District of Columbia Nurses Association v. Brown , 160 F. Supp. 3d 13 ( 2016 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA NURSES
ASSOCIATION,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 15-203 (JDB)
HERMAN BROWN,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
The District of Columbia Nurses Association, a labor organization, alleges that Herman
Brown, its former Executive Director, violated Section 501(a) of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act when he made unauthorized loans of the Association’s funds to
himself and two other officers. Compl. [ECF No. 1] ¶¶ 17–18. Brown has moved for judgment
on the pleadings, arguing that the Association’s complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted. Def.’s Mot. [ECF No. 17]. For the reasons below, that motion will be denied.
BACKGROUND
According to the Association’s complaint, Brown served as its Executive Director from
mid-2003 to mid-2014. Compl. ¶ 6. About two years after assuming his office, Brown began
loaning himself money out of the Association’s accounts. Id. ¶ 11. The loans were “interest free”
and “undocumented”; none “were supported by written documents or included interest or
repayment schedules.” Id. ¶¶ 11, 13. Although Brown did possess some authority to write checks
on the Association’s accounts, id. ¶ 7, the Association asserts that it “never authorized Brown to
make loans to himself,” id. ¶ 10. Brown also allegedly made unauthorized loans to two of his co-
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workers. Id. ¶¶ 15–16. These individuals have now agreed to repay their debts. See id. ¶ 18. But
even still, once all the outstanding loans are tallied, the Association claims to be out more than
$100,000 as a result of Brown’s unauthorized lending. See id. ¶¶ 12, 18.
LEGAL STANDARD
“The appropriate standard for reviewing a motion for judgment on the pleadings is the
same as that applied to a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted.” Robinson-Reeder v. Am. Council on Educ., 532 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12
(D.D.C. 2008). A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s
complaint. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). Although a plaintiff need
not set forth “detailed factual allegations” to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, in order to establish
the “grounds” of his “entitlement to relief,” a plaintiff must furnish “more than labels and
conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). The
complaint must contain sufficient factual matter to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). And the court “must accept as true all of the
factual allegations contained in the complaint.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per
curiam).
DISCUSSION
Section 501(a) “makes union officers fiduciaries of union funds and commands that they
keep and use those funds solely for the benefit of the organization and its members.” Noble v.
Sombrotto, 525 F.3d 1230, 1233 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Specifically, it forbids a union
officer “from dealing with [his union] as an adverse party,” or from “acquiring any pecuniary or
personal interest which conflicts with” the union’s interests. 29 U.S.C. § 501(a). The D.C. Circuit
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has “not yet given precise content to [Section] 501’s fiduciary duties.” Noble, 525 F.3d at 1240.
But generally, union officers will only be liable for a breach of fiduciary duty “when acting beyond
their authority.” 1 Guzman v. Bevona, 90 F.3d 641, 645 (2d Cir. 1996). Hence, one important
touchstone for any Section 501 analysis is whether the alleged self-dealing transactions were
authorized by the union. See, e.g., Noble, 525 F.3d at 1235–39 (examining whether payments to
union officers were authorized by the union’s constitution).
Accepting the complaint’s allegations as true, the Association states a claim upon which
relief can be granted. Brown, as Executive Director, was a union “officer” within the meaning of
the statute and therefore subject to its fiduciary duties. By loaning himself money from the
Association’s accounts, he has dealt with it as an “adverse party.” See 29 U.S.C. § 501(a); see
also Restatement (Third) of Agency, § 8.03 cmt. b (“When an agent deals with the principal on the
agent’s own account, the agent’s own interests are irreconcilably in tension with the principal’s
interests . . . .”). And the Court must also accept as true the Association’s factual allegation that
these loans were unauthorized. 2 See Compl. ¶¶ 10, 16. Thus, the Association has adequately
alleged that Brown breached a fiduciary duty through unauthorized, self-dealing transactions. Its
complaint is legally sufficient and will not be dismissed.
Brown does not offer any authority in support of dismissal. Instead, he protests on a
number of factual grounds, stating that he did not make the loans in question; that any expenditures
he did make were consistent with the Association’s personnel practices; that he disclosed his
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In some circuits, union-authorized transactions may also violate Section 501 if “the officer personally
benefited from the expenditure” and “the expenditure was manifestly unreasonable.” Guzman, 90 F.3d at 645–46
(internal quotation marks omitted). The D.C. Circuit has never expressly endorsed this interpretation. See Noble, 525
F.3d at 1240.
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The Association has also alleged that Brown’s loans were “undocumented.” Id. ¶ 11. “[A]uthorization
secured without disclosure of material information is a nullity.” United States v. DeFries, 129 F.3d 1293, 1307 (D.C.
Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). If Brown failed to document material information about
the loans, it becomes much less likely that they were effectively authorized by the Association.
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conduct during the Association’s annual audit; that the Association’s Board and Treasurer were
aware of (and consented to) his expenditures; and, therefore, that he does not owe the Association
any money. See Def.’s Mot. 1–3. But, as the Association correctly points out, the “Court cannot
resolve these fundamental questions of fact on a motion to dismiss.” Bain v. Gary, Williams ,
Parenti, Watson & Gary, P.L., 53 F. Supp. 3d 144, 149 (D.D.C. 2014). If Brown wishes to
demonstrate that his version of events is the correct one, he must participate in the discovery
process.
CONCLUSION & ORDER
Accordingly, upon consideration of [17] defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings,
[19] plaintiff’s response, and the applicable law, it is hereby
ORDERED that [17] defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings is DENIED.
A separate order setting a schedule for further proceedings in this case will follow.
SO ORDERED.
/s/
JOHN D. BATES
United States District Judge
Dated: February 17, 2016
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