Petrucelli v. Department of Justice , 51 F. Supp. 3d 142 ( 2014 )


Menu:
  •                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
    _________________________________________
    )
    JOHN A. PETRUCELLI,                       )
    )
    Plaintiff,              )
    )
    v.                                  )                  Civil Action No. 11-1780 (RBW)
    )
    DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,                    )
    )
    Defendant.              )
    _________________________________________ )
    MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
    This matter came before the Court on the Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss or,
    Alternatively, Motion for Summary Judgment. ECF Nos. 40-41. 1 On March 31, 2014, the Court
    granted the defendant’s motion in part and denied it in part without prejudice. 2 This
    Memorandum Opinion sets forth the reasons for the decision.
    I. BACKGROUND
    The plaintiff, a federal prisoner, brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act
    (“FOIA”), see 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2006), against the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”),
    1
    Further references to the defendant’s renewed motion or supporting memorandum of points
    and authorities are references to the Errata to Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss or,
    Alternatively, Motion for Summary Judgment. ECF No. 44. References to the defendant’s
    exhibits are to those items submitted with its initial renewed motion. ECF Nos. 40-41.
    2
    The March 31, 2014 Order also denied the plaintiff’s Motion for Judicial Notice, ECF No. 43,
    his Motion Pursuant to Rule 18 and/or 20(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, ECF No.
    46, and Plaintiff’s Motion to File Sur-reply, ECF No. 69.
    1
    demanding the release of records maintained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”), the
    Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), and the Federal Bureau of
    Investigation (“FBI”), and also against the BOP under the Privacy Act, see 5 U.S.C. § 552a
    (2006). It appears that the information of interest to the plaintiff pertains to the date of his arrest
    and his eligibility for the death penalty. See Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Monetary
    Damages in Excess of $10,000, ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 5-6, 11; Plaintiff[’s] Second Amended
    Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Monetary Damages in Excess of $10,000, ECF No. 10
    (“Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 5-6.
    A. The Plaintiff’s Criminal History
    The plaintiff’s criminal history has been summarized as follows:
    Throughout the early 1990s, John Petrucelli was a member
    of the Tanglewood Boys, a violent gang that regularly engaged in
    murder, armed robbery, burglary, loan sharking, and bookmaking
    in the Bronx and Westchester County[, New York]. The
    Tanglewood Boys’ membership was comprised chiefly of young
    men who wished to become members of the Luchese Organized
    Crime Family.
    In the early morning of June 20, 1995, Tanglewood Boy
    member Darin Mazzarella was shot by Michael Zanfardino, an
    associate of the rival Genovese Family. Petrucelli witnessed the
    shooting. A few hours later, near P.S. 108 in the Bronx, Petrucelli
    stabbed Paul Cicero, a cousin of a Genovese Family associate, to
    avenge the shooting of Mazzarella. Sean McKernan, a childhood
    acquaintance of both Petrucelli and Cicero, saw Petrucelli lunge at
    Cicero from his position seated on a stoop near P.S. 108, but he did
    not observe the stabbing because a concrete wall blocked the lower
    three-quarters of Petrucelli’s and Cicero’s bodies. After Petrucelli
    left the scene, Cicero passed in front of the stoop where McKernan
    was sitting and said, “That bastard Johnny just stabbed me” while
    clutching his stomach. Cicero subsequently bled to death on the
    operating table at a nearby hospital.
    On June 21, 1995, the day after the shooting and stabbing,
    Steven Crea, the Underboss of the Luchese Family, summoned
    2
    Petrucelli to a meeting. Crea explained that the Genovese Family
    had contacted him to prevent the Tanglewood Boys from taking
    revenge against Zanfardino. Petrucelli informed Crea that he had
    stabbed Cicero in response to Mazzarella’s shooting. Petrucelli
    then fled to Las Vegas, where he stayed with his grandmother, and
    later his aunt and uncle, for several weeks.
    A few days later, Acting Boss of the Genovese Family,
    Liborio Bellomo, requested a meeting with Joseph Defede, the
    Acting Boss of the Luchese Family, to discuss the circumstances
    surrounding the shooting and stabbing. Bellomo asked Defede to
    ensure that the Tanglewood Boys not to [sic] pursue Zanfardino
    and argued that the Cicero murder constituted sufficient revenge
    against the Genovese Family for Mazzarella’s shooting. Defede
    granted Bellomo’s request.
    In early 1996, after Mazzarella had recovered from his
    gunshot wounds, he met with Defede to discuss his desire to
    retaliate against Zanfardino. Defede explained that revenge would
    be unjustified because of Cicero’s murder and instructed
    Mazzarella not to exact retribution. Several days later, at Defede’s
    request, Mazzarella and Zanfardino met and formally called a
    truce.
    Petrucelli v. United States, No. 05-cv-9582, 
    2009 WL 4858081
    , at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15,
    2009). “The original indictment against [the] plaintiff resulted from a long FBI investigation
    into [the] plaintiff[’s] . . . organized crime activities.” Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
    Support of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss or, Alternatively, Motion for Summary Judgment,
    ECF No. 23 (“Def.’s First Mem.”), Declaration of David M. Hardy (“Hardy Decl.”) ¶ 5.
    Ultimately, the plaintiff was charged with and convicted of murder in aid of racketeering in
    violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a)(1), and is serving a term of life imprisonment. Hardy Decl. ¶ 5;
    see United States v. Petrucelli, 97 F. App’x 355 (2d Cir. 2004) (affirming conviction on direct
    appeal).
    The plaintiff alleges that “[o]n January 28, 2002[, he] was arrested by F.B.I. Agents
    Orango and Munger,” Am. Compl. ¶ 10, with the assistance of “a fully armed F.B.I. Swat team,”
    3
    
    id. ¶ 11.
    He further alleges that he “was photographed and fingerprinted by F.B.I. Agents while
    being held in the White Plains headquarters” office, 
    id. ¶ 13,
    after which he “was transported by .
    . . Agents Orango and Munger to [the BOP’s Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, New
    York (MDC Brooklyn)] at about 5:00 PM” on that same date. 
    Id. ¶ 15.
    These agents, the
    plaintiff alleges, transported him from MDC Brooklyn “to his arraignment at [the] Manhattan
    Federal Court” on February 1, 2002. 
    Id. ¶ 16.
    The plaintiff apparently believes that responsive
    records showing an “original arrest date of January 28, 20[0]2, and favorable evidence . . . could
    exculpate [him] from unlawful confinement.” Affidavit of Facts in Support of []Notice[] of
    Missing Facts of Evidence, ECF No. 27 ¶ 4.
    B. The Plaintiff’s Request for Amendment of BOP Records
    Through the BOP’s administrative remedy procedure, see Def.’s First Mem., Declaration
    of Donna Johnson, ECF No. 23-2 (“Johnson Decl.”) ¶¶ 9-10, on September 11, 2011, the
    plaintiff submitted the following request to the Warden of the Federal Correctional Institution in
    Manchester, Kentucky:
    I am writing in reference to my record date of arrest and arrival to
    [the] BOP . . . as being incorrect. “1/31/02” I ask . . . that my
    arrest date and arrival to M.D.C. Brooklyn reflect the correct date
    of Jan. 28[,] 2002 . . . . I . . . ask for my records to be amended
    showing [my] actual arrest, incarceration at M.D.C. Brooklyn
    being Jan. 28, 2002.
    Johnson Decl., Ex. B (Request for Administrative Remedy dated September 11, 2011). After
    having reviewed “the U.S. Marshals Report, Presentence Investigation Report (PSR), Prisoner
    Remand Form, and the SENTRY data base,” and after having made “contact with the FBI’s field
    office in the Southern District of New York,” the Acting Warden informed the plaintiff that his
    “date of arrest in Yonkers, New York, and subsequent delivery to MDC Brooklyn [was] January
    4
    31, 2002.” 
    Id., Ex. B
    (Request for Administrative Remedy, Remedy ID # 656846-F1, Part B –
    Response from R.D. Ranum, Acting Warden, dated October 4, 2011). He further stated that
    “[t]here [was] no documentation which indicates an earlier date of arrest.” Johnson Decl. ¶ 12.
    The plaintiff’s administrative appeal to the BOP’s Mid-Atlantic Regional Office of the denial to
    amend his BOP records was subsequently denied. Id.; see 
    id., Ex. B
    (Regional Administrative
    Remedy Appeal, Part B – Response from C. Eichenlaub, Regional Director, Mid-Atlantic
    Region, BOP, dated November 22, 2011).
    C. The Plaintiff’s Requests for BOP Records
    1. FOIA/PA Request Number 2010-07999
    In the plaintiff’s first FOIA request to the BOP, he sought the following:
    (1) any and all records, reports, files, memos and materials
    to include electronic filings that contain any information
    concerning my initial intake screening on January 28, 2002 at
    [MDC Brooklyn];
    (2) a copy of the log book on January 28, 2002 at [MDC
    Brooklyn] when I was delivered into their custody;
    (3) Copy of the warrant being executed for my arrest and
    delivery to [MDC Brooklyn];
    (4) Copy of fingerprint card taken during intake screening
    and other data taken by . . . MDC officials or staff upon my intake
    and processing; [and]
    (5) copy of medical information taken by medical staff at
    [MDC Brooklyn] during my medical screening on January 28,
    2002[.]
    Johnson Decl., Ex. C (Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act request dated March 12,
    2010) at 1. Because the plaintiff was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Canaan,
    Pennsylvania (“USP Canaan”) at the time of this request, its Legal Services Department staff and
    5
    the Secretary of the plaintiff’s Unit Team searched for medical and other records responsive to
    the request, which had been assigned FOIA Request Number 2010-07999. See 
    id., Ex. D-E
    (email messages dated May 20, 2010 and May 24, 2010, respectively). Of 56 pages of records
    deemed responsive to the request, the BOP released 55 pages in full and withheld one page in
    full under FOIA Exemption 7(F). 
    Id. ¶¶ 20-21;
    see 
    id., Ex. F
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Henry
    J. Sadowski, Regional Counsel, Northeast Regional Office, BOP, dated September 21, 2010).
    The plaintiff pursued an administrative appeal to the DOJ’s Office of Information Policy
    (“OIP”), 
    id. ¶ 46,
    which remanded the matter to the BOP, 
    id. ¶ 49.
    At the time the BOP’s
    declarant executed her declaration following the remand, the agency had not yet completed the
    re-processing of the records. 
    Id. ¶ 52.
    The BOP thereafter reviewed 22 pages of records, 18 of
    which were released in full and three of which were released in redacted form after information
    was deleted pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), ad 7(F). Defendant’s Reply in Support of
    Motion to Dismiss or, Alternatively, Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 31, Ex. 8 (Letter
    to the plaintiff from Michael D. Tafelski, Regional Counsel, Northeast Regional Office, BOP,
    dated October 4, 2012).
    2. FOIA/PA Request Number 2010-08695
    The plaintiff’s second FOIA request to the BOP sought “a record of a telephone call
    placed on Jan[uary] 28, 2002 to phone number #914-345-2815.” Johnson Decl., Ex. G (Freedom
    of Information Act and Privacy Act request dated March 16, 2010). It was “determined that [the
    plaintiff] was not in BOP custody on January 28, 2002, the date of the call he requested.” 
    Id. ¶ 24.
    For this reason, the BOP’s declarant “concluded that there were no records responsive to
    [the] request,” and the plaintiff was so notified. Id.; see 
    id., Ex. H
    (Letter to the plaintiff from
    6
    Henry J. Sadowski dated June 8, 2010). The OIP affirmed this determination in response to the
    plaintiff’s administrative appeal. 
    Id. ¶¶ 53-54;
    see 
    id. Ex. CC
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Anne
    D. Work, Senior Counsel, Administrative Appeals Staff, OIP, dated May 18, 2011).
    3. FOIA/PA Request Number 2010-09077
    The plaintiff’s third FOIA request to the BOP sought:
    (1) Any and all records, reports, files, memos, and materials to
    include electronic filings that contain any information concerning
    my Death Penalty Status.
    (2) “Notice” That the Gov’t believes that circumstances are
    justified for a sentence of death.
    (3) Any known aggravating factors that [the] government, if the
    defendant is convicted, proposed to prove.
    (4) Any substantive motion or activity connected to Death Penalty.
    (5) Any mitigation memorandum submitted by counsel . . . .
    
    Id., Ex. I
    (Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act request dated March 22, 2010) at 1.
    Staff at USP Canaan located one responsive record, 
    id. ¶ 28,
    and that document was withheld in
    its entirety under Exemption 5, 
    id. ¶ 29.
    The plaintiff was notified that the document was being
    withheld, id.; see 
    id., Ex. K
    (Letter to plaintiff from Henry J. Sadowski dated July 30, 2010), and
    he successfully administratively appealed that determination to the OIP; on remand, the BOP
    released the document in its entirety. 
    Id. ¶¶ 57-58.
    4. FOIA/PA Request Number 2010-10411
    The plaintiff’s fourth FOIA request to the BOP sought the “detention order[] issued on
    Jan[uary] 28 or Jan[uary] 29[,] 2002,” which purportedly indicated that the plaintiff was “waiting
    7
    on a ‘Captain’s Review.’” 
    Id. ¶ 30;
    see 
    id., Ex. L
    (Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act
    request dated June 30, 2010). No responsive records were found, 
    id. ¶¶ 32-33,
    and the plaintiff
    was so informed, see 
    id., Ex. N
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Henry J. Sadowski dated August 2,
    2010). The plaintiff’s administrative appeal of this determination was rejected as untimely. 
    Id. ¶¶ 59-60;
    see 
    id., Ex. F
    F (Letter to the plaintiff from Anne D. Work dated February 23, 2011).
    5. FOIA/PA Request Number 2011-01572
    In his fifth FOIA request to the BOP, the plaintiff sought:
    The compiled file containing the signing in of John A. Petrucelli
    by FBI Agent or Agents F. Orango and C. Munger to MDC
    Brooklyn on Jan[uary] 28, 2002 at approximately 6:00 pm. Also
    the signing out of inmate John A. Petrucelli on Feb[ruary] 1[,]
    2002 at approximately 6:30 AM by FBI Agent or Agents F.
    Orango and C. Munger.
    
    Id., Ex. O
    (Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act request dated October 18, 2010). A
    search of records maintained at MDC Brooklyn yielded nothing responsive to the request. 
    Id. ¶ 41.
    A search of the plaintiff’s Central File did yield 15 pages of responsive records, see 
    id. ¶¶ 42,
    44, and 12 of these pages were released in full, 
    id. ¶ 45;
    see 
    id., Ex. V
    (Letter to the plaintiff
    from Michael D. Tafelski dated July 23, 2012) at 1. The three remaining pages were released in
    part after redacting information under FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(F). 
    Id. ¶ 45.
    D. The Plaintiff’s Requests for EOUSA Records
    1. Request Number 03-2265
    The plaintiff sought information from the EOUSA, including files, police reports, and
    videotapes, “believed to be within the possession of the [United States Attorney’s Office] for the
    8
    Southern District of New York” and “in relation to [his] criminal prosecution in the United
    States District Court in New York, New York in the criminal case titled and numbered under
    United States v. John Petrucelli, No. 02CR[]099.” Def.’s First Mem., Declaration of David
    Luczynski (“Luczynski Decl.”), Ex. A (Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act Request dated
    July 1, 2003). The EOUSA denied the request in full, 
    id. ¶ 6,
    relying on FOIA Exemptions 3, 5,
    7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(F), 
    id., Ex. C
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Marie A. O’Rourke, Assistant
    Director, Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Staff, EOUSA, dated October 30, 2003). In
    addition, the EOUSA notified the plaintiff that it located approximately 2,112 pages of public
    records that he could obtain from the Clerk of Court of the Southern District of New York
    directly. 
    Id., Ex. C
    at 2.
    2. Request Number 04-2972
    The plaintiff’s second FOIA request to the EOUSA also sought information pertaining to
    the prosecution of his criminal case. See 
    id., Ex. F
    (Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act
    Request dated June 18, 2004). Specifically, the plaintiff requested:
    Books, Papers, Photographs, Recorded Tapes, Files, Reports,
    Records, Video Tapes, Police Reports, and Other Documentary
    Materials or Data, regardless of physical form or characteristic
    made or received by any officer or employee of your agency
    relating to, regarding, or naming me.
    
    Id., Ex. F
    at 1. The plaintiff provided the title and number of the criminal case in the United
    States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and agreed to pay any fees
    associated with the request. 
    Id. EOUSA staff
    located records responsive to the request and released 40 pages of records
    in full, released 12 pages in part, and withheld two pages in full. 
    Id. ¶ 10.
    In addition, agency
    9
    staff referred 65 pages of records to the FBI for its direct response to the plaintiff. Id.; see 
    id., Ex. G
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Marie A. O’Rourke dated December 29, 2004) at 2. 3 The
    plaintiff administratively appealed these decisions and the OIP affirmed the determinations. 
    Id. ¶ 11;
    see 
    id., Ex. I
    (Letter to the plaintiff from M.A. O’Rourke dated September 12, 2008).
    E. The Plaintiff’s Requests for FBI Records
    1. FOIPA No. 1000298-000
    On June 18, 2004, the plaintiff made a “request[] for all records about himself . . . to the
    FBI.” Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss and to
    Defendant[’]s Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 64 (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 5 (page
    numbers designed by the plaintiff). Responsive records, the plaintiff believed, would have been
    “located in Washington, DC, White Plains, New York, and Manhattan, New York agency
    offices, possibly in relation, but not limited to [his] criminal prosecution, Case #: 02CR00099-01
    (TPG) United States v. John A. Petrucelli, prosecuted within the Southern [D]istrict of New
    York, which stemmed from State of New York v. Darin Mazzarella (Yonkers, NY).”
    Defendant’s Reply in Further Support of its Renewed Motion to Dismiss or for Summary
    Judgment, ECF No. 67 (“Def.’s Reply”), Second Declaration of David M. Hardy (“Second
    Hardy Decl.”), Ex. A (Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act Request dated June 18, 2004).
    The FBI acknowledged receipt of the request, which was designated FOIPA No. 1000298-000.
    See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Letter to the plaintiff from David M. Hardy, Section Chief,
    Record/Information Dissemination Section, Records Management Division, FBI, dated July 1,
    3
    The EOUSA stated in error that 75 pages of records were referred to the FBI, and it was later
    determined that “in fact only 65 pages had been referred.” Def.’s First Mem., Luczynski Decl.
    ¶ 11.
    10
    2004). On September 7, 2004, the plaintiff submitted another request for the same information,
    see Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 8, noting that responsive records were “believed to be located at
    Agency Headquarters and in the Southern District of New York agency offices,” pertaining to
    his own criminal case or the case of Darin Mazzarella, 
    id., Ex. C
    (Freedom of Information
    Act/Privacy Act Request dated September 7, 2004). It does not appear that the FBI assigned the
    September 7, 2004 request a tracking number or that it conducted a separate search in response
    to it. 4
    The FBI denied the plaintiff’s June 18, 2004 request in its entirety, see 
    id. ¶ 9,
    relying on
    FOIA Exemptions 7(A) and 7(C), 
    id., Ex. D
    (Letter to the plaintiff from D.M. Hardy dated
    September 29, 2004). This determination was affirmed on administrative appeal to the OIP, see
    
    id., Second Hardy
    Decl. ¶¶ 10-12, on the ground that the responsive records were “protected
    from disclosure under [FOIA Exemption 7(A)],” 
    id., Ex. G
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Janice
    Galli McLeod, Associate Director, OIP, dated December 31, 2007).
    2. FOIPA No. 1019355-000
    The FBI reviewed 65 pages of records referred to the FBI by the EOUSA and determined
    that all of the records were exempt from disclosure in full under FOIA Exemptions 7(A), 7(C)
    and 7(D). Def.’s First Mem., Declaration of David M. Hardy (“Hardy Decl.”) ¶ 8; see 
    id., Ex. B
    (Letter to the plaintiff from David M. Hardy, Chief, Records/Information Dissemination Section,
    Records Management Division, FBI). This determination was affirmed on administrative appeal
    4
    The plaintiff’s September 7, 2004 request was substantially similar to the June 18, 2004
    request. Both sought information about the plaintiff, identified the plaintiff by name, aliases,
    Social Security number, date and place of birth, and identified the plaintiff’s criminal case by
    case number and judicial district. Presumably the FBI’s response to the September 7, 2004
    request would have been the same as its response to the June 18, 2004 request.
    11
    by the OIP. 
    Id. ¶¶ 9-10;
    see generally 
    id., Ex. D
    (Letter to the plaintiff from Janice Galli
    McLeod, Associate Director, OIP, dated September 12, 2008) at 1.
    “Upon . . . the filing of the instant complaint, the FBI conducted another review of the
    referred records” and determined that FOIA Exemption 7(A) “no longer applied since the
    investigation was no longer pending.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 14. However, because “the
    information previously [protected under] FOIA Exemption []7(A) still warranted protection
    pursuant to other applicable FOIA exemptions,” the FBI withheld all of the records “in their
    entirety.” 
    Id. ¶ 14;
    see generally 
    id., Ex. I
    (deleted page information sheets).
    3. FOIPA No. 1150194-000
    The plaintiff submitted a separate FOIA request to the FBI for “[a]ny and all records,
    reports, files, memos, and materials to include electronic filings that contain any information
    concerning [his] arrest date,” purported to be January 28, 2002. Hardy Decl., Ex. E (Letter to
    D.M. Hardy from the plaintiff dated June 7, 2010) at 1. A search of the FBI’s Central Records
    System initially yielded 913 pages of potentially responsive records. 
    Id. ¶ 15;
    see 
    id., Ex. I
    (Letter to the plaintiff from D.M. Hardy dated January 18, 2011). On further review, the FBI
    determined that only 760 pages of records were actually responsive to the request, 
    id. ¶ 21
    n.6,
    and of these records, 495 pages were released in full on April 16, 2012, 
    id. ¶ 21
    . 5 One of these
    records was “a report by FBI Special Agents, dated February 1, 2005, documenting the January
    5
    The package mailed to the plaintiff on April 16, 2012, was returned to the FBI by the United
    States Postal Service as undeliverable, Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 15, and the FBI sent paper copies
    of the documents to another address provided by the plaintiff on September 27, 2012, 
    id. ¶¶ 17-
    19. The FBI’s declarant later clarified that the FBI released 499 pages of records to the plaintiff,
    that it withheld 242 pages in full, and that it withheld 19 pages in full as duplicates. 
    Id. ¶ 20.
    12
    31, 2002 arrest of [the plaintiff].” 
    Id. ¶ 22;
    see 
    id., Ex. P.
    “Of the remaining 265 pages, 246
    were withheld in full pursuant to [FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 6, 7(C), 7(D), 7(E), and 7(F),] and 19
    pages were withheld in full as duplicates.” 
    Id. ¶ 21;
    see 
    id., Ex. O
    (Letter to the plaintiff from
    D.M. Hardy dated April 16, 2012).
    II. DISCUSSION
    A. The Plaintiff’s Privacy Act Claims
    Notwithstanding the filing of the plaintiff’s amended complaint, it is not clear that he has
    abandoned the Privacy Act claims raised in the original complaint, particularly his claims against
    the BOP under the amendment, accuracy and damages provisions of the Privacy Act. 6 See
    Compl. at 2. The plaintiff’s Request for Administrative Remedy asked, “[i]n accordance with
    . . . 5 USC § 552a(d) . . . for [his] records to be amended showing actual arrest, incarceration at
    MDC Brooklyn being Jan[uary] 28, 2002.” Johnson Decl., Ex. B. He also demanded that the
    BOP “[m]aintain all records accurately.” 
    Id. Lastly, the
    plaintiff demanded a declaratory
    judgment that the BOP is “liable for using erroneous information to make determinations adverse
    to [him] in three separate court proceedings in violation of sections (e)(5)[,] (g)(1)(c) and (g)(4)
    of the [P]rivacy [A]ct.” Compl. at 2.
    The defendant represents that the Inmate Central File contains records pertaining to an
    inmate’s arrest, and that the system of records where Inmate Central Files are maintained is
    exempt from the Privacy Act’s amendment, accuracy and damages provisions. See
    6
    None of the plaintiff’s submissions to the EOUSA or the FBI reasonably can be construed as a
    request under the Privacy Act. Accordingly, the Court will deny the plaintiff’s demand for a
    declaratory judgment holding the “EOUSA and FBI liable for using erroneous information to
    make determinations adverse to [him] in three separate court proceedings.” Am. Compl. at 4.
    13
    Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss
    or, Alternatively, for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 40] (“Def.’s Renewed Mem.”) at 12;
    Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts To Which There Is No Genuine Dispute ¶¶ 1-2. The
    plaintiff deems the defendant’s “brief . . . particularly confusing . . . where [it] argues that
    various records systems are exempt under the Privacy Act.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 23-24. He argues
    instead that he made his requests for information under the Privacy Act as well as the FOIA, and
    the applicability of the Privacy Act does not “exempt [any information] from release under the
    FOIA, except insofar as [the information] fall[s] under one of the seven FOIA exemptions.” 
    Id. at 24;
    see 
    id. at 4
    n.7. The plaintiff, however, does not respond substantively to the defendant’s
    argument that information contained in the Inmate Central File is exempt from the Privacy Act’s
    amendment, accuracy and damages provisions. He has thus conceded this point, see, e.g.,
    Maydak v. DOJ, 
    579 F. Supp. 2d 105
    , 107 (D.D.C. 2008), and the Court therefore will grant the
    defendant’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s Privacy Act claims.
    B. The Plaintiff’s FOIA Claims
    1. Summary Judgment Standard of Review in a FOIA Case
    “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”
    Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 
    623 F. Supp. 2d 83
    , 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Courts will
    grant summary judgment to an agency as the movant if it shows that there is no genuine dispute
    as to any material fact and if the agency is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ.
    P. 56(a). More specifically, in a FOIA action to compel production of agency records, the
    agency “is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts are in dispute and if it demonstrates
    ‘that each document that falls within the class requested either has been produced . . . or is
    14
    wholly exempt from the [FOIA’s] inspection requirements.’” Students Against Genocide v.
    Dep’t of State, 
    257 F.3d 828
    , 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Goland v. CIA, 
    607 F.2d 339
    , 352
    (D.C. Cir. 1978)).
    Summary judgment in a FOIA case may be based solely on information provided in an
    agency’s supporting affidavits or declarations if they are “relatively detailed and non-
    conclusory,” Safecard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 
    926 F.2d 1197
    , 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal
    quotations and citations omitted), and when they
    [d]escribe the documents and the justifications for nondisclosure
    with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information
    withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not
    controverted by either contrary evidence in the record [or] by
    evidence of agency bad faith.
    Military Audit Project v. Casey, 
    656 F.2d 724
    , 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). “To successfully challenge
    an agency’s showing that it complied with the FOIA, the plaintiff must come forward with
    ‘specific facts’ demonstrating that there is a genuine issue with respect to whether the agency has
    improperly withheld extant agency records.” Span v. DOJ, 
    696 F. Supp. 2d 113
    , 119 (D.D.C.
    2010) (quoting DOJ v. Tax Analysts, 
    492 U.S. 136
    , 142 (1989)).
    2. The Agencies’ Searches for Responsive Records 7
    7
    “The FOIA requires every federal agency, upon request, to make promptly available to any
    person any records so long as the request reasonably describes such records.” Assassination
    Archives & Research Ctr. v. CIA, 
    334 F.3d 55
    , 57 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and
    citation omitted). If an agency withholds information, it may do so “only if the information falls
    within one of nine statutory exemptions,” and the agency “bears the burden of establishing than
    an exemption applies.” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Inst. of Health, 745
    F.3d 535,540 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). Here, the plaintiff does not challenge the
    adequacy of the BOP’s search for records responsive to his FOIA requests, nor does he object to
    the BOP’s decisions to withhold information under FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(F). He
    “believes” that the BOP “released all maintained records,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 1, and now demands
    (Continued . . .)
    15
    a. EOUSA
    “The ‘LIONS’ system is the computer system used by United States Attorneys offices to
    track cases and to retrieve files pertaining to cases and investigations.” Luczynski Decl. ¶ 13.
    Through LIONS, “the user can access databases which can be used to retrieve . . . information
    based on a defendant’s name, the USAO number (United States[] Attorney’s Office internal
    administrative number), and the district court case number.” 
    Id. “Each United
    States Attorney’s
    Office maintains the case files for criminal matters prosecuted by that office.” 
    Id. The plaintiff
    identified himself and his criminal case by number and judicial district in
    each of his two FOIA requests to the EOUSA. See 
    id., Ex. A
    and F. “Upon receiving the
    [plaintiff’s] request,” the EOUSA “forwarded the request to the FOIA Contact for the Southern
    District of New York.” 
    Id. ¶ 13.
    “The FOIA Contact” searched “for records on ‘John A.
    Petrucelli’ to determine the location of any and all files relating to [the] plaintiff in order to
    comply with his request,” and “for records from the case files in Case # 02CR00099-01, the
    criminal prosecution case [the] plaintiff identified in his request.” Def.’s Renewed Mem.,
    Declaration of David Luczynski [ECF No. 40-4] (“Second Luczynski Decl.”) ¶ 13. The FOIA
    Contact not only queried LIONS, but also “sent emails to the Assistant United States Attorney in
    the Southern District of New York Criminal Division to ascertain whether [that office] had any
    responsive records.” 
    Id. (. .
    . continued)
    duplicate copies of all BOP records because they “were taken from him by the [BOP] and never
    returned,” 
    id., during the
    course of the plaintiff’s transfer from FCI Manchester to FCI
    Allenwood in June 2012, 
    id. In other
    words, he does not challenge the BOP’s compliance with
    its actual obligations under the FOIA and instead purports to impose another. The FOIA does
    not require an agency to replace copies of records previously released to a requester who
    subsequently loses them. With respect to the plaintiff’s FOIA claims against the BOP, the Court
    will therefore grant the defendant’s motion for summary judgment in part as conceded.
    16
    Because the “plaintiff’s prosecution took place in the Southern District of New York, the
    United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia would not have records related to
    [his] prosecution.” 
    Id. ¶ 13.
    The declarant avers that “[t]here are no other records systems or
    locations within the EOUSA or DOJ in which other files pertaining to [the] plaintiff were
    maintained.” 
    Id. Thus, he
    states, “[a]ll documents responsive to [the] plaintiff’s FOIA request
    have been located through the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New
    York.” 
    Id. ¶ 14;
    see Luczynski Decl. ¶¶ 13-14.
    The plaintiff counters that, notwithstanding his stated belief that responsive records might
    be found in the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”), “he had no possible way of knowing
    where they were kept,” and the EOUSA improperly limited the scope of its search “to only those
    files kept in the SDNY.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 11. The plaintiff also noted the EOUSA’s failure to
    locate his “case file, despite the fact that the [p]laintiff mentioned [his] case number twice in
    each FOIA request.” 
    Id. at 11-12.
    According to the plaintiff the EOUSA thus ignored his July
    18, 2004 request for the same records insofar as it stated the plaintiff’s “belie[f] the records were
    located in both Washington, D.C. and the Southern District of New York.” 
    Id. at 11.
    The plaintiff acknowledges that he was prosecuted in the Southern District of New York,
    and puts forth no valid reason to suspect that records related to his criminal case likely would be
    located in any other federal district. Nor is there any basis to conclude that responsive EOUSA
    records would have included “exculpatory materials originating from . . . the [New York] State
    Police.” 
    Id. at 13-14.
    Nor does the plaintiff proffer any authority for the proposition that a
    federal agency is obliged to consult with or to retrieve documents from a state law enforcement
    agency. “Adequacy and reasonableness turn not on the yield of the search, but on the
    ‘appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.’” Waldner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
    17
    __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, 
    2013 WL 5974904
    , at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 23, 2013) (citing Iturralde v.
    Comptroller of Currency, 
    315 F.3d 311
    , 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). The plaintiff’s challenge pertains
    only to the results of the EOUSA’s search, and such an assertion alone is far too weak to
    undermine the defendant’s entitlement to summary judgment.
    b. FBI
    The FBI’s Central Records System (“CRS”) includes “administrative, applicant, criminal,
    personnel, and other files compiled for law enforcement purposes,” and “consists of a numerical
    sequence of files broken down according to subject matter.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 24. The subject
    matter of a CRS file “may relate to an individual, organization, company, publication, activity or
    foreign intelligence matter (or program).” 
    Id. FBI Headquarters
    maintains certain CRS records;
    FBI field offices maintain those CRS records “that are pertinent to specific field offices.” 
    Id. In order
    to search the CRS, “the FBI uses . . . the Automated Case Support System (‘ACS’).” 
    Id. FBI Headquarters
    and Field Offices access the CRS using alphabetically ordered General
    Indices. 
    Id. ¶¶ 25-26.
    “The General Indices consist of index cards on various subject matters
    that are searched either manually or though the automated indices.” 
    Id. ¶ 25.
    There are two
    categories of General Indices:
    (a) A “main” entry – A “main” entry, or “main” file, carries the
    name corresponding with a subject of a file contained in the CRS.
    (b) A “reference” entry – A “reference” entry, sometimes called a
    “cross reference,” is generally only a mere mention or reference to
    an individual, organization, or other subject matter, contained in a
    document located in another “main” file on a different subject
    matter.
    18
    
    Id. “Searches made
    in the General Indices to locate records concerning a particular subject, such
    as John A. Petrucelli, are made by searching the subject requested in the index.” 
    Id. ¶ 26.
    Since 1995, FBI Headquarters, Field Offices and Legal Attaches use the ACS system,
    which “consolidate[s] portions of the CRS that were previously automated.” 
    Id. ¶ 27.
    “Because
    the CRS cannot electronically query the case files for data, such as an individual’s name or
    [S]ocial [S]ecurity number, the required information is duplicated and moved to the ACS so that
    it can be searched.” 
    Id. “ACS consists
    of three integrated, yet separately functional, automated
    applications that support case management functions for all FBI investigative and administrative
    cases.” 
    Id. ¶ 28.
    The Investigative Case Management application “provides the ability to open,
    assign, and close investigative and administrative cases [and to] set, assign, and track leads.” 
    Id. ¶ 28(a).
    Each new case is assigned a Universal Case File Number, “which is utilized by all FBI
    field offices . . . and FBI [Headquarters] . . . conducting or assisting in the investigation.” 
    Id. The Electronic
    Case File application “serves as the . . . electronic repository for the FBI’s official
    text-based documents.” 
    Id. ¶ 28(b).
    The Universal Index application provides “a complete
    subject/case index to all investigative and administrative cases.” 
    Id. ¶ 28(c).
    The FBI does not
    index every name in its files; an FBI Special Agent assigned to an investigation decides which
    information is “pertinent, relevant, or essential for future retrieval,” and indexes the information
    accordingly. 
    Id. ¶ 29.
    Without an index “to this enormous amount of data, information essential
    to ongoing investigations could not be readily retrieved,” and the agency’s files “would thus be
    merely archival in nature.” 
    Id. “[T]he General
    Indices to the CRS are the means by which the
    FBI can determine what retrievable information, if any, [it] may have in its CRS files on a
    particular subject matter,” such as the plaintiff. 
    Id. 19 Electronic
    surveillance indices (“ELSUR”) “maintain information on a subject whose
    electronic and/or voice communications have been intercepted as a result of a consensual
    electronic surveillance and/or a court-ordered (and/or sought) electronic surveillance conducted
    by the FBI.” 
    Id. ¶ 30.
    “The ELSUR indices are a separate system of records from the CRS,” 
    id., and “include
    individuals who were the (a) targets of direct surveillance, (b) participants in
    monitored conversations, and (c) owners, leasers, or licensors of the premises where the FBI
    conducted electronic surveillance,” 
    id. ¶ 31.
    Both FBI Headquarters and FBI field offices
    maintain ELSUR indices. 
    Id. ¶¶ 30,
    33.
    In response to the plaintiff’s June 7, 2010 request, using the plaintiff’s name and
    variations of his name as search terms, FBI staff “conducted a search of the automated indices to
    the CRS to identify all potentially responsive main FBI Headquarters files indexed to John A.
    Petrucelli.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 35. In addition to any main FBI Headquarters files indexed to the
    plaintiff’s name, this search would have “identified any file indexed under [the] plaintiff’s name,
    including both main and/or cross-references, as well as any potentially responsive file from any
    FBI field office.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 22. The search identified two New York Field Office
    files. Id.; see Hardy Decl. ¶ 35. A search of the FBI’s ELSUR Indices, using the plaintiff’s
    name, variations of the plaintiff’s name, his date of birth, Social Security Number and FBI
    number as search terms, yielded no responsive records. Hardy Decl. ¶ 36.
    According to the FBI’s declarant, the CRS search in response to the plaintiff’s June 18,
    2004 request “was completed using the same search parameters,” yielding “files 281A-NY-
    25430 and 281A-NY-269024.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 23. Both files contained “various sub-
    files that were also processed for [the] plaintiff,” and were indeed “the same ones located in the
    search conducted in 2010.” 
    Id. Where responsive
    records “were from multi-subject
    20
    investigative files[,] only the portions of the files that pertained exclusively to [the plaintiff] were
    considered for processing.” 
    Id. ¶ 24.
    “Records pertaining to other subjects of the file were not
    considered responsive to [the] plaintiff’s request.” 
    Id. ¶ 25.
    The plaintiff challenges both the scope and the outcome of the FBI’s searches for
    responsive records. He opines that “[t]he FBI’s file should be at least five thousand pages long,”
    Pl.’s Opp’n at 3, and finds it “inconceivable that only 500 pages of records exist for this case,”
    
    id. at 1,
    particularly in light of the “seven-year investigation and prosecution under RICO [for]
    the murder of Paul Cicero,” 
    id., and the
    involvement of “numerous alleged co-conspirators,” 
    id. at 3.
    In addition, he objects to the FBI’s decision to limit its searches to records maintained in
    New York, notwithstanding his belief that records also may have been located in Washington,
    D.C. 
    Id. at 11.
    The FBI’s failure to produce particular documents, or the plaintiff’s “mere speculation
    that as yet uncovered documents might exist, does not undermine” the adequacy of the
    searches. Wilbur v. CIA, 
    355 F.3d 675
    , 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (per curiam). The declarant
    explains that the CRS searches would have located not only FBI Headquarters files indexed to
    the plaintiff’s name, but also any other file indexed to the plaintiff’s name, including “main
    and/or cross-references, as well as any potentially responsive file from any [FBI] field office.”
    Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 22. The Court concludes that the searches conducted by the FBI were
    reasonable under the circumstances of this case.
    21
    3. FOIA Exemptions 8
    a. Exemption 5
    FOIA Exemption 5 protects from disclosure “inter-agency or intra-agency memorand[a]
    or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with
    the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). “[T]he parameters of Exemption 5 are determined by
    reference to the protections available to litigants in civil discovery; if material is not available in
    discovery, it may be withheld from FOIA requesters.” Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human
    Servs., 
    87 F.3d 508
    , 516 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted); see NLRB v. Sears,
    Roebuck & Co., 
    421 U.S. 132
    , 148 (1975). This exemption “is interpreted to encompass . . .
    three evidentiary privileges: the deliberative process privilege, the attorney-client privilege, and
    the attorney work product privilege.” Tax Analysts v. IRS, 
    294 F.3d 71
    , 76 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see
    Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 
    905 F. Supp. 2d 161
    ,
    173 (D.D.C. 2012) (citations omitted).
    i. The Deliberative Process Privilege
    The deliberative process privilege “shields only government ‘materials which are both
    predecisional and deliberative.’” Tax Analysts v. IRS, 
    117 F.3d 607
    , 616 (D.C. Cir. 1997)
    (quoting Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 
    839 F.2d 768
    , 774 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (en
    8
    Both the EOUSA and the FBI withhold grand jury information under FOIA Exemption 3 in
    conjunction with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e). See Second Luczynski Decl. ¶¶ 18-
    20; Hardy Decl. ¶ 45. These DOJ components also withhold information obtained pursuant to
    wiretaps as is permissible under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520. See Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 21;
    Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 46-47. The plaintiff nowhere in his filings mentions FOIA Exemption 3 or the
    defendants’ legal arguments for withholding the grand jury and wiretap information found in the
    responsive records. As to these grounds for withholding responsive documents, the Court
    therefore will grant in part the defendant’s summary judgment motion as conceded.
    22
    banc)). “To show that a document is predecisional, the agency need not identify a specific final
    agency decision; it is sufficient to establish ‘what deliberative process is involved, and the role
    played by the documents at issue in the course of that process.’” Heggestad v. DOJ, 182 F.
    Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2000) (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 
    617 F.2d 854
    , 868 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). A document is “deliberative” if “it makes recommendations or
    expresses opinions on legal or policy matters.” Vaughn v. Rosen, 
    523 F.2d 1136
    , 1144 (D.C. Cir.
    1975). The deliberative process privilege is thought to “prevent injury to the quality of agency
    decisions.” Sears, 
    Roebuck, 421 U.S. at 151
    . Such protection is designed to encourage frank
    discussion of policy matters, prevent premature disclosure of proposed policies, and avoid public
    confusion that may result from disclosure of rationales that were not ultimately grounds for
    agency action. See, e.g., Russell v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 
    682 F.2d 1045
    , 1048 (D.C. Cir.
    1982).
    ii. The Attorney Work Product Privilege
    “The work-product doctrine shields materials ‘prepared in anticipation of litigation or for
    trial by or for another party or by or for that other party’s representative.’” Judicial Watch, Inc.
    v. DOJ, 
    432 F.3d 366
    , 369 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)); see Hickman v.
    Taylor, 
    329 U.S. 495
    (1947). Records may be withheld as attorney work product if they contain
    the “mental impressions, conclusions, opinions or legal theories of a party’s attorney” and were
    “prepared in anticipation of litigation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B); see Miller v. DOJ, 562 F.
    Supp. 2d 82, 115 (D.D.C. 2008) (concluding that documents which “reflect such matters as trial
    preparation, trial strategy, interpretation, personal evaluations and opinions pertinent to [a
    plaintiff’s] criminal case” qualify as attorney work product under FOIA Exemption 5);
    
    Heggestad, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 8
    (stating that the attorney work product privilege “covers factual
    23
    materials prepared in anticipation of litigation, as well as mental impressions, conclusions,
    opinions, and legal theories”).
    Both the deliberative process privilege and the attorney work product privilege may apply
    to the same information. See, e.g., 
    Miller, 562 F. Supp. 2d at 114-15
    (concluding that draft grand
    jury indictment, trial attorney certification and draft affidavit supporting a request for the
    plaintiff’s extradition were protected under Exemption 5 insofar as they reflected “predecisional
    communications among government personnel such as discussions of various litigation issues,
    alternatives, and strategies,” and “such matters as trial preparation, trial strategy, interpretation,
    personal evaluations and opinions pertinent to [the plaintiff’s] criminal case”); Heggestad, 182 F.
    Supp. 2d at 8-12 (concluding that prosecution memoranda prepared by attorneys to assist their
    superiors in determining whether to authorize prosecution of the targets of a criminal
    investigation prior to the final decision to prosecute properly were withheld under Exemption 5).
    The FBI “cite[s] the deliberative process privilege” as the basis for withholding in full an
    eight-page document, which the declarant describes as containing “a break down of the
    investigative steps used during the investigation of [the] plaintiff, and [which] was gathered and
    used by the prosecution prior to the trial of [the] plaintiff.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 51. The EOUSA
    relies on both the deliberative process privilege and the attorney work product privilege, see
    Luczynski Decl. ¶¶ 20-24; Second Luczynski Decl. ¶¶ 22-26, to protect records or portions of
    records identified as “drafts of an indictment, emails between attorneys, drafts of a prosecutorial
    memorandum, and . . . pages . . . [hand]written by attorneys preparing the case.” Second
    Luczynski Decl. ¶ 26. Its declarant states “[t]he records or portions of records” at issue “include
    information related to trial preparation, trial strategy, interpretations, and personal evaluations
    and opinions pertinent to [the] plaintiff’s criminal case,” as well as “deliberations concerning
    24
    asset forfeiture decisions [and] possible strategies as they relate to the case.” 
    Id. ¶ 24.
    “[I]n
    certain instances,” the declarant explains, the records “contain the deliberative process of the
    United States Attorney’s Office and other federal and state agencies in their consideration of
    possible criminal actions against [the] plaintiff.” 
    Id. ¶ 25.
    The records not only were “prepared
    by, or at the request or direction of an attorney, . . . in anticipation of, or during litigation,” 
    id. ¶ 24,
    but also included “pre-decisional communications among government personnel such as
    discussions of various litigation issues, alternatives, and strategies,” 
    id. ¶ 25.
    Thus, the declarant
    asserts, “[t]he attorney work product and deliberative process are so interwoven as to make . . .
    all [of the information], in essence, attorney work product.” 
    Id. ¶ 25.
    The plaintiff counters that “[t]he files of the EOUSA are not all attorney work product or
    all attorney-client communications.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 21. Rather, he argues, because these files
    “should contain voluminous materials from the FBI and NY State Police,” they “are law
    enforcement records and not prepared under the direction of an attorney.” 
    Id. He contends,
    therefore, that FOIA Exemption 7, not FOIA Exemption 5, should apply. 
    Id. Further, the
    plaintiff asserts that the records should be processed under FOIA Exemption 7, analyzed for
    privilege, and any “[w]ithheld records should be accounted for in a privilege log, which in this
    context becomes part of the [d]efendant’s Vaughn Index.” 
    Id. The Court
    rejects the plaintiff’s
    arguments for the following reasons.
    The plaintiff merely speculates as to the content of records maintained by the EOUSA.
    The declarant does not indicate that the EOUSA acquired records originating with the New York
    State Police. Moreover, insofar as the EOUSA’s records included records originating with the
    FBI, the declarant explains that these records had been referred to the FBI. See Luczynski Decl.
    ¶¶ 10-11; Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 10. The plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the records or
    25
    portions of records withheld under FOIA Exemption 5 are law enforcement records to which
    FOIA Exemption 7 applies, or that these DOJ components are obligated to account for privileged
    material by any means other than through their supporting declarations. “The function of
    a Vaughn index is essentially to ‘enable[] the adversary system to operate by giving the requester
    as much information as possible, on the basis of which he can present his case to the trial court.’”
    Coleman v. FBI, 
    972 F. Supp. 5
    , 7 (D.D.C. 1997) (alteration in original) (quoting Keys v.
    DOJ, 
    830 F.2d 337
    , 349 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). The focus is on the function of the Vaughn index, not
    its format, see Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FDA, 
    449 F.3d 141
    , 146 (D.C. Cir. 2006), and documents
    need not be Bates-stamped or otherwise numbered, see Brown v. DOJ, 
    734 F. Supp. 2d 99
    , 104
    (D.D.C. 2010). So long as the agency’s supporting declaration “provide[s] a relatively detailed
    justification, specifically identif[ying] the reasons why a particular exemption is relevant and
    correlat[ing] those claims with the particular part of a withheld document to which they apply,”
    Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Air Force, 
    566 F.2d 242
    , 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977), a separate
    Vaughn index is not required.
    b. Exemption 7
    i. Law Enforcement Records
    FOIA Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law
    enforcement purposes,” but only to the extent that disclosure would cause an enumerated harm.
    5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see FBI v. Abramson, 
    456 U.S. 615
    , 622 (1982). “To show that . . .
    documents were compiled for law enforcement purposes, the [agency] need only establish a
    rational nexus between [an] investigation and one of the agency’s law enforcement duties and a
    connection between an individual or incident and a possible security risk or violation of federal
    26
    law.” Blackwell v. FBI, 
    646 F.3d 37
    , 40 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citations
    omitted).
    The EOUSA’s declarant asserts that its responsive records were “compiled for law
    enforcement purposes – namely, to facilitate the investigation and criminal prosecution of the
    [plaintiff].” Luczynski Decl. ¶ 25; Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 27. The FBI’s declarant avers that
    “[d]ocuments responsive to [the] plaintiff’s request relate to the FBI’s investigation of [the]
    plaintiff related to organized crime activity and murder, . . . racketeering activity and
    murder/kidnapping (murder in aid of racketeering).” Hardy Decl. ¶ 53. The declarants
    adequately establish, and the plaintiff does not dispute, that the responsive records at issue in this
    case were compiled for law enforcement purposes within the scope of FOIA Exemption 7.
    ii. Exemption 7(C) 9
    FOIA Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure information in law enforcement records
    that “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5
    U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). In determining whether this exemption applies to particular information,
    the Court must balance the interest in privacy of individuals mentioned in the records against the
    public interest in disclosure. See ACLU v. DOJ, 
    655 F.3d 1
    , 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The privacy
    interest at stake belongs to the individual, not the government agency, see DOJ v. Reporters
    Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 
    489 U.S. 749
    , 763-65 (1989), and “individuals have a strong
    9
    The FBI generally asserts FOIA Exemption 6 in conjunction with FOIA Exemption 7(C)
    when withholding information that could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted
    invasion of the personal privacy of third parties. Hardy Decl. ¶ 54 n.16. The Court finds that
    the information identified as protected by these two exemptions is protected under FOIA
    Exemption 7(C) alone, and it therefore need not consider FOIA Exemption 6 separately with
    respect to the same information. See Roth v. DOJ, 
    642 F.3d 1161
    , 1173 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
    27
    interest in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity,” Stern v. FBI, 
    737 F.2d 84
    , 91-92 (D.C. Cir. 1984). When balancing an individual’s privacy interest against the
    public interest in disclosure, “the only public interest relevant for purposes of Exemption 7(C) is
    one that focuses on ‘the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to.’”
    Davis v. DOJ, 
    968 F.2d 1276
    , 1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting Reporters 
    Comm., 489 U.S. at 773
    ). It is a FOIA requester’s obligation to articulate a public interest sufficient to outweigh an
    individual’s privacy interest, and the public interest must be significant. See Nat’l Archives and
    Records Admin. v. Favish, 
    541 U.S. 157
    , 172 (2004).
    Law Enforcement Personnel
    Under FOIA Exemption 7(C), the EOUSA withholds “the identit[ies] of third party
    individuals, such as . . . law enforcement personnel.” Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 28. Its declarant
    explains that disclosure of such information “could subject [them] to an unwarranted invasion of
    their personal privacy.” 
    Id. He further
    explains that “[r]elease of such personal identifiers could
    result in . . . efforts to gain further access to [these third parties] or to personal information about
    them – or subject them to harassment, harm, or exposure to unwanted and/or derogatory
    publicity and inferences – all to their detriment.” 
    Id. The EOUSA
    could not identify a
    “countervailing public interest in the release of this privacy-protected information, because its
    dissemination would not help explain government activities and operations nor did the public’s
    interest in the disclosure of this information outweigh the third-party individuals’ privacy rights
    in the information withheld.” 
    Id. ¶ 29.
    Similarly, the FBI withholds the names of and identifying information about “FBI
    [Special Agents]. . . responsible for conducting, supervising, and/or maintaining the investigative
    28
    activities reported in the documents responsive to [the] plaintiff’s request,” Hardy Decl. ¶ 58, as
    well as the same information concerning “state and/or local law enforcement employees,” 
    id. ¶ 63.
    Its declarant explains that Special Agents “conduct official inquiries into violations of
    various criminal statutes and national security cases.” 
    Id. ¶ 59.
    In the performance of their
    duties, such as conducting searches and making arrests, the agents “come into contact with all
    strata of society” and create “serious disturbances to people and their lives.” 
    Id. “It is
    possible,”
    the declarant states, that “an individual targeted by such law enforcement actions [might] carry a
    grudge which may last for years, and . . . seek revenge on the agents involved in a particular
    investigation.” 
    Id. Thus, any
    publicity resulting from the release of agents’ identities “in
    connection with a particular investigation could trigger hostility toward” those “agent[s].” 
    Id. Moreover, publicity
    “regarding any particular investigation to which they have been assigned
    may seriously prejudice their effectiveness in conducting other investigations.” 
    Id. ¶ 58.
    Accordingly, the declarant states, “disclosure of this information . . . could reasonably be
    expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of their personal privacy.” 
    Id. ¶ 59.
    The FBI applies a similar rationale for its decision to withhold the names of and
    identifying information about “state and/or local law enforcement employees,” including
    members of the New York Police Department and the Yonkers Police Department. 
    Id. ¶ 63.
    The
    declarant explains that “[t]hese employees were acting in their official capacities and aided the
    FBI in its law enforcement efforts,” and that disclosure of their identities “could subject them . . .
    to unofficial inquiries not anticipated in connection with their assistance to the FBI.” 
    Id. The FBI
    identifies no public interest to be served if their identities were disclosed. See 
    id. ¶¶ 59-60.
    The plaintiff’s first challenge pertains to the privacy interests of these law enforcement
    officers. Citing Butler v. DOJ, No. 86-2255, 
    1994 WL 55621
    (D.D.C. Feb. 3, 1994), the plaintiff
    29
    asserts that “FBI agents and other law enforcement personnel ‘may not have as great a claim to
    privacy as that afforded ordinarily to private citizens.’” Pl.’s Opp’n at 16 (quoting Butler, 
    1994 WL 55621
    , at *5) (quoting Lesar v. DOJ, 
    636 F.2d 472
    , 487 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). Even if
    “Exemption 7(C) . . . protect[s] the identity of FBI agents involved in investigations when their
    interest in not being harassed in the performance of their official duties outweighs the public
    interest in disclosure,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 16, the plaintiff suggests that protection is not warranted in
    this case, particularly where “the defendant has made bald claims, unsupported by any factual
    evidence, that the release of these names will subject the FBI supervisory agent to harassment,”
    
    id. at 17
    (quoting Butler, 
    1994 WL 55621
    , at *5) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    Admittedly, there is no “blanket exemption for the names of all FBI agents in all
    documents.” Baez v. DOJ, 
    647 F.2d 1328
    , 1339 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (footnote and citation omitted).
    However, even if these law enforcement personnel “may not have as great a claim to privacy as
    that afforded ordinarily to private citizens,” they do not “by virtue of [their] official status . . .
    forgo altogether any privacy claim in matters related to official business.” 
    Lesar, 636 F.2d at 487
    . They retain “a legitimate interest in preserving the secrecy of matters that conceivably
    could subject them to annoyance or harassment in either their official or private lives.” Id.; see
    also Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-5223,
    
    2014 WL 1284811
    , at *5 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 1, 2014) (notwithstanding the “well-publicized
    announcement” by the former Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives
    confirming that “he had been, but was no longer, under investigation” by the FBI, he “retained a
    second, distinct privacy interest in the contents of the investigative files” sought by the
    requester). Accordingly, “[w]hile an individual’s official position may enter the 7(C) balance, it
    30
    does not determine, of its own accord, that the privacy interest is outweighed.” Bast v. DOJ, 
    665 F.2d 1251
    , 1254-55 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (citation omitted).
    In the face of law enforcement officers’ legitimate privacy interests, it is the plaintiff’s
    burden to demonstrate the existence of a public interest that outweighs those privacy interests.
    See Reporters 
    Comm., 489 U.S. at 774-76
    . The plaintiff’s personal interest in “seeking
    documents that should have been produced and made available to him at his criminal trial,” Pl.’s
    Opp’n at 27, does not suffice. See, e.g., Oguaju v. United States, 
    288 F.3d 448
    , 450 (D.C. Cir.
    2002) (finding that a requester’s “personal stake in using the requested records to attack his
    convictions does not count in the calculation of the public interest”), vacated and remanded, 
    541 U.S. 970
    (2004), on remand, 
    378 F.3d 1115
    (D.C. Cir. 2004) (reaffirming prior decision), cert.
    denied, 
    544 U.S. 983
    (2005); Engelking v. DEA, 
    119 F.3d 980
    , 980-81 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (per
    curiam) (“To the extent [the appellant] argues that he seeks exculpatory information, [his]
    personal need for information is immaterial to whether that information is protected from
    disclosure by one of the exemptions to the FOIA.”); Brown v. DOJ, 
    742 F. Supp. 2d 126
    , 133
    (D.D.C. 2010) (“Assuming that plaintiff seeks documents responsive to his request in order to
    challenge his conviction and/or bring to light possible government misconduct, the Court finds
    that plaintiff has not demonstrated that either of these reasons constitute[s] a ‘significant’ public
    interest in documents concerning [a third party].”). Nor does the plaintiff’s assertion of a
    generic public “interest in the administration of justice,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 26, suffice. See, e.g.,
    McCutchen v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 
    30 F.3d 183
    , 188 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“A mere
    desire to review how an agency is doing its job, coupled with allegations that it is not, does not
    create a public interest sufficient to override the privacy interests protected by Exemption
    7(C).”). Absent production by the plaintiff of “evidence that would warrant a belief by a
    31
    reasonable person that . . . Government impropriety might have occurred,” Sussman v. U.S.
    Marshals Serv., 
    494 F.3d 1106
    , 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting 
    Favish, 541 U.S. at 174
    ), the
    plaintiff cannot demonstrate the existence of a public interest calling for the release of
    information pertaining to these third parties.
    Here, the Court concludes that the FBI Special Agents and other law enforcement
    personnel mentioned in the relevant records have legitimate privacy interests sufficient to
    outweigh any public interest in disclosure of their names or identifying information about them.
    See, e.g., Stone v. FBI, 
    727 F. Supp. 662
    , 664-65 (D.D.C. 1990) (recognizing the privacy
    interests of the non-supervisory FBI Special Agents and Los Angeles Police Department officers
    named in the FBI’s file on the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy), aff’d per curiam, No. 90-
    5065, 
    1990 WL 134431
    , at *1 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 14, 1990). The EOUSA and the FBI therefore
    properly withhold this information under FOIA Exemption 7(C). See, e.g., Thompson v. DOJ,
    
    851 F. Supp. 2d 89
    , 99 (D.D.C. 2012) (protecting the names of and identifying information about
    FBI Special Agents and support personnel, third parties with investigative interest to the FBI,
    third parties merely mentioned in documents related to the FBI’s criminal investigation of
    plaintiff, local law enforcement officers, and third parties interviewed by the FBI during the
    investigation); Lasko v. DOJ, 
    684 F. Supp. 2d 120
    , 133 (D.D.C. 2010) (protecting the identities
    of DEA Special Agents and state and local law enforcement officers), aff’d per curiam, No. 10-
    5068, 
    2010 WL 3521595
    , at *1 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 3, 2010); Richardson v. DOJ, 
    730 F. Supp. 2d 225
    , 236 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[T]he EOUSA properly [withheld] the identities of and personal
    information about all the third parties mentioned in the records responsive to plaintiff's FOIA
    request, whether or not these third parties are law enforcement officers or support personnel.”).
    32
    Other Third Parties
    The FBI withholds the names of and identifying information about “third parties who
    provided information to the FBI during the course of the investigations of [the] plaintiff.” Hardy
    Decl. ¶ 56. The declarant explains that the FBI relies on information obtained from individuals
    during interviews, and in the agency’s experience, such interviewees typically “fear that their
    identit[ies] may be exposed and, consequently, that they could be harassed, intimidated, or
    threatened with legal consequences, economic reprisal, or possible physical harm.” 
    Id. ¶ 57.
    The FBI addresses these fears through assurances “that their names and personally-identifying
    information will be held in the strictest confidence.” 
    Id. In addition,
    the FBI withholds the names of and identifying information about “third
    parties . . . [who] were of investigative interest to the FBI because of their criminal activities.”
    
    Id. ¶ 61.
    The declarant explains that “[d]isclosure of [their] identities could subject them to
    harassment, embarrassment and could cause undue public attention.” 
    Id. Similarly, the
    agency
    withholds information about “third parties merely mentioned in documents related to the FBI’s
    investigation of [the] plaintiff.” 
    Id. ¶ 62.
    Such information found its way into FBI records in
    this case “during the course of its investigation into [the] plaintiff’s possible involvement in
    drugs, organized crime, and murder,” and its release, the declarant states, would reveal the
    individuals’ connection to a criminal investigation, carrying with it “an extremely negative
    connotation.” 
    Id. These third
    parties thus would be subjected “to possible harassment or
    criticism” or “derogatory inferences and suspicion.” 
    Id. The names
    of and information about FBI support personnel, 
    id. ¶ 60,
    and “non-FBI
    federal government personnel,” 
    id. ¶ 64,
    are also withheld under FOIA Exemption 7(C). FBI
    33
    support personnel, the declarant explains, “were assigned to handle tasks related to the official
    investigation into [the] plaintiff,” and “were, and possibly are, in a position to access information
    regarding official law enforcement investigations,” and thus “could become targets of harassing
    inquiries for unauthorized access to investigations if their identities were released.” 
    Id. ¶ 60.
    The same rationale applies to the FBI’s decision to withhold identifying information about non-
    FBI federal employees. 
    Id. ¶ 64.
    In none of these circumstances does the FBI find a public
    interest sufficient to outweigh the privacy interests of these third parties. 
    Id. ¶¶ 57,
    60-62, 65.
    The EOUSA withholds “the identit[ies] of third party individuals, such as potential
    witnesses” under FOIA Exemption 7(C). Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 28. “Release of such
    personal identifiers,” the declarant states, “could result in unwarranted efforts to gain further
    access to [them] or to personal information about them – or subject them to harassment, harm, or
    exposure to unwanted and/or derogatory publicity and inferences.” 
    Id. The plaintiff
    argues that the defendant “may not withhold the names of the third parties
    mentioned in the documents, unless the information about them is private in nature.” Pl.’s Opp’n
    at 16. He further asserts that “[w]itnesses expect their names and testimony to be revealed in a
    hearing,” for example, and therefore their privacy interests do not prevail. 
    Id. “As a
    general rule, third-party identifying information contained in [law enforcement]
    records is ‘categorically exempt’ from disclosure.” Lazaridis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 
    934 F. Supp. 2d
    21, 38 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Nation Magazine v. U.S. Customs Serv., 
    71 F.3d 885
    , 896
    (D.C. Cir. 1995)); see 
    Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 41
    (“As a result of Exemption 7(C), FOIA
    ordinarily does not require disclosure of law enforcement documents (or portions thereof) that
    contain private information.”). “FOIA Exemption 7(C) takes particular note of the strong
    34
    interest of individuals, whether they be suspects, witnesses, or investigators, in not being
    associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity.” Dunkelberger v. DOJ, 
    906 F.2d 779
    ,
    781 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Fitzgibbon v.
    CIA, 
    911 F.2d 755
    , 768 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (“It is surely beyond dispute that the mention of an
    individual’s name in a law enforcement file will engender comment and speculation and carries a
    stigmatizing connotation.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); 
    Stern, 737 F.2d at 91
    (recognizing that a government “employee has at least a minimal privacy interest in his or her
    employment history and job performance evaluations”).
    The plaintiff offers no support for the proposition that the third parties whose identities
    have been protected under FOIA Exemption 7(C) have waived their privacy interests in any way,
    even if any of these individuals had already testified in open court. See, e.g., Jones v. FBI, 
    41 F.3d 238
    , 247 (6th Cir. 1994) (rejecting the “plaintiff’s argument that certain agents waived 7(C)
    protection by testifying at plaintiff’s habeas proceeding”). And these third parties maintain an
    interest in their personal privacy even if the plaintiff already knows, or is able to guess, their
    identities. See Weisberg v. DOJ, 
    745 F.2d 1476
    , 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
    iii. Exemption 7(D)
    FOIA Exemption 7(D) protects from disclosure those records or information compiled
    for law enforcement purposes that
    could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a
    confidential source . . . [who] furnished information on a
    confidential basis, and, in the case of a record or information
    compiled by criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a
    criminal investigation . . ., information furnished by a confidential
    source.
    35
    5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D). There is no general “presumption that a source is confidential within
    the meaning of [FOIA] Exemption 7(D) whenever [a] source provides information [to a law
    enforcement agency] in the course of a criminal investigation.” DOJ v. Landano, 
    508 U.S. 165
    ,
    181 (1993). Rather, a source’s confidentiality must be determined on a case-by-case basis. 
    Id. at 179-80.
    “A source is confidential within the meaning of [E]xemption 7(D) if the source
    ‘provided information under an express assurance of confidentiality or in circumstances from
    which such an assurance could be reasonably inferred.’” Williams v. FBI, 
    69 F.3d 1155
    , 1159
    (D.C. Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (quoting 
    Landano, 508 U.S. at 170-74
    ).
    Express Assurance of Confidentiality
    Where an agency withholds information provided under an express grant of
    confidentiality, it “is required to come forward with probative evidence that the source did in fact
    receive an express grant of confidentiality.” Davin v. DOJ, 
    60 F.3d 1043
    , 1061 (3d Cir. 1995).
    Such
    [p]roof could take the form of declarations from the agents who
    extended the express grants of confidentiality, contemporaneous
    documents from the FBI files reflecting the express grants of
    confidentiality, evidence of a consistent policy of expressly
    granting confidentiality to certain designated sources during the
    relevant time period, or other such evidence that comports with the
    Federal Rules of Evidence.
    
    Id. Here, the
    FBI makes the necessary showing; however, the EOUSA does not.
    The FBI has withheld “the name [of], identifying data [about] and information . . .
    concerning plaintiff’s violent criminal activities” provided by several individuals under an
    express assurance of confidentiality. Hardy Decl. ¶ 71. The declarant explains that “the words
    ‘PROTECT IDENTITY’ [appear] when [each] individual’s name is referenced in the file,”
    36
    which is “a positive indication of an express assurance of confidentiality.” 
    Id. According to
    the
    declarant, “[a]ll of the individuals would reasonably fear that disclosure of their identit[ies]
    would place them in danger since they provided information related to the FBI’s investigation
    into [the] plaintiff’s violent criminal activities.” 
    Id. The FBI
    has also withheld “the informant file number of a permanent confidential
    symbol number source,” described by the declarant as an informant who regularly provides
    information to the FBI under an express assurance of confidentiality and to whom a unique
    number is assigned. 
    Id. ¶ 72.
    According to the FBI’s declarant, “[d]isclosure of the confidential
    source file number[] at various times and in various documents could ultimately identify [this
    source by] reveal[ing] the connections [between the] confidential informant[] to the information
    [he or she] provided.” 
    Id. ¶ 73.
    “Repeated release[s],” according to the declarant, of a
    confidential source file number along with the information he or she provided would “narrow the
    possibilities of [his or her] true identity.” 
    Id. The FBI
    has therefore presented “probative evidence that the source[s] did in fact receive
    . . . express grant[s] of confidentiality,” 
    Davin, 60 F.3d at 1061
    , and that its decision to withhold
    information under FOIA Exemption 7(D) is proper. See, e.g., Roth v. DOJ, 
    642 F.3d 1161
    , 1185
    (D.C. Cir. 2011) (protecting FBI source-symbol-number informants); Willis v. DOJ, 581 F.
    Supp. 2d 57, 77 (D.D.C. 2008) (protecting source where the phrase “Protect Identity” appears
    after the individual’s name in the responsive records).
    The EOUSA also purports to withhold “information . . . provided with an express
    assurance of confidentiality.” Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 34. Its declarant, however, merely
    makes a “bald assertion that express assurances were given,” proffering “little more than
    37
    recitation of the statutory standard, which [the D.C. Circuit has] held is insufficient,” Billington
    v. DOJ, 
    233 F.3d 581
    , 584 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Its declaration is so lacking in detail that the Court
    cannot determine whether there is a valid basis to invoke FOIA Exemption 7(D) with respect to
    the confidential source or sources.
    Implied Assurance of Confidentiality
    “When no express assurance of confidentiality exists, courts consider a number of factors
    to determine whether the source nonetheless spoke with an understanding that the
    communication would remain confidential.” 
    Roth, 642 F.3d at 1184
    (internal quotation marks
    and citation omitted). The FBI has withheld “the names, identifying information, and
    investigative information concerning [the] plaintiff’s violent criminal activities provided by third
    parties under an implied assurance of confidentiality.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 69. Specifically, it
    withheld “portions of interviews where the release of the information could clearly identify the
    source of that information.” 
    Id. ¶ 70.
    “The mere fact that a person . . . provides information to a law enforcement agency does
    not render that person a confidential source within the meaning of [FOIA Exemption] 7(D).”
    Campbell v. DOJ, 
    164 F.3d 20
    , 34 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks and citation
    omitted). Rather, “[t]he nature of the crime . . . investigated and the source’s relation to it” are
    factors relevant to determining whether implied confidentiality exists,” 
    Landano, 508 U.S. at 180
    . The FBI’s declarant states only that “[t]he sensitivity of the information, and the position of
    the sources, are such that it may be inferred that the information was provided with the
    expectation of confidentiality,” Hardy Decl. ¶ 70, without having explained adequately the
    connection between the plaintiff’s criminal activities and the protected informant or informants
    38
    and the nature of the information provided. The FBI has thus failed to demonstrate that it
    properly withheld information under FOIA Exemption 7(D) with respect to source(s) who
    purportedly provided information to the FBI under an implied assurance of confidentiality.
    The EOUSA fares better in its application of FOIA Exemption 7(D) “to protect
    individuals who provided information as confidential sources during a criminal investigation
    (both their identit[ies] and the information provided), disclosure of which would likely produce
    a disastrous impact upon the ability to ever obtain such investigative information again, as it
    would create a chilling effect upon the free-flow of information essential to resolve criminal
    prosecutions.” Luczynski Decl. ¶ 29. In addition, the declarant states, disclosure of this
    information would render these informants “targets of harassment or other forms of reprisal.”
    Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 31. In support of the EOUSA’s position, the declarant notes that the
    “plaintiff was . . . convicted . . . of a retaliatory murder – a revenge killing that is connected to a
    racketeering enterprise where [the plaintiff’s] accomplices are surely likely to continue the
    endeavor.” 
    Id. ¶ 33.
    The informants at issue, the declarant explains, “supplied information to
    law enforcement officers in connection with the enterprise, which is characterized as violent.”
    
    Id. For this
    reason, the declarant asserts that the informants “were interviewed under
    circumstances in which the assurance of confidentiality may be implied since they were
    reporting on fraudulent activities of an organized crime group involving plaintiff and others,”
    and “[i]t can [also] be implied that these individuals would reasonably fear that disclosure of
    their identit[ies] would place them in danger.” 
    Id. The plaintiff
    contends that any “[i]nformation relating to informants disclosed at trial has
    been officially acknowledged and must be processed along with any other responsive
    information.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 17. Accordingly, he argues, FOIA Exemption 7(D) does not apply
    39
    to “any informant files or documents relating to acknowledged informants and co-operating
    witnesses and co-defendants, such as Joseph DeFede, Michael Zanfardino, Darryn Mazzarella
    and Sean McKernan.” 
    Id. at 18.
    However, “once an informant’s confidentiality has been
    established, almost nothing can eviscerate Exemption 7(D) protection.” Reiter v. DEA, No. 96-
    0378, 
    1997 WL 470108
    at *6 (D.D.C. Aug. 13, 1997), aff’d, No. 97-5246, 
    1998 WL 202247
    (D.C. Cir. Mar. 3, 1998). The exemption makes no mention of waiver, and courts literally
    interpreting it generally have held that “once the agency receives information from a
    ‘confidential source’ during the course of a legitimate criminal investigation . . . all such
    information obtained from the confidential source receives protection.” Parker v. DOJ, 
    934 F.2d 375
    , 380 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (citing 
    Lesar, 636 F.2d at 492
    & n.114). Ultimately, protection of
    information under FOIA Exemption 7(D) depends on whether the source spoke with
    confidentiality, “even after the source has been revealed to the requester or when the requester
    knows the source’s identity.” Reiter, 
    1997 WL 470108
    , at *6 (citations omitted); see Moffat v.
    DOJ, 
    716 F.3d 244
    , 253 (1st Cir. 2013) (“Exemption 7(D)’s shield does not necessarily
    disappear when some fraction of the information requested has come to light.”), cert. denied, __
    U.S. __, 
    134 S. Ct. 950
    (2014).
    Under the circumstances presented here by the EOUSA’s declarant, where the plaintiff
    has been involved in organized crime and has been convicted of a revenge killing related to that
    activity, it is reasonable to conclude that the informants provided information under an implied
    assurance of confidentiality. See, e.g., 
    Miller, 562 F. Supp. 2d at 123
    (protecting interviewees
    who provided detailed information about activities of the requester and his associates,
    particularly given requester’s history of kidnapping, murder and dismemberment of bodies);
    Truesdale v. DOJ, No. 03-1332, 
    2005 WL 3294004
    , at *7 (D.D.C. Dec. 5, 2005) (protecting
    40
    witnesses to drug trafficking activities of a requester who had been “convicted of engaging in a
    continuing criminal enterprise, a conspiracy to distribute cocaine, and firearms offenses”).
    iv. Exemption 7(E)
    FOIA Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure law enforcement records “to the extent
    that the production of such . . . information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law
    enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement
    investigations or prosecutions . . . if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk
    circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). Under FOIA Exemption 7(E), the FBI
    “protects procedures and techniques used by FBI agents to conduct criminal investigations.”
    Hardy Decl. ¶ 76. According to the FBI’s declarant, “[d]isclosure of this information could
    enable subjects of FBI investigations to circumvent similar currently used techniques and
    procedures by law enforcement,” such that “[t]he relative benefit of these techniques and
    procedures could be diminished,” in turn “facilitat[ing] the accumulation of information by other
    investigative subjects regarding the circumstances under which these techniques and procedures
    were used or requested and the value of the information obtained.” 
    Id. Contrary to
    the
    plaintiff’s argument that FOIA Exemption 7(E) “doesn’t exempt routine techniques and
    procedures already known to the public,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 19, “even commonly known procedures
    may be protected from disclosure if the disclosure could reduce or nullify their effectiveness.”
    Judicial Watch v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 
    337 F. Supp. 2d 146
    , 181 (D.D.C. 2004) (citations
    omitted). While the FBI’s position may have merit, its showing is deficient due to its “near-
    verbatim recitation of the statutory standard.” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in
    Washington, 
    2014 WL 1284811
    , at *13. The FBI is obligated to “at least provide some
    explanation of what procedures are involved and how they would be disclosed.” 
    Id. From what
    41
    has been provided, the Court neither can determine whether FOIA Exemption 7(E) applies with
    respect to the information withheld nor whether any reasonably segregable information can be
    disclosed.
    v. Exemption 7(F)
    FOIA Exemption 7(F) protects from disclosure information contained in law enforcement
    records that “could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any
    individual.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(F). “While courts generally have applied [FOIA] Exemption
    7(F) to protect law enforcement personnel or other specified third parties, by its terms, the
    exemption is not so limited; it may be invoked to protect ‘any individual’ reasonably at risk of
    harm.” Long v. DOJ, 
    450 F. Supp. 2d 42
    , 79 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(F));
    see Gonzalez v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, No. 04-2281, 
    2005 WL 3201009
    , at
    *10 (D.D.C. Nov. 9, 2005) (protecting identities of undercover DEA agents); Durham v. DOJ,
    
    829 F. Supp. 428
    , 434 (D.D.C. 1993) (protecting third parties, some of whom requested
    placement in Federal Witness Protection Program, with knowledge of murder the plaintiff
    committed). “In reviewing claims under [FOIA E]xemption 7(F), courts have inquired whether
    there is some nexus between disclosure and possible harm and whether the deletions were
    narrowly made to avert the possibility of such harm.” Antonelli v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 
    623 F. Supp. 2d 55
    , 58 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Albuquerque Pub. Co. v. DOJ, 
    726 F. Supp. 851
    , 858
    (D.D.C. 1989)); see Linn v. DOJ, No. 92-1406, 
    1995 WL 631847
    , at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 22, 1995)
    (noting court’s inquiry as to “whether there is some nexus between disclosure and possible
    harm”). Within limits, the court defers to the agency’s assessment of danger. See Garcia v.
    DOJ, 
    181 F. Supp. 2d 356
    , 378 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (quoting Linn, 
    1995 WL 631847
    , at *9).
    42
    The FBI withholds a source’s identifying information on the ground that its release would
    place him or her at great risk, and particularly did so here “[i]n light of both the detailed nature of
    the information [he or she] has provided to the FBI and the fact that [the] plaintiff is serving a
    life sentence for racketeering and murder/kidnapping (murder in aid of racketeering[)].” Hardy
    Decl. ¶ 78. This broad statement may not alone establish the requisite nexus between the
    disclosure of the information and any potential danger to the source. However, when coupled
    with the nature of the plaintiff’s criminal activity – particularly his conviction of murder in
    furtherance of racketeering – the FBI manages to support its decision to withhold identifying
    information about and information provided by this source.
    The EOUSA offers a somewhat muddled explanation for withholding records and
    portions of records under FOIA Exemption 7(F) alone and in some instances in conjunction with
    other exemptions, particularly FOIA Exemption 7(C). See Second Luczynski Decl. ¶¶ 36-37.
    The agency appears to withhold in full “an internal memorandum from the AUSA in the
    Southern District of New York,” which “explained in detail [the plaintiff’s] conviction for
    murder in aid of racketeering and imposition of a life sentence.” 
    Id. ¶ 36.
    Its declarant mentions
    a “closely related case . . . which also charges violent organized-crime racketeering [and]
    involves many of the same witnesses [and] evidence,” and also mentions the fact that the
    plaintiff “was a target of an investigation into witness tampering and intimidation.” 
    Id. The EOUSA
    ’s declarant represents that “[t]he release of any records or information regarding the
    case could reasonably be expected to interfere with law enforcement proceedings,” 
    id., but he
    does not clarify whether the case he is referring to is the plaintiff’s case or the case of another
    43
    suspect or criminal defendant. 10 And even if “[m]any . . . documents consist of reports of
    interviews of victims of crimes committed by [the plaintiff], his co-conspirators, and co-
    racketeers” and include “information about the victims’ relatives,” 
    id., the declarant
    only states
    in conclusory fashion that no information can be released. Lastly, the declaration does not
    distinguish clearly which withholdings have been made under FOIA Exemption 7(F) alone, and
    which are made “in conjunction with other exemptions, particularly [FOIA Exemption 7(C)].”
    
    Id. ¶ 37.
    The Court therefore cannot determine based on the existing record whether the
    EOUSA’s reliance on FOIA Exemption 7(F) is proper.
    III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
    For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that the BOP conducted reasonable
    searches for records responsive to the plaintiff’s FOIA requests, and that it properly has withheld
    information under FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(F). In addition, the Court concludes that the
    EOUSA and the FBI have conducted reasonable searches for information responsive to the
    plaintiff’s FOIA requests, and that their withholdings under FOIA Exemptions 3, 5 and 7(C)
    were proper. In these respects, the Court grants summary judgment for the defendant. However,
    because the EOUSA failed to justify its decisions to withhold information under FOIA
    Exemptions 7(D) (express grant of confidentiality) and 7(F), and because the FBI failed to
    adequately justify its decisions to withhold information under FOIA Exemptions 7(D) (implied
    assurance of confidentiality) and 7(E), the Court denies summary judgment without prejudice as
    to the assertion of these exemptions. The Court defers its ruling on segregability.
    10
    The declarant’s reference to law enforcement proceedings suggests that FOIA Exemption
    7(A) may be applicable, notwithstanding a prior assertion, see Second Luczynski Decl. ¶ 6 &
    n.1, that the EOUSA no longer relies on FOIA Exemption 7(A).
    44
    Accordingly, in accordance with this Memorandum Opinion and the Order issued on
    March 31, 2014, it is hereby
    ORDERED that the Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss or, Alternatively, Motion
    for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 40] is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART
    WITHOUT PREJUDICE; it is
    FURTHER ORDERED that the plaintiff’s Motion for Judicial Notice [ECF No. 43], his
    Motion Pursuant to Rule 18 and/or 20(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure [ECF No. 46],
    and Plaintiff’s Motion to File Sur-reply [ECF No. 69] are DENIED; and it is
    FURTHER ORDERED that, within 45 days of this Order, the parties either shall submit a
    joint proposed schedule for further proceeding in this case, or shall file renewed dispositive
    motions.
    SO ORDERED.
    DATE: June 27, 2014                                   /s/
    REGGIE B. WALTON
    United States District Judge
    45
    

Document Info

Docket Number: Civil Action No. 2011-1780

Citation Numbers: 51 F. Supp. 3d 142, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87652, 2014 WL 2919285

Judges: Judge Reggie B. Walton

Filed Date: 6/27/2014

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 11/7/2024

Authorities (56)

Garcia v. United States Department of Justice, Office of ... , 181 F. Supp. 2d 356 ( 2002 )

Long v. United States Department of Justice , 450 F. Supp. 2d 42 ( 2006 )

Antonelli v. Federal Bureau of Prisons , 623 F. Supp. 2d 55 ( 2009 )

Span v. United States Department of Justice , 696 F. Supp. 2d 113 ( 2010 )

Richardson v. United States Department of Justice , 730 F. Supp. 2d 225 ( 2010 )

Lasko v. United States Department of Justice , 684 F. Supp. 2d 120 ( 2010 )

Mead Data Central, Inc. v. United States Department of the ... , 566 F.2d 242 ( 1977 )

Tax Analysts v. Internal Revenue Service , 294 F.3d 71 ( 2002 )

Hickman v. Taylor , 329 U.S. 495 ( 1947 )

Federal Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson , 102 S. Ct. 2054 ( 1982 )

United States Department of Justice v. Landano , 113 S. Ct. 2014 ( 1993 )

National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish , 124 S. Ct. 1570 ( 2004 )

Brown v. U.S. Department of Justice , 742 F. Supp. 2d 126 ( 2010 )

Maydak v. U.S. Department of Justice , 579 F. Supp. 2d 105 ( 2008 )

Arthur B. Keys, Jr. v. United States Department of Justice , 830 F.2d 337 ( 1987 )

Donald Wayne Engelking v. Drug Enforcement Administration, ... , 119 F.3d 980 ( 1997 )

Campbell v. United States Department of Justice , 164 F.3d 20 ( 1998 )

Dr. Charles W. McCutchen Appellee/cross-Appellant v. U.S. ... , 30 F.3d 183 ( 1994 )

Defenders of Wildlife v. United States Border Patrol , 623 F. Supp. 2d 83 ( 2009 )

Brown v. U.S. Department of Justice , 734 F. Supp. 2d 99 ( 2010 )

View All Authorities »