Climate Investigations Center v. United States Department of Energy ( 2022 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________
)
CLIMATE INVESTIGATIONS CENTER, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. 16-cv-00124 (APM)
)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT )
OF ENERGY, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I.
The parties in this long-running Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) dispute are before the
court for their fifth round of summary judgment briefing. Def.’s Third Renewed Mot. for Summ.
J., ECF No. 72 [hereinafter Def.’s Mot.]; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 73 [hereinafter
Pl.’s Mot.]. This iteration centers on issues arising out of the court’s December 6, 2019 Order
requiring Defendant U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) to conduct a supplemental search of the
agency’s Office of the Secretary for additional, non-duplicative responsive records.
Climate Investigations Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy (Climate Investigations III), No. 16-cv-124
(APM), 2019 WL 6683751 (D.D.C. Dec. 6, 2019). Plaintiff Climate Investigations Center
challenges (1) the adequacy of the supplemental search, (2) DOE’s partial or entire withholding of
nine records under Exemption 5 pursuant to the deliberative process privilege, and (3) whether
DOE has met the FOIA Improvement Act’s “foreseeable harm standard” as to eight of the nine
challenged records.
The court takes up these issues in that order. As with the last round of cross-motions for
summary judgment, the court presumes familiarity with the facts of this case as set forth in its
previous opinions 1 and therefore discusses them only as necessary to address the outstanding
issues raised by the parties. For the reasons that follow, the parties’ cross-motions for summary
judgment are granted in part and denied in part.
II.
A.
An agency in a FOIA case must show that it conducted an adequate search. See Students
Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 838 (D.C. Cir. 2001). An adequate search is
one that is “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of
the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). The agency bears the burden of proving that it
performed such a search, and it may rely on sworn affidavits or declarations to do so. See SafeCard
Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991). The court may grant summary judgment
to the agency based on this evidence if it is reasonably specific and contradicted by neither record
evidence “nor . . . evidence of agency bad faith.” Mil. Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738
(D.C. Cir. 1981); Beltranena v. Clinton, 770 F. Supp. 2d 175, 181–82 (D.D.C. 2011). A plaintiff
can rebut an agency’s supporting affidavits and declarations by demonstrating, with “specific
facts,” that there remains a genuine issue as to whether the agency performed an adequate search
for documents responsive to the plaintiff’s request. See Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 696 F. Supp.
2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)).
Agency affidavits and declarations are accorded “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be
rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.”
1
See Climate Investigations Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy (Climate Investigations I), No. 16-cv-124 (APM), 2017 WL
4004417 (D.D.C. Sept. 11, 2017), at *1–3.
2
Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 20-5318, 2022 WL 2760812, at *3 (D.C. Cir. July 15, 2022)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
B.
In the court’s last memorandum opinion, it ordered DOE to conduct a search of the Office
of the Secretary for additional, non-duplicative responsive records. Climate Investigations III,
2019 WL 6683751, at *5. To establish the adequacy of that search, DOE offers the
Third Supplemental Declaration of Alexander C. Morris, a FOIA Officer at DOE. See Def.’s Mot.,
Ex. 2, ECF No. 72-3 [hereinafter Suppl. Morris Decl.]. Morris states that DOE looked for
responsive records in hard copy, archived, and the electronic files of 22 custodians, consisting of
former Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Chiefs of Staff, and Deputy Chiefs of Staff. Id. ¶ 14.
Morris further explains that DOE used search terms that the court previously found to be
reasonable. Id. And he notes that DOE conducted an additional search for electronic records
across the same custodians using two specific search terms requested by Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 15.
Still, Plaintiff says that DOE’s search was not adequate. Plaintiff first faults DOE for what
it describes as “irregularities” in the production. Pl.’s Mot., Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s
Mot., ECF No. 73-1 [hereinafter Pl.’s Mem.], at 11–12. These include receiving several duplicate
documents from past productions in the most recent productions, not receiving a missing
attachment to a responsive email from DOE’s April 2021 production, and failing to produce a
letter originally authored by Southern Company and sent to DOE. Id. at 12, 14–15. But these so-
called “irregularities” do not demonstrate an inadequate search. “[T]he adequacy of a search is
determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of its methods.” See Reps.
Comm. for Freedom of Press v. FBI (Reps. Comm. I), 877 F.3d 399, 408 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). Plaintiff does no more than attack the search’s output,
3
not the methods employed to conduct it. A “small collection of . . . technical failings” are not
indicative of an inadequate search. SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1202.
Plaintiff also claims that, based on the records produced, DOE did not search for records
from the “desk of the Secretary.” Pl.’s Mem. at 13. However, as DOE points out, the supplemental
Vaughn index contains multiple emails from then-Secretary Steven Chu. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. 4,
ECF No. 72-4 [hereinafter Suppl. Index], at 84, 98, 118. Plaintiff’s mere speculation that more
records should exist does not create a genuine dispute of fact that the search was inadequate.
Suppl. Morris Decl. ¶ 14; see also Shapiro, 2022 WL 2760812, at *3.
Plaintiff further asserts that DOE failed to adequately follow up on leads that arose during
the search. Pl.’s Mem. at 14–15. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that the failure of the search to turn
up responsive records that would “logically be created around key meetings concerning the future
of the Kemper coal plant” suggests that Defendant was required to alter its search parameters or
otherwise take additional steps to locate them. Id. at 14. Plaintiff is correct that DOE cannot bury
its head in the sand and must “follow through on obvious leads to discover requested documents.”
Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Once again, however,
Plaintiff’s speculation and dissatisfaction with the records produced is inadequate to undermine
the adequacy of DOE’s search. It has failed to show that DOE ignored a lead that was “both clear
and certain” and “so apparent that the [agency could not] in good faith fail to pursue it.” Mobley v.
CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 582 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).
For these reasons, the court grants Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to the
adequacy of its supplemental search of the Office of the Secretary.
4
III.
A.
Next, Plaintiff argues that nine records have been improperly withheld or redacted under
Exemption 5. An agency bears the burden of showing that it properly withheld materials pursuant
to a statutory exemption. Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 746 F.3d
1082, 1088 (D.D.C. 2014). An agency may meet its burden “by submitting sufficiently detailed
affidavits or declarations, a Vaughn index of the withheld documents, or both, to demonstrate that
the government has analyzed carefully any material withheld and provided sufficient information
as to the applicability of an exemption to enable the adversary system to operate.” Brennan Ctr.
for Just. v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 296 F. Supp. 3d 73, 80 (D.D.C. 2017). “If the agency’s affidavits
provide specific information sufficient to place the documents within the exemption category, if
this information is not contradicted in the record, and if there is no evidence in the record of agency
bad faith, then summary judgment is appropriate without in camera review of the documents.”
ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 626 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
B.
1.
Exemption 5 allows an agency to withhold “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums
or letters that would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the
agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). This exemption “protect[s] the decision making processes of
government agencies,” including “documents reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and
deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are
formulated.” NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Loving v. Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The exemption is
5
intended to “improve[] agency decisionmaking” by “encourag[ing] candor” and “blunt[ing] the
chilling effect that accompanies the prospect of disclosure.” U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra
Club, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 777, 785 (2021).
For the deliberative-process privilege to apply, a document must be both “predecisional”
and “deliberative.” Id. at 785–86; see also Mapother v. Dep’t of Just., 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C.
Cir. 1993). Material is “predecisional” if “it was generated before the adoption of an agency
policy,” and it is “deliberative” if “it reflects the give-and-take of the consultative process.”
Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
The D.C. Circuit recently underscored the type of information that an agency must provide
to justify an Exemption 5 withholding. The agency should endeavor to identify:
the “who,” i.e., the roles of the document drafters and the recipients
and their places in the chain of command; the “what,” i.e., the nature
of the withheld content; the “where,” i.e., the stage within the
broader deliberative process in which the withheld material
operates; and the “how,” i.e., the way in which the withheld material
facilitated agency deliberations.
Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 20 F.4th 49, 56 (D.C. Cir. 2021). The court did not say that
all of these details are prerequisite to substantiate an Exemption 5 withholding. However, an
agency must at least provide enough detail for the court to evaluate (1) the deliberative process
involved and (2) the nature of the decisionmaking authority vested in the person issuing the
disputed record or that person’s position in the chain of command. See id.
2.
Before turning to the records, the court notes that, among its justifications,
DOE emphasizes that “five of the documents contain drafts,” three of which are draft talking
points. Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot & in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 76, at 9–10.
Drafts are not, however, per se exempt from FOIA disclosure. Jud. Watch, 20 F.4th at 55–56;
6
see also U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 141 S. Ct. at 786 (“That is not to say that the label ‘draft’ [in
the context of the deliberative process privilege] is determinative.”). The agency still must identify
the “deliberative component.” Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI (Reps. Comm. II),
3 F.4th 350, 367 (D.C. Cir. 2021). Thus, while the draft status of a record is relevant to the
Exemption 5 inquiry, it is not dispositive.
The nine disputed records as identified in DOE’s Vaughn index are as follows: (1)–(3) May
21, 2020 Production Docs 2, 6, and 7; (4)–(5) September 30, 2020 Production Docs 7 and 9;
(6) November 25, 2020 Doc 1; (7) December 31, 2020 Doc 1; (8) February 25, 2021 Doc 1; and
(9) April 5, 2021 Doc 15. See Suppl. Index at 2–3, 4–7, 74–75, 78–80, 121–23, 128–34, 138–42,
171–74; Pl.’s Mem. at 16, 20. Plaintiff objects to these withholdings on two principal grounds:
(1) that the “decisions” cited by DOE for a number of the challenged documents do not closely
relate to an agency decision for purposes of Exemption 5, and instead the agency is improperly
relying on a “wide ‘umbrella’ decision” process “as a catch-all” to responsive material, and (2) that
portions of the withheld or redacted documents contain segregable factual information that must
be disclosed. Pl.’s Mem. at 18–20. Plaintiff’s objections are well taken as to some but not all
records.
1. May 21, 2020 Production Doc 2. DOE’s justification for withholding this record
is lacking. Although the Vaughn entry identifies the author and recipient of the email, see Suppl.
Index at 2–3, the agency fails to explain the employees’ places in the decisionmaking chain. The
entry also lacks detail about the deliberative process involved. It says only that the discussion
concerned “coal projects with tax credits” and apparently reflects “opinions and projections” from
the Treasury Department “as to the status of the coal projects before the government reached any
7
final decisions about the coal projects.” Id. at 2. That description does not tell the court what
deliberative process is involved or how the record relates to that deliberative process.
2. May 21, 2020 Production Doc 6. DOE has met its burden with respect to this
record. It is an email concerning “potential talking points to be created before a meeting between
the Secretary of Energy, Southern Company, and Governor [Haley] Barbour” concerning “a path
forward for Southern’s IGCC plant . . . and before DOE reached the final decision about where to
move the IGCC plant in May 2008.” Suppl. Index at 4. Courts in this District consistently have
held that proposed or draft talking points or briefing materials in advance of high-level meetings
involving agency leadership qualify for Exemption 5 protection. See, e.g., Khatchadourian v. Def.
Intel. Agency, No. 16-cv-311 (RCL), 2022 WL 971206, at *13 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2022) (finding
“talking points created for internal briefing meetings” protected); Advancement Project v. U.S.
Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 549 F. Supp. 3d 128, 140 (D.D.C. 2021) (holding that “proposed talking
points for a meeting between ICE Leadership and the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security”
were protected (internal quotation marks omitted)); Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. EPA,
369 F. Supp. 3d 1, 23–25 (D.D.C. 2019) (holding that “informal paper for EPA staff to prepare for
a meeting,” “internal annotated agenda for a briefing of the Assistant Administrator,” “talking
points and background for EPA staff to prepare for a meeting,” and “internal status report for a
briefing of the Assistant Administrator” were protected (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Plaintiff protests that a “meeting” with a third party is not an agency decision. Pl.’s Mem. at 18.
But that misconstrues the nature of the relevant decision. The decision is “where to move the
IGCC plant.” The record is therefore privileged. See Khatchadourian, 2022 WL 971206, at *13.
3. May 21, 2020 Production Doc 7. This record reflects a discussion of “potential
talking points” in advance of a phone call between the Secretary, Southern Company, and
8
Governor Barbour that pertained to the agency’s decision on “whether to approve the relocation
of the Kemper plant.” Suppl. Index at 6. DOE’s withholding of this record was proper for the
same reasons as the one immediately above. See Ecological Rts. Found. v. EPA, No. 19-cv-980
(BAH), 2021 WL 535725, at *15 & n.8 (D.D.C. Feb. 13, 2021) (“At least two circuits, and the
overwhelming majority of Judges on this Court, have thus concluded that an agency’s
consideration of what information to present to external parties and how to present it is a decision
in itself, distinct from the underlying policy decision that is the subject of any anticipated
communication, and thus can qualify a record of such consideration for exemption under the
deliberative process privilege.”) (citing cases), vacated in part by reconsideration on other
grounds, 541 F. Supp. 3d 34 (D.D.C. 2021).
Plaintiff expresses skepticism of DOE’s description of this record as “talking points”
because it appears as “answers to factual questions.” Pl.’s Mem. at 19. But this format, by itself,
does not defeat the deliberative-process privilege. See, e.g., Husch Blackwell LLP v. U.S. EPA,
442 F. Supp. 3d 114, 122 (D.D.C. 2020) (holding that “draft question and answer responses” in
preparation for the public release of information were protected by Exemption 5); Sierra Club v.
U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 384 F. Supp. 2d 1, 18 (D.D.C. 2004) (finding “draft questions and answers”
covered by the deliberative process privilege). Also, as to Plaintiff’s suggestion that the record
improperly withholds facts, the Vaughn index states that the record’s factual information “is
inextricably intertwined with deliberative content.” Suppl. Index at 7. Plaintiff offers no reason
to upset the good faith presumption afforded that representation.
4. September 30, 2020 Production Doc 7. This record is an inter-agency
communication between DOE and the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”). Suppl. Index.
at 74–75. The withheld email and attachment “contain opinions and projected goals for various
9
CCS [Carbon Capture and Sequestration] projects to be shared with DOE and OMB before the
agencies reached a final decision on the CCS program.” Id. at 74. The Vaughn entry, however,
identifies neither the “final decision” that the agencies are seeking to reach “on the CCS program”
nor does it say how the “opinions and projected goals” factor into that decision. The ambiguity is
exacerbated by the fact that the date of the email is June 2, 2010, which post-dates the decision as
to the Kemper plant’s relocation, according to other DOE entries, by more than two years.
See Suppl. Index at 4 (May 2008); id. at 6 (April 2008). 2 Also, the failure to explain who the
primary actors are on the email and what role they played in the decisionmaking process renders
the court unable to assess the deliberative nature of the communication. As a result, the agency’s
description of this document is inadequate to sustain the Exemption 5 invocation.
5. September 30, 2020 Production Doc 9. This record is an email, dated May 10,
2010, between DOE employees discussing “potential information to be included and different
options for the call before the meeting with Commissioner Betz and before DOE reached the final
decision about the Kemper project.” Suppl. Index. at 78–80. This entry provides greater detail
than the last one, though it is still not quite clear what “decision about the Kemper project” is at
issue or how the call related to that decision. Nevertheless, because the information “reflect[s] the
agency’s thought process in formulating its public statements” with a third party, the court thinks
the agency’s description is adequate. Avila v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 17-cv-2685 (RC), 2022 WL
2104483, at *12 (D.D.C. June 10, 2022) (affirming application of Exemption 5 to various briefing
and talking points materials before meetings with outside third parties); Ecological Rts. Found.,
2021 WL 535725, at *15.
2
This is not to say that a communication that post-dates an agency decision cannot still be protected by Exemption 5.
See, e.g., Campaign Legal Ctr. v. Dep’t of Just., 34 F. 4th 14, 24 (D.C. Cir. 2022). But DOE has not made the case to
justify such treatment here.
10
6. November 25, 2020 Production Doc 1. This is an email of “employees discussing
and editing draft talking points prepared for a meeting between the Secretary, Governor Barbour,
and Southern Company” about “potential site outcomes regarding a decision to move the site of
Southern’s IGCC plant from Orlando, Florida to alternative sites, including Kemper County,
Mississippi, before DOE reached [a] final decision about where to move Southern’s IGCC plant
in May 2008.” Suppl. Index at 121–22. This record is protected for the same reasons as the talking
points email discussed in Paragraph 2, supra.
7–8. December 31, 2020 Production Doc 1 & February 25, 2021 Production Doc 1.
The court takes up these two records in tandem because of their similarity. Suppl. Index at 128–
34; id. at 138–42. Each is an email and attachments from Kevin Samy to Secretary Chu (and
copied to a group of others) from May 2010. The records cover a host of topics in addition to the
subject matter of Plaintiff’s FOIA request. As relevant here, the first email includes “a draft
proposed response for a call with Southern Company,” id. at 129, and the second email includes
“a draft response to a request from Southern Company,” id. at 138. These descriptions are lacking
to support an Exemption 5 withholding. Though these are communications to the Secretary, the
Vaughn index nowhere describes what role the drafts played in the deliberative process. The drafts
might relate to a matter of policy, but from the scant description contained in the Vaughn index
the court has no way of knowing. DOE shall produce the responsive information from these
emails.
9. April 5, 2021 Production Doc. 15. The last of the nine records is a “[b]riefing
memorandum prepared for the Secretary in advance of an Interagency Task Force on CCS public
meeting” that “synthesizes opinions and recommendations from DOE employees suggesting topics
for the Secretary in the meeting and draft talking points prepared before the Secretary attended the
11
CCS meeting.” Id. at 171. For reasons already discussed, the “briefing memorandum” is protected
under Exemption 5. See Avila, 2022 WL 2104483, at *12.
IV.
A.
Finally, Plaintiff argues that DOE’s withholding of eight of the nine foregoing records does
not meet the “foreseeable harm” standard set out in the FOIA Improvement Act. 3 Pl.’s Mem. at
21–22. Under the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016, agencies must release a record, even if it falls
within a FOIA exemption, unless “the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an
interest protected by an exemption” or “disclosure is prohibited by law.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(8)(A)(i). “[T]he foreseeable harm requirement imposes an independent and meaningful
burden on agencies,” Reps. Comm. II, 3 F.4th at 369 (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted), that cannot be satisfied with “generalized assertions.” Machado Amadis v. U.S. Dep’t of
State, 971 F.3d 364, 371 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (internal question marks omitted). To satisfy its burden
under the FOIA Improvement Act, “an agency must identify specific harms to the relevant
protected interests that it can reasonably foresee would actually ensue from disclosure of the
withheld materials and connect the harms in a meaningful way to the information withheld.”
Rosenberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 442 F. Supp. 3d 240, 259 (D.D.C. 2020) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Mere speculation about potential harm or boilerplate justifications are insufficient.
See Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Com., 375 F. Supp. 3d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2019).
B.
For those withholdings sufficiently justified by DOE, the agency has identified the specific
information at issue and concluded that disclosure would “chill future internal discussion.”
3
Plaintiff does not challenge April 2021 Doc 15 under this standard. See Pl.’s Reply in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. & Opp’n
to Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 78, at 10.
12
See generally Suppl. Index. That representation is in line with what the D.C. Circuit has found to
be satisfactory under the foreseeable harm standard and is not, contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion,
significantly more speculative or vague. Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 371; see also Nat’l Immigr.
Project of Nat’l Laws. Guild v. ICE, No. 17-cv-2448 (APM), 2020 WL 5798429, at *5 (D.D.C.
Sept. 29, 2020) (finding a FOIA officer’s declaration dismissed by the plaintiff as “mere boiler
plate” to be satisfactory under Machado Amadis (internal quotation mark omitted)).
The D.C. Circuit’s recent decision in Reporters Committee II is distinguishable. There,
“[t]he FBI’s broad assertion of foreseeable harm” “was contained in just two umbrella paragraphs
that purported to sweepingly address all of the deliberative information in the case.” 3 F.4th at
367 (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, in contrast, DOE articulated the foreseeable harm
for each document withheld or redacted and tied it to the specific document or decision at issue.
See, e.g., Suppl. Index at 122 (stating as to November 25, 2020 Production Doc 1, “[r]elease of
these draft talking points would reveal potential site outcomes that did not ultimately form part of
the agency’s final decision and would compromise the deliberative process by which DOE makes
its decisions”). “Plaintiff[] undoubtedly would prefer [DOE] to have provided more specifics, but
[t]he degree of detail necessary to substantiate a claim of foreseeable harm is context-specific.”
Nat’l Immigr. Project, 2020 WL 5798429, at *5 (internal quotation marks omitted). Based on the
nature of the documents and the decision-making process at issue, the court finds that the agency
has satisfied its burden under the statute. 4
4
Defendant’s Supplemental Declaration specifically attests to a two-stage, line-by-line segregability review of the
withheld information. Suppl. Morris Decl. ¶¶ 19–25. DOE has met its burden as to factually segregable information.
See Loving, 550 F.3d at 41; see also Johnson v. Exec. Off. for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771, 776–77 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
13
V.
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s Third
Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 72, and grants in part and denies in part
Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 73. DOE shall disclose to Plaintiff
information withheld as to the following entries in the Vaughn index:
1. May 21, 2020 Production Doc 2;
2. September 30, 2020 Production Doc 7;
3. December 31, 2020 Production Doc 1 (as to responsive material only); and,
4. February 25, 2021 Production Doc 1 (as to responsive material only).
A final, appealable order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: August 11, 2022 Amit P. Mehta
United States District Judge
14