Andrades v. Holder ( 2013 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
HIRAM ANDRADES, pro se, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil No. 11-305 (RCL)
)
ERIC HOLDER, Attorney General, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, a Black Hispanic male of Puerto Rican heritage, applied for and was denied a
position by a White Hispanic male of Puerto Rican heritage. The position was ultimately given
to a White, non-Hispanic male. Plaintiff brought this action under Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, alleging, inter alia, discrimination on the basis of race and national origin. See Am.
Compl., Count 1, ECF No. 10. Defendant has moved for summary judgment, Def.’s Mot., ECF
No. 55, and the Court now grants the motion.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background 1
1. Plaintiff
Plaintiff Hiram Andrades is an employee of the Bureau of Alchohol, Tobacco, Firearms
and Explosives (“ATF”), an agency within the United States Department of Justice. Def.’s
Statement ¶ 1, ECF No. 55; Pl.’s Statement 1, ECF No. 57. Mr. Andrades is a Black Hispanic
1
This opinion only summarizes facts relevant to the present dispute. For additional background, see Andrades v.
Holder, 845 F. Supp. 2d 305, 306–07 (D.D.C. 2012).
male of Puerto Rican heritage. Def.’s Statement ¶ 1; Pl.’s Statement 1; Am. Compl. ¶ 3, ECF
No. 10.
2. The Vacancy
In January 2008, Mr. Andrades was working as a Program Manager—a non-supervisory
position at the GS-14 level—in ATF’s Washington, D.C., headquarters when a vacancy was
announced for a Supervisory Criminal Investigator position. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 3–4; Pl.’s
Statement 2; see also Vacancy Announcement 2, Ex. 1 to Decl. of Edgar A. Domenech, ECF No.
55-1. The advertised position was at the same GS grade level as the Program Manager position
Mr. Andrades held at the time. See Vacancy Announcement 2; Def.’s Statement ¶ 1; Pl.’s
Statement 1. However, the vacant position involved supervisory duties which Mr. Andrades’s
position did not. See Pl.’s Statement 2, 6, 9 ¶ 8; Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 33–34. At ATF, occupying
such a supervisory position for two years is a necessary prerequisite for advancing to the GS-15
level. Pl.’s Opp’n 14; Def.’s Mem. 12–13.
The vacancy announcement indicated that ATF could fill the position either by the
noncompetitive reassignment of an ATF employee already at the GS-14 level or by competitive
promotion of a GS-13 employee. See Vacancy Announcement 2; see also Def.’s Statement ¶¶
5–6; Pl.’s Statement 1, 4. GS-13 candidates interested in a competitive promotion would have to
take a test offered by an Assessment Center that measured a variety of “competencies,” and
would be selected based on these assessments. Def.’s Statement ¶ 6; Pl.’s Statement 1. GS-14
candidates interested in a non-competitive transfer did not have to take this test.
2
3. Mr. Andrades’s Application
Mr. Andrades applied to be considered for the position as a non-competitive candidate.
Def.’s Statement ¶ 17; Pl.’s Statement 3. He was not selected for the position. Def.’s Statement
¶ 32; Pl.’s Statement 8 ¶ 5.
4. Other Applicants For the Position
Only one GS-14 candidate other than Mr. Andrades applied for the position as a non-
competitive reassignment—a White, non-Hispanic male. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 15, 18. He was
also not selected. Three GS-13 candidates applied for the position through the competitive
process, including the candidate who ultimately received the offer—also a White, non-Hispanic
male. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 14–15, 27, 32; Pl.’s Statement 8 ¶ 5.
5. The Decision
Edgar Domenech, an ATF employee, had authority to decide whether to hire through the
competitive or non-competitive process and which “competencies” tested by the Assessment
Center were most relevant for the position. 2 Def.’s Statement ¶ 7; Pl.’s Statement 2–3. Mr.
Domenech is a White Hispanic male of Puerto Rican heritage. Def.’s Statement ¶ 16; Pl.’s
Statement 1. After the application period closed on January 31, 2008, Mr. Domenech received a
certificate listing five individuals who had applied for the position: two through the non-
competitive process (including Mr. Andrades), and three through the competitive process. 3
2
The four competencies Mr. Domenech identified as important to the vacant position were: knowledge of relevant
laws, judgment and problem solving, leadership, and ability to relate to others. Def.’s Statement ¶ 9.
3
In fact, more candidates may have applied through the competitive process, but the certificate only listed the three
best qualified based on their assessment scores in the competencies Mr. Domenech had identified as important for
the position. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 27–28
3
Domenech Decl. ¶ 17. The certificate provided the names of the two GS-14 non-competitive
candidates (including Mr. Andrades) but not the GS-13 candidates. 4 Id.Mr. Domenech determined that the other GS-14 non-competitive candidate was not
qualified for the position based on his own direct dealings with him. Def.’s Statement ¶ 24; Pl.’s
Statement 1.
On February 6, 2008, Mr. Domenech decided to “non-select” both of the non-competitive
candidates and, instead, to hire through the competitive process. Def.’s Statement ¶ 20; Pl.’s
Statement 1. On March 6, 2008, Mr. Domenech e-mailed Mr. Andrades and explained his
decision as follows:
I decided to go with the assessment center [i.e. competitive] route since I
backfilled my last position via the reassignment route . . . . You clearly are
capable but I wanted to balance how I fill my positions here. If any new position
becomes available I will welcome your application for consideration.
E-mail from Edgar Domenech to Hiram Andrades, Mar. 6, 2008, Ex. 6 to Domenech Decl., ECF
No. 55-1.
The Attorney General states that Mr. Domenech “was inclined to utilize the Assessment
Center [i.e. competitive] process” for this position even before he knew which GS-14 employees
had applied for the position as non-competitive candidates because (1) previous positions had
been filled using the non-competitive process, see Def.’s Reply 3; Domenech Decl. ¶ 30; (2) GS-
13 employees “were complaining that they were not getting an opportunity to advance,” Def.’s
Reply 4; Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 11–13; and (3) he had “participated in developing the testing
underlying the [Assessment Center] promotion process,” trusted its results, and “believed it was
important to support that process,” Def.’s Mem. 5, 15. The Attorney General further states that
4
The parties dispute to what extent the competitive process is truly “blind” to all parties involved. Compare
Domenech Decl. ¶ 17, with Pl.’s Statement 4. However, Mr. Andrades does not contest Mr. Domenech’s claim that
he did not know the identities of the competitive candidates at the time he chose to non-select Mr. Andrades. See
Def.’s Reply 8.
4
at the time he received the application, Mr. Domenech “was not certain of Mr. Andrades’s
investigative and operational abilities,” 5 Def.’s Statement ¶ 21; that he solicited information
regarding Mr. Andrades from a supervisor who informed him that Mr. Andrades “did not have a
reputation as a strong field agent,” id. ¶ 22; and that Mr. Domenech searched the ATF case
tracking system to locate closed cases where Mr. Andrades had been the case agent, but his
search did not return any results, id. ¶ 23.
Mr. Andrades asserts that he was denied the position because of his race and national
origin. See Am. Compl., Count 1. He complains that Mr. Domenech made his decision without
reviewing his written application for the position and notes that Mr. Domenech’s testimony does
not contradict that claim. Pl.’s Opp’n 8. The Attorney General insists that it is Mr. Andrades
who bears the burden of “providing [sic] that contention” and that he failed to offer any evidence
that might do so. Def.’s Reply 2.
6. Mr. Andrades’s Subsequent Employment at ATF
Effective October 25, 2009, roughly a year and a half after being denied this position, Mr.
Andrades obtained a different supervisory field position. Def.’s Statement. ¶¶ 34–35; Pl.’s
Statement 1. He continues to work in that position. See Pl.’s Opp’n 1–2.
B. Procedural Background
In 2011, after failing to obtain the relief he sought at the administrative level, Mr.
Andrades filed suit in this Court against Attorney General Eric Holder. Andrades v. Holder, 845
F. Supp. 2d 305, 306–07 (D.D.C. 2012). His amended complaint listed four counts under Title
VII: (1) a race and nation-origin discrimination claim, relating to his non-selection in 2008 to the
5
The Attorney General states that this was “because [Mr. Domenech] had not worked with [Mr Andrades]
previously.” Def.’s Statement ¶ 21. Mr. Andrades points to one instance where Mr. Domenech “approved
emergency funds for witness relocation in an investigation that the Plaintiff requested . . . .” Pl.’s Statement 4–5.
He does not, however, assert that this one instance in any way discredits Mr. Domenech’s claim that he was “not
certain of Mr. Andrades’s . . . abilities.”
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supervisory position (described above); (2) “a retaliation claim relating to his 2009 reassignment
from an inspection of the Administration and Ethics Division to an inspection of the Disclosure
and Forfeiture Division,” id. at 307; (3) a retaliation claim based on ATF’s omitting or removing
his name from a list of candidates for a position, id. at 306; (4) “a hostile work environment
claim, based upon the same acts that compose his other claims,” id. at 307.
ATF “elected not to move to dismiss Count 1 . . . , believing that additional factual
development [was] required to properly evaluate [the claim].” Id. at 307. The Court dismissed
Counts 2 and 3 for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Id. at 308–09.
Mr. Andrades withdrew Count 4, the hostile workplace claim. Id. at 308.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment should be granted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). A fact is
material if it could affect the outcome of the case. Id. A dispute is genuine if the “evidence is
such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. The “evidence
of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.”
Id. at 255. The non-movant, however, must establish more than “the existence of a scintilla of
evidence” in support of his position, id. at 252, and may not rely solely on allegations or
conclusory statements, Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999); see also Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (“Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary
judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a
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showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”).
B. Title VII
Title VII makes it “an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to discriminate
against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, because of such individual’s race . . . or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).
Section 2000e-16(a) makes Title VII applicable to federal agencies, and although the language of
that provision differs slightly from section 2000e-2(a), the D.C. Circuit has held that Title VII
“places the same restrictions on federal . . . agencies as it does on private employers.” Singletary
v. Dist. of Columbia, 351 F.3d 519, 524 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The D.C. Circuit has succinctly stated
the proper judicial method for resolving this type of case:
In a Title VII disparate-treatment suit where an employee has suffered an adverse
employment action and an employer has asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for the decision, the district court . . . must resolve one central question:
Has the employee produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that
the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and
that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?
Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Mr. Andrades Suffered an Adverse Employment Action
The agency’s non-selection of Mr. Andrades for a lateral reassignment to a supervisory
position at the same GS-level constitutes an adverse employment action.
“In order to present a viable claim of employment discrimination under Title VII, a
plaintiff must show he suffered an adverse employment action.” Douglas v. Donovan, 559 F.3d
549, 551–52 (D.C. Cir. 2009). An “adverse employment action” is “a significant change in
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employment status, such as . . . failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different
responsibilities, or a decision causing significant change in benefits.” Id. (emphasis added)
(quoting Taylor v. Small, 350 F.3d 1286, 1293 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). Regarding lateral transfers (i.e.
transfers without any change in salary, grade, or benefits), the D.C. Circuit has explained:
A plaintiff who . . . is denied a lateral transfer . . . does not suffer an actionable
injury unless there are some other materially adverse consequences affecting the
terms, conditions, or privileges of her employment or her future employment
opportunities such that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the plaintiff
has suffered objectively tangible harm.
Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 422, 426 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (emphasis added) (quoting Brown v.
Brody, 199 F.3d 446, 457 (D.C. Cir. 1999)); see also Andrades, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 309 (“[A]
delay in obtaining a lateral assignment cannot amount to an adverse action without
accompanying material adverse consequences.” (emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted)).
A compelled lateral transfer that withdraws an employee’s supervisory duties constitutes an
adverse employment action. Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 364 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting
Stewart, 352 F.3d at 426).
For example, in Czekalski, the Circuit found that a plaintiff had raised a genuine issue
(precluding summary judgment) as to whether she had suffered an adverse employment action
where a reassignment “left her with ‘significantly different’—and diminished—supervisory and
programmatic responsibilities,” even where her pay, benefits, and grade level were not affected
by the transfer. 475 F.3d at 364–65 (plaintiff claimed that before the transfer, she supervised 700
employees; after the transfer, she supervised fewer than 10).
Outside the context of lateral transfers, the D.C. Circuit has explained that “if an
employee is denied the opportunity to compete for a promotion, she has suffered an adverse
employment action; we do not inquire whether she would have received the position but for the
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discrimination.” Douglas, 559 F.3d at 552 (citing Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512 (D.C. Cir.
2000)).
Here, the position Mr. Andrades was non-selected for was at the same GS grade level as
the position he held at the time. See Vacancy Announcement 2; Def.’s Statement ¶ 1; Pl.’s
Statement 1. However, the position involved new supervisory duties. See Pl.’s Statement 2, 6, 9
¶ 8; Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 33–34. The harm suffered by Mr. Andrades in the present case is like
that suffered by plaintiff in Czekalski, where the Court found that a significant diminishment in
supervisory responsibilities resulting from a compelled transfer was sufficiently “adverse” to
ground a suit, notwithstanding the lack of any diminishment in pay, grade, or benefits associated
with the transfer. Likewise, Mr. Andrades was denied supervisory responsibilities when he was
rejected for the transfer, and therefore suffered an adverse employment action. 6
Moreover, at ATF, holding this type of supervisory position for two years was a
necessary prerequisite for advancing to the GS-15 level. Pl.’s Opp’n 14; Def.’s Mem. 12–13.
The non-selection of Mr. Andrades for this position prevented him from becoming qualified for
further promotions, a “materially adverse consequence[] affecting the terms, conditions, or
privileges of . . . [his] future employment opportunities.” Stewart, 352 F.3d at 426.
That Mr. Andrades was subsequently able to obtain a different supervisory field position,
see Def.’s Statement. ¶¶ 34–35; Pl.’s Statement 1, does not “cure” this allegedly discriminatory
action. “An employer may cure an adverse employment action . . . before that action is the
subject of litigation,” but the D.C. Circuit has found such “cure” only where an employer takes
actions that completely undo the effects of the alleged adverse action. See Taylor v. Small, 350
6
While the harm suffered is similar in both cases (i.e. denial of supervisory responsibilities), the form in which the
harm was delivered is not (i.e., a compelled transfer in Czekalski vs. a denied transfer here). However, for purposes
of determining whether this amounts to an adverse employment action, the Court finds that this difference in form is
irrelevant: in both cases, the plaintiff ends up without supervisory responsibilities that he would have had but for the
intervening (allegedly) discriminatory act.
9
F.3d 1286, 1293 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see also White v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 310 F.3d
443, 452 (6th Cir. 2002) (cited approvingly by the D.C. Circuit in Taylor v. Small for the
proposition that a reinstatement that “puts the plaintiff in the same position she would have been
in absent [a] suspension . . . negat[es] a potentially adverse . . . employment decision” (emphasis
added)); Benningfield v. City of Houston, 157 F.3d 369, 378 (5th Cir. 1998) (cited approvingly in
Taylor v. Small for the proposition that “[w]e need not address whether a mere delay in
promotion constitutes an adverse employment action because [plaintiff] received the promotion
with retroactive pay and seniority” (emphasis added)). For instance, in Taylor, the court found
that a denial of a bonus was “cured” when the employer paid the bonus. Id. at 1294. Here, Mr.
Andrades’s career advancement was delayed by 18 months when he was deprived of taking on
supervisory responsibilities and when his eligibility for further promotion was delayed. This
delay has not been “cured” by his subsequent acquisition of a similar position.
The fact that plaintiff has not, in fact, received a promotion to the GS-15 level since
becoming eligible for one in 2011 (two years after taking the supervisory position) does not
mean he suffered no harm by the eighteen month delay in eligibility. The D.C. Circuit held that
“if an employee is denied the opportunity to compete for a promotion, [he] has suffered an
adverse employment action; we do not inquire whether [he] would have received the position but
for the discrimination.” Douglas, 559 F.3d at 552. In this case, Mr. Andrades was denied the
opportunity to compete for a promotion to a GS-15 level position for eighteen months. The Court
concludes that that delayed eligibility amounts to an adverse employment action.
B. The Attorney General Has Asserted Several Legitimate, Non-Discriminatory
Reasons for the Challenged Decision
The Attorney General provides several legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for Mr.
Domenech’s decision to non-select Mr. Andrades for the position. First, Mr. Domenech was
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committed to using the Assessment Center process for this position because (1) previous
positions had been filled using the non-competitive process; (2) GS-13 employees “were
complaining that they were not getting an opportunity to advance”; and (3) he had “participated
in developing the testing underlying the [Assessment Center] promotion process,” trusted its
results, and “believed it was important to support that process.” Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 11–13;
Def.’s Mem. 5, 15. Second, Mr. Domenech had reason to believe that Mr. Andrades was not a
strong candidate for the position because (1) he was told by a supervisor that Mr. Andrades “did
not have a reputation as a strong field agent,” Def.’s Statement ¶ 22, and (2) he searched the ATF
case tracking system to locate closed cases where Mr. Andrades had been the case agent, but his
search did not return any results, id. 23.
The Attorney General points to other evidence to defeat Mr. Andrades’s claims of
discrimination. First, the only other non-competitive candidate for the position (who was also
rejected) is White. Def.’s Mem. 17. Second, Mr. Domenech is, like Mr. Andrades, of Puerto
Rican ancestry. Def.’s Mem. 4. Third, at the time he decided to non-select Mr. Andrades (and
the other non-competitive candidate), Mr. Domenech did not know the identities of the three
eligible competitive candidates. Def.’s Mem. 5; Def.’s Reply 8; Domenech Decl. ¶ 17; cf. supra
note 4.
C. Mr. Andrades Has Not Produced Sufficient Evidence for a Reasonable Jury to
Find that the Asserted Legitimate, Non-Discriminatory Reason for the
Challenged Decision Was Not the Actual Reason
Under D.C. Circuit caselaw, this Court must now decide whether Mr. Andrades has
“produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-
discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated
11
against the employee on the basis of race . . . or national origin.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494. The
Court finds that he has not and will grant summary judgment to the Attorney General.
Mr. Andrades’s evidence that he was discriminated against on the basis of his race and
national origin is limited to three points: (1) the person ultimately selected for the position was
White, Pl.’s Statement 8 ¶ 5; (2) Mr. Domenech’s testimony fails to mention whether he actually
reviewed his written application before rejecting him, Pl.’s Opp’n 8, 10, 12; and (3) Mr.
Andrades had more experience than the selectee, id. at 11. No reasonable jury could conclude on
the basis of this evidence that defendant’s legitimate non-discriminatory reasons are pretextual. 7
First, as to the selectee’s race, this might support an inference of discrimination but for
the fact that, according to the Attorney General’s unrebutted evidence, at the time Mr. Domenech
decided to non-select Mr. Andrades, he did not know the identities of the three candidates who
were in contention for the position through the competitive program. Def.’s Mem. 5; Def.’s
Reply 8; Domenech Decl. ¶ 17; cf. supra note 4. Moreover, the other non-selected non-
competitive candidate was White. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 15, 18. In order to demonstrate a
discriminatory reason in these circumstances, Mr. Andrades would, at the least, have to show
that a decision to use the competitive hiring process was tantamount to choosing a White
7
Mr. Andrades’s assertions regarding the supposed inconsistency between the explanation given for his non-
selection by Mr. Domenech in his March 2009 e-mail and those he provided in testimony here are unconvincing. See
Pl.’s Opp’n 11–13. The e-mail explained that Mr. Domenech wanted to “balance” how he filled positions and
“decided to go with the assessment center [i.e. competitive] route since [he] backfilled [the] last position via the
reassignment route . . . .” E-mail from Edgar Domenech to Hiram Andrades, Mar. 6, 2008. Mr. Domenech’s
subsequent testimony adheres to this explanation, as does the Attorney General’s theory of the case.
Nor is there an inconsistency between Mr. Domenech’s note in his e-mail that Mr. Andrades was “capable”
and subsequent testimony that his decision not to give the position to Andrades was in part because he had learned
from another supervisor that Andrades “did not have a reputation as a strong field agent.” Def.’s Statement ¶ 22.
The e-mail was not a comprehensive statement of reasons for the decision. Nor does Mr. Domenech’s statement that
Mr. Andrades was “capable” at his current position necessarily contradict his determination (based on information
gathered from the other supervisor) that he lacked the skills needed to move to a new role. Moreover, even if there
were a conflict between these statements, Mr. Andrades has still shown no reason to infer any discriminatory motive
from such conflict. Accordingly, these arguments are rejected.
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candidate. Since he has not done so here, no inference of discrimination can be drawn from the
bare fact that the selectee was White.
Second, the Court agrees with Mr. Andrades that there is an issue of fact as to whether
Mr. Domenech reviewed his written application before deciding to non-select him for the
position. However, Mr. Domenech did testify that he consulted other sources regarding Mr.
Andrades’s qualifications. More importantly, Mr. Andrades has failed to demonstrate why Mr.
Domenech’s failure to review his written application (if indeed there was such a failure) implies
discrimination rather than merely reflecting Mr. Domenech’s commitment to using the
competitive hiring program on this occasion.
Third, Mr. Andrades’s allegedly superior experience here is irrelevant from the
perspective of this Title VII suit. The selectee was chosen not based on his overall
qualifications, but rather—pursuant to the rules governing the competitive hiring process—on
the scores that he received in his Assessment Center test in the four “competencies” identified by
Mr. Domenech.
Because Mr. Andrades has failed to “produce[] sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury
to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason[s] w[ere] not the actual reason[s]
and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race . . . or
national origin,” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494, the Court will grant the Attorney General’s motion for
summary judgment.
IV. CONCLUSION
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is granted. An order shall issue with this
opinion.
Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on April 16, 2013.
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