh Circuit recently noted in a decision involving the
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interpretation of foreign law “trying to establish foreign law through experts’ declarations not
only is expensive (experts must be located and paid) but also adds an adversary’s spin, which the
court then must discount.” Bodum USA, Inc. v. La Cafetire, Inc., No. 09-1892, 2010 WL
3432220, at *4 (7th Cir. Sept. 2, 2010). Even where the foreign legal sources are in languages
other than English, dependence on expert declarations on those sources is “excusable only when
the foreign law is the law of a country with such an obscure or poorly developed legal system
that there are no secondary materials to which the judge could turn.” Id. at *9 (Posner, J.,
concurring). The note to Rule 44.1 thus recognizes that “[t]he court may have at its disposal
better foreign law materials than counsel have presented, or may wish to reexamine and amplify
material that has been presented by counsel in partisan fashion or in insufficient detail.”
Most Israeli laws have been published in English—and most of those have been officially
published in Laws of the State of Israel and Laws of the State of Israel (New Version)—and there
is abundant English-language commentary on Israeli law in books, law reviews, and treatises.
See Ruth Levush, Israeli Law Guide (Nov. 24, 2007), http://www.llrx.com/features/israel3.htm
(identifying Engligh-language sources). In addition to caselaw, statutory materials, and expert
declarations submitted by the parties, the Court will thus consider several third-party sources.
The Court is confident that, through consideration of both the parties’ briefs and additional third-
party sources, it can rule on whether plaintiffs have stated Israeli-law claims upon which relief
can be granted. Plaintiffs’ motion will therefore be denied in a separate order to issue this date.
Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on October 20, 2010.
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