Cooper Hospital University Medical Center v. Burwell ( 2016 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
COOPER HOSPITAL / UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL CENTER,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 14-1991 (JEB)
SYLVIA M. BURWELL, Secretary, U.S.
Department of Health and Human
Services,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Will Rogers once said, “The minute you read something and you can’t understand it, you
can almost be sure that it was drawn up by a lawyer.” While it is unlikely he had the Medicare
and Medicaid statutes in mind, there may be no legislation to which his adage better applies.
The present dispute – between Cooper Hospital, a medical center located in Camden, New
Jersey, and Sylvia M. Burwell, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services –
turns on the Secretary’s interpretation of a complex set of interwoven Medicare and Medicaid
provisions. Cooper seeks partial reimbursement from HHS for its fiscal year 2001 treatment of
low-income patients who were ineligible for Medicaid but covered under New Jersey’s charity-
care statute, the New Jersey Charity Care Program (NJCCP). HHS has denied such repayments,
arguing that the provision under which Plaintiff seeks repayment, the Medicare Disproportionate
Share Hospital (DSH) provision, does not permit reimbursement for Medicaid-ineligible patients.
Cooper first appealed this denial administratively and, failing there, now brings this suit.
In addition to continuing to challenge the reimbursement denial, the hospital also grumbles that
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HHS has treated it differently from hospitals in other states. More specifically, it objects that
while its charity-care patients were denied, the agency permits reimbursement for Medicaid-
ineligible patients in states that participate in what is known as § 1115 expansion-waiver
programs. Plaintiff contends that these expansion-waiver patients are, in all relevant ways,
identical to its NJCCP patients, insofar as both sets of patients are ineligible for traditional
Medicaid. Because NJCCP patients’ Medicaid ineligibility was the basis for HHS’s denial of
Cooper’s Medicare DSH reimbursement, the hospital believes this same reasoning should
prohibit reimbursement for Medicaid-ineligible expansion-waiver patients. It therefore argues
that the Secretary’s disparate treatment of these patient groups is arbitrary and capricious, thus
violating both the Administrative Procedure Act and the equal-protection guarantee implied in
the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
After traversing its way through the labyrinthine Medicare and Medicaid statutory
provisions, the Court ultimately concludes that the agency has acted rationally in interpreting
these laws. Indeed, as the Court will explain, D.C. Circuit precedent essentially forecloses any
route for success in Plaintiff’s suit. Circuit precedent mandates that the Secretary – and this
Court – interpret the Medicare statute so as to deny reimbursement for Cooper’s NJCCP patient
days. Yet the Circuit has also held that Congress granted the Secretary express permission to
include § 1115 expansion-waiver patients in Medicare DSH reimbursement. Given these
holdings, Plaintiff’s claim of disparate treatment fails, as the Secretary had a clear rational basis
– and express statutory permission – to differentiate between Cooper’s charity-care patients and
§ 1115 expansion-waiver patients. The Court will, accordingly, grant Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment.
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I. Background
Plaintiff Cooper Hospital / University Medical Center is a 560-bed not-for-profit general-
acute-care hospital and academic medical center located in Camden, New Jersey, which
participates in both the federal Medicaid and Medicare programs. See Compl., ¶¶ 1, 10; Pl. MSJ
at 5. Over a third of Cooper’s patients are indigent, given the substantially low-income
community that the hospital serves. See Pl. MSJ at 5. Defendant Sylvia M. Burwell is the
Secretary of HHS, the agency responsible for operating the Medicare program. See Compl.,
¶ 12. Cooper here challenges its Medicare DSH-reimbursement calculation for the fiscal year
ending December 31, 2001. See Pl. MSJ at 1. Before turning to the specifics of Plaintiff’s
claim, the Court will lay out in detail how both the Medicare and Medicaid programs operate.
Such explanation is necessary given the complexities of the repayment determination involved
here.
A. Medicare Reimbursement Policies
“This case is significantly more difficult to describe than to decide,” Cookeville Reg’l
Med. Ctr. v. Thompson, No. 04-1053, 2005 WL 3276219, at *1 (D.D.C. Oct. 28, 2005), for
navigating the Medicare and Medicaid statutes’ choppy waters is no easy feat. Both are federally
funded medical-insurance programs that are part of the Social Security Act, which “is among the
most intricate [statutes] ever drafted by Congress. Its Byzantine construction, as Judge Friendly
has observed, makes the Act ‘almost unintelligible to the uninitiated.’” Schweiker v. Gray
Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 43 (1981) (quoting Friedman v. Berger, 547 F.2d 723, 727 n.7 (2d Cir.
1976)). Although the two programs share similarities, each functions in partial independence of
the other, albeit with many cross-references between the subchapters.
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1. Medicare DSH Adjustment
Medicare, established as Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395 et.
seq., provides medical insurance for the elderly and disabled, and the present dispute concerns
provisions within Medicare “Part A,” which authorizes payments for certain inpatient hospital
services and related services. See Def. MSJ/Opp. at 2; see also 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c–1395i-5.
While the federal government reimburses hospitals for qualified costs under Medicare, the
reimbursement rates are not based on hospitals’ actual costs. Instead, they are based on a
Prospective Payment System (PPS), which provides “prospectively determined rates, rather than
on the actual operating costs incurred by the hospital.” Def. MSJ/Opp. at 3 (citing 42 U.S.C
§ 1395ww(d)(1)-(4)). HHS’s calculations for reimbursement rates for individual hospitals can
thus significantly affect a given hospital’s bottom line. Unsurprisingly, then, the gravamen of
this suit concerns such a reimbursement calculation for Cooper Hospital.
Cooper objects to HHS’s approach to calculating reimbursement rates under what is
known as the Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) adjustment. Recognizing that
“[h]ospitals that serve disproportionate numbers of low-income patients have higher per-case
medicare costs,” but receive the same PPS reimbursements as other hospitals, see H.R. Rep. No.
99-241, pt. 1, at 16 (1986), Congress created the Medicare DSH adjustment, which requires HHS
to increase PPS payments to hospitals that serve a “significantly disproportionate number of low
income patients.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(i)(I); Pl. MSJ at 1; Def. MSJ/Opp. at 3.
Whether a given hospital qualifies for a Medicare DSH adjustment, and how large that
adjustment is, depends on the hospital’s “disproportionate patient percentage,” or DPP. See 42
U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(v)). That DPP calculation is in turn based on the sum of two
fractions. The first is referred to as the “Medicare/SSI” DPP fraction, which is not relevant here,
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id. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(I), and the second is the Medicaid DPP fraction. Id.
§ 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II). The latter is so called because it calculates reimbursement for those
who are Medicaid eligible, see Compl., ¶ 36; Def. MSJ/Opp. at 3, but whether it does in fact
permit reimbursement only for Medicaid-eligible patients is the question at the heart of this suit.
As explained in more detail below, the controversy here concerns the proper calculation
of Cooper’s Medicaid DPP fraction of the Medicare DSH calculation for fiscal year 2001. As of
2001, the Medicaid DPP fraction was defined as follows:
the fraction (expressed as a percentage), the numerator of which is
the number of the hospital’s patient days for such period which
consist of patients who (for such days) were eligible for medical
assistance under a State plan approved under subchapter XIX of this
chapter, but who were not entitled to benefits under [Medicare] part
A of this subchapter, and the denominator of which is the total
number of the hospital’s patient days for such period.
42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II) (emphasis added). To pierce through the legalese, the
reason this fraction is known as the Medicaid fraction is because “subchapter XIX” is the
Medicaid statute, and so a “State plan approved under” it refers to a Medicaid state plan. Id.
§§ 1396 et seq. In plain English, then, the Medicaid DPP fraction is the percentage of all
hospital patients who are eligible for medical assistance under a Medicaid state plan but not
eligible for Medicare Part A. Or, expressed in mathematical terms:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Medicare DSH thus provides supplemental reimbursement for treatment of patients who were
eligible for either Medicare/SSI (“Medicare DPP”) or Medicaid ( “Medicaid DPP”), as both
populations tend to have disproportionately higher medical-treatment costs. The greater the
number of patient days included in this fraction, then, the higher the reimbursement rate for the
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hospital from HHS. Confusingly, while this dispute concerns the Medicare DSH adjustment,
because that adjustment depends in part on how the Medicaid DPP defines Medicaid eligibility,
the crux of the statutory interpretation dispute turns primarily on the Secretary’s reading of the
Medicaid statute. The Court will thus take a short detour through that legislation.
2. Medicaid DPP Fraction
In contrast to Medicare, which is administered by HHS and provides medical insurance
on the basis of age and disability, “Medicaid is a cooperative federal-state program that provides
medical assistance to certain limited categories of low-income persons and other individuals who
face serious financial burdens in paying for needed medical care.” Def. MSJ/Opp. at 4; see
generally 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396 et seq. To be eligible for Medicaid funding, states submit a medical
assistance plan (known as a “State plan”) to the Secretary; each plan must meet certain
requirements related to the medical coverage of low-income patients, see 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a),
such as the categories of individuals eligible for assistance and the kinds of medical care and
services that can be provided. See Def. MSJ/Opp. at 4. Once the Secretary approves a Medicaid
State plan, the state receives matching payments from the federal government in a “percentage
. . . of the total amount expended . . . as medical assistance under the State plan.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 1396b(a)(1). In 2001, then, Cooper’s Medicare DSH adjustment depended in part on what
portion of its patients were considered eligible for medical assistance under New Jersey’s
Medicaid State plan.
3. New Jersey Charity Care Program
Because Plaintiff’s objection is based on the Secretary’s refusal to include its NJCCP
patient days as part of its Medicare DSH calculation, the basic provisions of the NJCCP are also
important to understand. That program covers “some or all of the costs for uninsured hospital
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patients who are ‘ineligible for private or governmental sponsored coverage (such as
Medicaid).’” Cooper Univ. Hosp. v. Sebelius, 686 F. Supp. 2d 483, 487 (D.N.J. 2009) (quoting
N.J. Hospital Care Payment Assistance Fact Sheet at 1)); see also (Joint Appendix (JA) 151).
While such charity-care patients are not eligible for Medicaid and Medicaid makes no direct
payments to hospitals that provide them with medical services, see Def. MSJ/Opp. at 7, such
patients are counted for the purposes of determining a hospital’s Medicaid DSH adjustment. See
42 U.S.C. § 1396r-4(b)(1)(B). That Medicaid DSH calculation is not in dispute here, but
Plaintiff erroneously pointed to it in support of its legal position during the administrative
hearing. See Compl., ¶ 52; Pl. MSJ at 6, 12-13. As a reminder, the calculation that is in dispute
is Cooper’s Medicare DSH adjustment, and Plaintiff seeks to have its patients who are provided
with medical services under the NJCCP included in the Medicaid DPP Fraction of that Medicare
DSH adjustment. See Def. MSJ/Opp. at 7.
B. Cooper’s Medicare Reimbursement Challenge
Cooper’s specific challenge here relates to the denial of its reimbursement for NJCCP
patient days under the Medicare DSH adjustment. Complicating matters still further, Medicare
payments to hospitals are not made directly from HHS, but are instead processed by entities that
are known as fiscal intermediaries – typically, private health-insurance companies that contract
with HHS. See Pl. MSJ at 3 n. 3; Def. MSJ/Opp. at 8. When Cooper submitted its Medicare
DSH calculation to its intermediary for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2001, it included
among total reimbursable patient days 5,559 inpatient days attributable to NJCCP patients. See
Pl. MSJ at 3. The fiscal intermediary disallowed all of those patient days, reducing the hospital’s
annual Medicare reimbursement by $1,431,228. Id.; Provider Reimbursement Review Board
Decision (Sept. 23, 2014) at 4 (JA 8). Plaintiff filed a timely appeal with the relevant
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administrative agency, the Provider Reimbursement Review Board (PRRB), on January 14,
2005, challenging the fiscal intermediary’s disallowance. See Pl. MSJ at 3-4; PRRB Decision at
4 (JA 8). For reasons unexplained by either party, but of no particular moment, nearly a decade
passed before that appeal was heard. A hearing was ultimately held on June 19, 2014, and in a
decision dated September 23, 2014, the PRRB upheld the disallowance. See PRRB Decision (JA
5-17). A month later, on October 30, 2014, the Administrator for the Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid services (CMS), a sub-unit of HHS, notified Cooper that it had declined to review the
PRRB’s decision. See CMS Letter (Oct. 9, 2014) (JA 3-4). Plaintiff then timely filed this suit
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1) and has now moved for summary judgment on the
administrative record. See Pl. MSJ at 5. Defendant has filed a cross-motion, arguing that the
Court should sustain the Secretary’s decision as rational. See Def. MSJ/Opp. at 2.
Cooper sets out two causes of action in its Complaint. In Count I, it claims that the
Secretary’s decision to deny reimbursement must be set aside as arbitrary and capricious because
it is inconsistent with her prior and subsequent interpretations of the Medicare DSH statute. See
Compl., ¶ 66. Plaintiff also argues in this count that the Secretary’s disparate treatment of
§ 1115 expansion-waiver hospitals (explained below) is arbitrary and capricious, insofar as she
permits those hospitals’ low-income patient days to be included in Medicare DSH calculations
even where such patients are not eligible for traditional Medicaid benefits. Id., ¶ 68. Cooper’s
Count II alleges that this same disparate treatment is also a violation of the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id., ¶¶ 77-83. Because the only defendant in the suit is
the Secretary – serving in her capacity as the head of a federal agency – the Court will assume
that Plaintiff means to plead a violation of the equal-protection guarantee implied in the Due
Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which, unlike the Fourteenth Amendment, applies to the
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federal government. See Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499-500 (1955); see also Buckley v.
Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 93 (1976) (“Equal protection analysis in the Fifth Amendment area is the
same as that under the Fourteenth Amendment.”).
II. Legal Standard
Both parties here have moved for summary judgment on the administrative record. See
Pl. MSJ at 5; Def. MSJ at 10. The summary-judgment standard set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56(c), therefore, does not apply because of the limited role of a court in reviewing the
administrative record. See Sierra Club v. Mainella, 459 F. Supp. 2d 76, 89-90 (D.D.C. 2006);
see also Bloch v. Powell, 227 F. Supp. 2d 25, 30 (D.D.C. 2002), aff’d, 348 F.3d 1060 (D.C. Cir.
2003). “[T]he function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the
evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” Sierra
Club, 459 F. Supp. 2d. at 90 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Summary judgment is the
proper mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether an agency action is supported by the
administrative record and consistent with the APA standard of review.” Loma Linda Univ. Med.
Ctr. v. Sebelius, 684 F. Supp. 2d 42, 52 (D.D.C. 2010) (citation omitted), aff’d, 408 Fed. App’x
383 (D.C. Cir. 2010).
Judicial review of the Secretary’s decision in this case is governed by the Medicare
statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1), which incorporates the judicial-review provisions of the APA,
5 U.S.C. § 706. The Court, accordingly, must “hold unlawful and set aside” the Secretary’s
decision only if it is “unsupported by substantial evidence,” or if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). Under this
“narrow” standard of review, “a court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43
9
(1983). Rather, the Court “will defer to the [agency’s] interpretation of what [a statute] requires
so long as it is ‘rational and supported by the record.’” Oceana, Inc. v. Locke, 670 F.3d 1238,
1240 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting C & W Fishing Co. v. Fox, 931 F.2d 1556, 1562 (D.C. Cir.
1994)).
An agency is required to “examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory
explanation for its action.” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43. For that reason, courts “‘do not defer to
the agency’s conclusory or unsupported suppositions,’” United Techs. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of
Def., 601 F.3d 557, 563 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of
the Air Force, 375 F.3d 1182, 1187 (D.C. Cir. 2004)), and “agency ‘litigating positions’ are not
entitled to deference when they are merely [agency] counsel’s ‘post hoc rationalizations’ for
agency action, advanced for the first time in the reviewing court.” Martin v. Occupational Safety
& Health Review Comm’n, 499 U.S. 144, 156 (1991). The reviewing court thus “may not
supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action that the agency itself has not given.” Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86 (1974) (citation
omitted). A decision that is not fully explained may, nevertheless, be upheld “if the agency’s
path may reasonably be discerned.” Id. at 286. “The requirement that agency action not be
arbitrary or capricious [also] includes a requirement that the agency . . . respond to ‘relevant’ and
‘significant’ public comments,” a requirement that is not “particularly demanding.” Pub.
Citizen, Inc. v. FAA, 988 F.2d 186, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).
Here, Cooper contests the Secretary’s interpretation of the Medicare statute. When
reviewing an agency’s interpretation of a law it administers, the Court must apply the principles
of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984); Se.
Ala. Med. Ctr. v. Sebelius, 572 F.3d 912, 916 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Under Chevron, the first step is
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to “examine the statute de novo, ‘employing traditional tools of statutory construction.’”
National Ass’n of Clean Air Agencies v. EPA, 489 F.3d 1221, 1228 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting
Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.9); see also Mount Royal Joint Venture v. Kempthorne, 477 F.3d
745, 754 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (court begins by “applying customary rules of statutory
interpretation”). “If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as
well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.”
Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842–43; see also Eagle Broadcasting Group, Ltd. v. FCC, 563 F.3d 543,
552 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (if the “search for the plain meaning of the statute . . . yields a clear result,
then Congress has expressed its intention as to the question, and deference is not appropriate”)
(internal citation and quotations omitted); Arkansas Dairy Co-op Ass’n, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of
Agr., 573 F.3d 815, 829 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (no deference due where agency’s construction is
“contrary to clear congressional intent”).
If, however, “the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue,”
Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, the analysis proceeds to “determine the deference, if any, [the court]
owe[s] the agency’s interpretation of the statute.” Mount Royal Joint Venture, 477 F.3d at 754.
Under this step, “[i]f Congress has explicitly left a gap for the agency to fill, there is an express
delegation of authority to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the statute by regulation.
Such legislative regulations are given controlling weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or
manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-44. Where a “legislative
delegation to an agency on a particular question is implicit rather than explicit,” id. at 844, the
Court must uphold any “‘reasonable interpretation made by the administrator’ of that agency.”
Am. Paper Inst., Inc. v. EPA, 996 F.2d 346, 356 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at
844). In the case of the Medicare and Medicaid statutes in particular, “[t]he identification and
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classification of medical eligibility criteria necessarily require significant expertise and entail the
exercise of judgment grounded in policy concerns. In those circumstances, courts appropriately
defer to the agency entrusted by Congress to make such policy determinations.” Pauley v.
BethEnergy Mines, Inc., 501 U.S. 680, 697 (1991).
III. Analysis
Because both sides have moved for summary judgment on the administrative record, the
Court begins with Cooper’s appeal to the PRRB following the intermediary’s denial of its
submission for reimbursement. After summarizing the PRRB’s ruling, the Court considers that
decision in light of D.C. Circuit precedent regarding interpretation of the Medicare statute.
Because the Circuit’s interpretation of the Medicare DSH provision – which is consistent with
the Secretary’s position – controls here, the Court finds that HHS appropriately denied Plaintiff’s
reimbursement claim. The Court then turns to Plaintiff’s second argument – namely, that the
Secretary’s disparate treatment of § 1115 expansion-waiver hospitals, which she treats as eligible
for Medicare DSH reimbursement, is arbitrary and capricious and in violation of both the APA
and the equal-protection guarantee. Here again, the D.C. Circuit has interpreted the Medicare
DSH statute as having long granted the Secretary the discretion to include § 1115 expansion-
waiver patient days in the Medicaid DPP fraction. The only outstanding question for the Court is
therefore whether the agency provided a rational basis to exercise this discretion and include
these patient days in that fraction. Given this circuit’s prior holdings, the Court concludes that it
clearly has.
A. PRRB Decision
As a reminder, Cooper’s challenge relates to the interpretation of the Medicaid DPP
fraction of the Medicare statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II), and specifically the
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meaning of the phrase “patient days for such period which consist of patients who (for such
days) were eligible for medical assistance under a State plan approved under [Medicaid] . . . .”
PRRB Decision at 2-3 (JA 6-7). Cooper’s primary strategy before the PRRB was to emphasize
the ways in which the NJCCP coordinates with HHS and conforms to the Medicaid statutes. The
hospital argued that the enabling State plan authorizing NJCCP medical assistance in New Jersey
was approved under Medicaid, satisfying the Medicaid DPP definition. See PRRB Decision at 5
(JA 9). In aid of this assertion, Plaintiff pointed to one part of the New Jersey state plan that
permitted Medicaid DSH reimbursement to include “actual documented charity care” – i.e.,
treatment covered by the NJCCP. Id. The hospital thus contended that “the enabling State Plan
authorizing medical assistance in New Jersey [the NJCCP] was approved under [Medicaid] . . .
and contains provisions for payments to hospitals under the subject NJCCP as one form of
federally matched medical assistance.” Id. On this basis, Cooper concluded that since “persons
eligible under the NJCCP receive ‘medical assistance’ as part of New Jersey’s ‘State Plan
approved under [Medicaid],’ NJCCP days must be included in the Medicare DSH calculation.”
Id.
Whether this construction of the statute is correct turns on the meaning of two related
terms: “a State plan approved under [Medicaid]” and “medical assistance.” In the PRRB
hearing, the intermediary countered that while the NJCCP is referenced in the New Jersey
Medicaid state plan for purposes of the Medicaid DSH adjustment, NJCCP-eligible patients are
not themselves patients eligible for the traditional Medicaid program under the state plan, and are
therefore not provided “medical assistance” as defined in the Medicaid statute. Id. at 7 (JA 11).
The intermediary pointed to the Secretary’s regulation implementing the Medicare DSH statute,
which instructed that computation of the Medicaid DPP fraction was to be “the number of the
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hospital’s patient days of service for which patients were eligible for Medicaid but not entitled to
Medicare Part A . . . .” Id. (quoting 42 C.F.R. § 412.106(b)(4)). The intermediary further
pointed to Program Memorandum PM A-99-62, which represented CMS’s official position on
the issue and which also stated that for a Medicaid DPP patient day to count under the Medicare
DSH adjustment, the patient had to be eligible for medical assistance under Medicaid. Id. at 8
(JA 12).
The PRRB sided with the intermediary. It noted that the NJCCP was only included in the
New Jersey Medicaid state plan for the purposes of calculating Medicaid DSH payments, and so
this did not make it a qualifying “State plan approved under Medicaid” for the purposes of the
Medicare DSH adjustment. Id. at 9 (JA 13). In making this determination, the PRRB noted the
critical difference between the language of the Medicare DSH calculation defined at 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II) and the Medicaid DSH calculation defined at 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-
4(c)(3)(B). Like the Medicare DSH provision, the Medicaid DSH provision includes
reimbursement for “patient services under a State plan,” but it also provides for “patient services
received directly from State and local governments” and “inpatient hospital services which are
attributable to charity care . . . .” Id. at 10 (JA 14) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-4(b)(3)). Implicitly
invoking the rule against superfluities, the PRRB accordingly determined that “[i]f Congress had
intended the term ‘eligible for medical assistance under a State plan’ . . . to include the state-
funded hospital days and charity care days, the subsections adding those types of days . . . would
have been superfluous” in the Medicaid DSH definition. Id. at 10-11 (JA 14-15). The reason
NJCCP charity-care days are included in the Medicaid DSH calculation, rather, is because the
NJCCP is charity care funded by state and local governments, but such patients cannot be
considered “eligible for medical assistance under a [Medicaid] State plan . . . .” Id. at 11 (JA 15)
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(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-4(b)(2)). On this basis, the PRRB concluded that the identical phrase
in the Medicare DSH statute does not permit inclusion of NJCCP patient days, and it upheld the
intermediary’s adjustment excluding those days from the Medicare DSH calculation for fiscal
year 2001. Id.
Although it recognized that in its prior decisions the PRRB had interpreted the Medicare
DSH provision to include patient days counted under “any program identified in the approved
state plan,” id. at 9 (JA 13) (emphasis added), the board pointed to a recent D.C. Circuit decision,
Adena Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Leavitt, 527 F.3d 176 (D.C. Cir. 2008), which held that Medicaid-
ineligible patient days should not be included in the Medicaid DPP fraction of the Medicare DSH
calculation. Id. More on Adena in a moment.
The PRRB also noted one additional supplementary argument: Cooper filed in its appeal
a request to reopen the record and present a new legal theory in light of a recently decided
district-court case, Nazareth Hospital v. Sebelius, 938 F. Supp. 2d 521 (E.D. Pa. 2013). On the
basis of that decision, Plaintiff argued before the PRRB that the Secretary had violated the Equal
Protection Clause by permitting hospitals whose patients days did not qualify for Medicaid
nevertheless to count these days in their Medicare DSH calculations if those hospitals were in
§ 1115 expansion-waiver states. See PRRB Decision at 11 (JA 15). The PRRB declined to
address the issue because it found it lacked the legal authority to resolve claims asserting alleged
constitutional violations. Id. at 12 (JA 16). The Court will describe this disparate-treatment
argument in greater detail below, as it is ripe for decision here.
Plaintiff now appeals the PRRB’s decision, arguing both that it incorrectly affirmed the
intermediary’s exclusion of Cooper’s NJCCP patient days from its Medicare DSH-
reimbursement calculation, and that the Secretary’s decision to refuse NJCCP patient days while
15
including § 1115 expansion-waiver patient days was arbitrary and capricious in violation of both
the APA and the equal-protection guarantee. The Court tackles each of these challenges in turn.
B. Secretary’s Interpretation of Medicare DSH Provision
As to the first question, Plaintiff’s theory runs up against an immediate and
insurmountable obstacle: the D.C. Circuit has already affirmed the Secretary’s interpretation of
the Medicare DSH statute, and that interpretation is binding precedent on this Court. In Adena,
the Court of Appeals was confronted with a similar challenge by an Ohio hospital whose
Medicare DSH-reimbursement calculation for charity-care patient days had also been denied.
The state charity-care program in question in Adena – the Ohio Hospital Care Assurance
Program (HCAP) – like NJCCP, provided “basic, medically necessary hospital-level services at
no charge” for “indigent Ohioans who are not recipients of . . . the Ohio Medicaid plan . . . .”
527 F.3d at 177 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). As here, patient days treated
under HCAP were denied for Medicare DSH reimbursement by the intermediary, and the
plaintiff sued the Secretary, challenging the determination that HCAP patients were not “eligible
for medical assistance under a State plan approved under [Medicaid].” Id. at 178. The D.C.
Circuit upheld the Secretary’s determination, resting its decision on the meaning of the phrases
“eligible for medical assistance” and “under a State plan approved under [Medicaid].” Both
reasons have equal applicability here.
First, the Circuit determined that HCAP was not “a State plan approved under
[Medicaid].” This was because treatment of Ohio’s HCAP patients was not part of the Ohio
State Medicaid Plan; while “an approved State Medicaid plan . . . must pay providers for the care
of eligible patients,” HCAP required “the Hospitals to care for indigent patients without
payment.” Id. HCAP further required hospitals to care for patients only if they were not
16
recipients of Medicaid. Id. Wise to the weakness of their position on this issue, the Ohio
hospitals, like Cooper here, contended that the Secretary had approved certain aspects of HCAP
as an amendment to Ohio’s Medicaid plan, suggesting that HCAP itself must therefore be part of
a “State approved plan under Medicaid.” Id. at 179. The Circuit saw right through this gambit:
that amendment only related to reimbursement under the Medicaid DSH provision, for which
HCAP was eligible only once the Secretary had approved it. Id. While HCAP was approved in
conjunction with Ohio’s Medicaid state plan, it was only for the limited purpose of inclusion
under the Medicaid DSH provision, as HCAP itself was not part of the state’s Medicaid plan. Id.Second, the Circuit concluded that HCAP patients were not those “eligible for medical
assistance” under a Medicaid state plan as defined by the Medicaid statute. It noted that the
phrase in question in the Medicare DSH provision – “medical assistance under a State plan
approved under [Medicaid],” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II) – appears throughout the
Medicaid statute, in which it is defined as “‘payment of part or all of the cost’ of medical ‘care
and services’ for a defined set of individuals . . . whereas the HCAP does not entail any
payment.” Id. at 180 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(a)). Following the Supreme Court’s whole-act
invocation that “identical words used in different parts of the same act are intended to have the
same meaning,” the court concluded that medical treatment under HCAP indisputably did not
qualify as medical assistance under the Medicaid statute, and thus would not under the Medicare
DSH provision either. Id. (quoting Atl. Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286 U.S. 427,
433 (1932)). Like the PRRB – as discussed above – the Adena court pointed to the contrasting
language in the Medicare and Medicaid DSH provisions. Whereas the Medicaid DSH provision
expressly permits payments for “services provided to patients eligible for medical assistance
under a State plan approved under [Medicaid] or to low-income patients,” 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-
17
4(c)(3)(B) (emphasis added), the Medicare DSH provision includes no such low-income patient
clause. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II). The court thus concluded that the reason the
Medicaid DSH calculation included HCAP charity-care patients was because those patients were
“low-income patients” – not because they were “patients eligible for medical assistance under a
State plan approved under [Medicaid].” 527 F.3d at 180. In contrast, Medicaid-ineligible “low-
income patients” – e.g., HCAP patients – were expressly omitted from the Medicare DSH
provision. The court noted that Congress could easily have written the Medicare DSH provision
to mirror the Medicaid DSH provision had it intended for those low-income patients to be
included. Id.Because Adena controls in interpreting the Medicare DSH provision as excluding
charity-care patients ineligible for Medicaid, this Court has no power to find otherwise. The
only remaining question, then, is whether NJCCP patients are “patients eligible for medical
assistance under” the New Jersey State plan approved under Medicaid. Plaintiff appears to have
all but abandoned the argument that such patients are, as it stakes no such claim in its Motion for
Summary Judgment. And for good reason: as the PRRB found, “charity care beneficiaries of the
NJCCP are not eligible for Medicaid” because “the services provided under the NJCCP are not
matched with federal funds . . . .” PRRB Decision at 9 (JA 13). Indeed, NJCCP “is a safety net
program for people who are uninsured, not eligible for other medical assistance programs,
including New Jersey Medicaid, and who have no access to health insurance coverage.” Id. at 8
(JA 12); see also Pl. MSJ at 12 (“If an applicant is eligible for [Medicaid] medical assistance, he
or she is no longer eligible for charity care.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Given the Circuit’s controlling interpretation of the Medicare DSH provision in Adena, then, the
18
Court finds that the Secretary correctly excluded NJCCP patient days from Cooper’s Medicare
DSH reimbursement calculation for fiscal year 2001.
C. Disparate Treatment
Given that Adena has foreclosed in this Circuit any direct route of recovery for Cooper,
Plaintiff now redirects the focus of its argument from the one it made before the PRRB. The
hospital’s chief complaint here is that the Secretary’s disallowance is
arbitrary and capricious in light of the Secretary’s disparate
treatment of hospitals located in § 1115 waiver states, where low
income days regarded as being funded under an approved State Plan
may be included in the Medicare DSH calculation even if the low-
income patient is not eligible for traditional Medicaid benefits.
Compl., ¶ 68. In other words, even if the Secretary’s exclusion of NJCCP patient days was
undeniably permissible on its own, her decision to reimburse Medicaid-ineligible patient days
under § 1115 expansion waivers makes such exclusion arbitrary and capricious, as well as
unconstitutional. Cooper thus seeks a declaration invalidating the exclusion and asks that its
NJCCP patient days be included in its Medicare DSH-reimbursement calculation. See Compl. at
23-24.
Having frequently previewed the issue as a coming attraction, the Court finally turns to
§ 1115’s demonstration projects and expansion waivers. Section 1115 of the Social Security Act
authorizes HHS to circumvent certain requirements of the Medicaid statute for experimental
“demonstration” projects that test innovative care strategies that may enhance the goals of
Medicaid. See Pl. MSJ at 20-21 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1315); Def. MSJ at 7. The Secretary can
approve a state’s proposed demonstration project if, “in the judgment of the Secretary,” it is
“likely to assist in promoting [Medicaid’s] objectives.” 42 U.S.C. § 1315(a). Under the statute,
project costs (including patient treatment costs) are “regarded as expenditures under the state
19
[Medicaid] plan,” meaning that they are treated as reimbursable under Medicaid regardless of
whether the underlying patients are Medicaid eligible. See Def. MSJ at 7; 42 U.S.C.
§ 1315(a)(2)(A)). The Secretary may grant approval only if the proposed program is estimated
to be budget neutral and will not result in more federal Medicaid spending than would occur
without the project. See Def. MSJ at 7 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1315(e)(6); 59 Fed. Reg. 49,249,
49,250 (Sept. 27, 1994)). During the period of time relevant to this suit, the Secretary had not
approved any § 1115 demonstration projects in New Jersey. See Compl., ¶ 44; Answer, ¶ 48.
A subset of these demonstration projects is known as “expansion waivers.” While many
patients treated under § 1115 demonstration projects are already Medicaid eligible (and those
patient days would thus already be included in the Medicare DSH calculation), some § 1115
projects are known as “expansion waivers,” for they also “provide medical assistance to
expanded eligibility populations that could not otherwise be made eligible for Medicaid.”
Medicare Program; Medicare Inpatient Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) Adjustment
Calculation: Change in the Treatment of Certain Medicaid Patient Days in States With 1115
Expansion Waivers, 65 Fed. Reg. 3,136, 3,136 (Jan. 20, 2000). Section 1115 expansion-waiver
patients, then, are by definition otherwise ineligible for Medicaid. Prior to 2000, HHS’s
regulation concerning Medicare DSH reimbursement was silent as to whether hospitals could
include § 1115 expansion-waiver patient days in their DSH calculations, but the Secretary’s
practice had been to exclude those days from reimbursement. See Pl. MSJ at 21 (citing Baptist
Mem. Hospital v. Sebelius, 765 F. Supp. 2d 20 (D.D.C. 2011); 65 Fed. Reg. at 3,137. On
January 20, 2000, HHS published an interim final rule providing that expansion-waiver patient
days could thereafter be counted in the Medicare DSH calculation despite the fact that they
would otherwise be ineligible for Medicaid. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 3,136-37. This position was
20
eventually codified at 42 C.F.R. § 412.106(b)(4)(ii). It was this disparate treatment – including
expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicaid DPP fraction of the Medicare DSH calculation
while denying the inclusion of similarly situated NJCCP patient days – that Cooper here argues
is both arbitrary and capricious and unconstitutional.
The Court now evaluates those challenges. Because Plaintiff’s equal-protection and APA
claims fall under slightly different analytic frameworks, the Court will address each in turn.
1. Equal-Protection Challenge
As to the equal-protection claim, the Court begins with the level of scrutiny applicable to
HHS’s actions, concluding that rational basis is appropriate. How exacting that rational-basis
analysis should be, however, depends on whether the disparate treatment is the result of the
statutory scheme as set out by Congress in § 1115 and the Medicare DSH provision, or solely the
result of HHS’s rulemaking actions. The Court thus next considers that question. Because D.C.
Circuit precedent answers that the distinction is one drawn by the statutes, the Court finishes by
explaining why HHS has provided more than sufficient evidence to demonstrate a legitimate
governmental interest in its differential treatment of patient days.
a. Level of Scrutiny
Whereas an APA challenge is generally considered under the familiar rational-basis
analysis, stricter scrutiny applies when an allegedly unconstitutional classification proceeds
along suspect lines or infringes on a fundamental constitutional right. See FCC v. Beach
Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313-14 (1993); see also Am. Bus Ass’n v. Rogoff, 649
F.3d 734, 738 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The Court thus first examines whether some form of heightened
scrutiny is appropriate here. Plaintiff does not contend that NJCCP patients represent a suspect
class, but it does put forward the novel argument that the Secretary’s line-drawing exercise
21
infringes on a fundamental constitutional right – the right to health. Cooper’s theory is that
“there is essentially a right to health care” as a result of “the enactment of the Affordable Care
Act and the Supreme Court decisions upholding its constitutionality and the validity of the
subsidies . . . .” Pl. MSJ at 24 (citing NFIB v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566 (2012), and King v.
Burwell, 135 S. Ct. 2480 (2015)); see also Pl. Reply at 10.
As Defendant correctly counters, however, “Plaintiff has not cited one case deeming the
right to healthcare as fundamental,” and this case does not involve the deprivation of a benefit to
an individual necessary for the maintenance of life, an instance in which closer constitutional
scrutiny sometimes applies. See Def. MSJ at 15-16. Even there, application of heightened
scrutiny in the equal-protection context is limited. See Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471,
485 (1970) (“In the area of economics and social welfare, a State does not violate the Equal
Protection Clause merely because the classifications made by its laws are imperfect. If the
classification has some ‘reasonable basis,’ it does not offend the Constitution.”). This case falls
short of even that description. It concerns reimbursement for hospital costs under the Medicare
statute, a far cry from the deprivation to individuals of benefits necessary for life. Other courts
faced with the exact same question, furthermore, have applied “rational basis” review, as this
Court will here. See, e.g., Nazareth Hosp. v. Sec’y U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, 747
F.3d 172, 180 (3d Cir. 2014); Owensboro Health, Inc. v. Burwell, No. 14-23, 2015 WL 5437131,
at *6 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 15, 2015); Verdant Health Comm’n v. Burwell, No. 14-5108, 2015 WL
5124031, at *7 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 1, 2015).
b. Regulatory or Statutory Classification
Having ascertained the general level of scrutiny, the Court now turns to the question of
whether the challenged classification is regulatory or statutory. This matters because it affects
22
how the Court conducts its review. As to the former, rational-basis “[r]eview of an equal
protection claim in the context of agency action is similar to that under the APA.” Nazareth, 747
F.3d at 180. In such a case, the equal-protection argument is “folded into the APA argument,
since no suspect class is involved and the only question is whether the . . . treatment of [Plaintiff]
was rational (i.e., not arbitrary and capricious).” Ursack, Inc. v. Sierra Interagency Black Bear
Grp., 639 F.3d 949, 955 (9th Cir. 2011). In other words, if the challenge is to an agency action,
the equal-protection challenge is subsumed within the APA challenge.
When the disparate treatment is the result of congressional action, however, both the
burden and the permissible kinds of argument shift in favor of the government. For instance, in
such a challenge, “the plaintiff must show that the government has treated it differently from a
similarly situated party and that the government’s explanation for the differing treatment does
not” suffice. Muwekma Ohlone Tribe v. Salazar, 708 F.3d 209, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted). To this, the Supreme Court has cautioned that an
equal protection [claim] is not a license for courts to judge the
wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices. In areas of social
and economic policy, a statutory classification that neither proceeds
along suspect lines nor infringes fundamental constitutional rights
must be upheld against equal protection challenge if there is any
reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational
basis for the classification. Where there are “plausible reasons” for
Congress’ action, “our inquiry is at an end.”
Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. at 313-14 (citations omitted). On this form of rational-
basis review, “a classification in a statute . . . bear[s] a strong presumption of validity, and those
attacking the rationality of the legislative classification have the burden ‘to negative every
conceivable basis which might support it.’” Id. at 314-15 (quoting Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore
Auto Parts Co., 410 U.S. 356, 364 (1973)) (citation omitted).
23
Such statutory rational-basis analysis also bears on how the Court weighs the kinds of
arguments made by the agency defending the classification. While the parties both moved for
summary judgment on the administrative record – appropriate in a typical APA challenge – “it is
entirely irrelevant for constitutional purposes whether the conceived reason for the challenged
distinction actually motivated the legislature” or the agency. Id. at 315. This means that the
absence of legislative facts explaining the distinction “on the record” is of no significance in
rational-basis analysis of a statutory classification. Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). If
the Court determines that the disparate treatment of § 1115 expansion-waiver patient days and
NJCCP charity-care patient days is a result of a statutory classification rather than a regulatory
one, then, the agency need only provide “some legitimate governmental purpose” to survive the
equal-protection challenge. See Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 (1993)).
The Court now addresses that question. Section 1115 itself instructs that “costs of
[§ 1115 waiver projects] which would not otherwise be included as expenditures under
[Medicaid] . . . shall, to the extent and for the period prescribed by the Secretary, be regarded as
expenditures under the State plan or plans approved under [Medicaid] . . . .” 42 U.S.C
§ 1315(a)(2)(A) (emphasis added). Cooper correctly notes that, on its face, “there is nothing in
Section 1115 stating [that] a patient group otherwise ineligible for Medicaid, but that receives
health care under the demonstration project, is to be treated as a Medicaid eligible group.” Pl.
MSJ at 27 (emphasis added). Section 1115 “merely allows the treatment of demonstration
project costs as expenditures under the state plan.” Id. (emphasis added). In essence, Cooper
argues that HHS improperly conflated “expenditures under the State plan,” 42 U.S.C.
§ 1315(a)(2)(A), with “eligible for medical assistance under a State plan.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II). While the Secretary may have discretion to treat expansion-waiver
24
patient costs as Medicaid costs under § 1115, Plaintiff argues that this does not enable her to treat
these patients as Medicaid eligible for the purposes of the Medicare DSH calculation under
1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II). While Cooper does not articulate its position in these terms, the thrust
of its argument is that this classification is one made by the agency, not by Congress, because it
was the Secretary’s 2000 interim rule that first interpreted the statute as permitting the
reimbursement of § 1115 expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH calculation.
To the hospital’s detriment, D.C. Circuit precedent once again cuts against its position, as
that court has already determined that the classification is better understood as one made by
Congress. In Cookeville Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Leavitt, 531 F.3d 844 (D.C. Cir. 2008), a number of
Tennessee § 1115 expansion-waiver hospitals challenged the Secretary’s decision to exclude
their expansion-waiver patient days for fiscal years prior to 2000 from their Medicare DSH
calculation. Id. at 846; see also Cookeville, 2005 WL 3276219, at *3. To determine whether
Congress had given the Secretary such discretion, the Circuit pointed to the legislature’s
subsequent actions with regard to the Medicare DSH provision. In 2005, Congress amended the
Medicaid DPP provision of the Medicare DSH, so that it now states:
In determining under subclause (II) the number of the hospital’s
patient days for such period which consist of patients who (for such
days) were eligible for medical assistance under a State plan
approved under subchapter XIX of this chapter, the Secretary may,
to the extent and for the period the Secretary determines appropriate,
include patient days of patients not so eligible but who are regarded
as such because they receive benefits under a demonstration project
approved under subchapter XI of this chapter.
Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-171, § 5002(a), 120 Stat. 4, 31 (codified as
amended at 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II)). Congress’s express ratification of the
Secretary’s interpretation means that, from 2005 forward, it has indisputably given her discretion
to include (or exclude) § 1115-waiver patient days in the Medicaid DPP calculation for Medicare
25
DSH reimbursement. For any challenge concerning a fiscal year after 2005, the classification in
question is clearly statutory.
The lingering question in Cookeville – as here – was what effect Congress’s amendment
had on the Secretary’s pre-2005 interpretations of §§ 1115 and 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II) as
permitting the inclusion of expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH calculation. The
D.C. Circuit’s answer was that “[t]he Deficit Reduction Act did not retroactively alter settled
law; it simply clarified an ambiguity in the existing legislation.” 531 F.3d at 849. This is
because, under the doctrine of legislative reenactment, “[w]hen a Congress that re-enacts a
statute voices its approval of an administrative or other interpretation thereof, Congress is treated
as having adopted that interpretation, and this Court is bound thereby.” United States v. Bd. of
Com’rs of Sheffield, Ala., 435 U.S. 110, 134 (1978). The doctrine unquestionably applies where
“Congress indicates not only an awareness of the administrative view, but also takes an
affirmative step to ratify it.” Isaacs v. Bowen, 865 F.2d 468, 473 (2d Cir. 1989); see also Ass’n
of Am. Railroads v. ICC, 564 F.2d 486, 493 (D.C. Cir. 1977).
That is precisely what happened here, as the Cookeville court observed, affirming the
district court’s determination that “Congress ratified the Secretary’s earlier policies . . . to
emphasize that the Secretary always had this discretionary authority.” Cookeville, 531 F.3d at
849 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Congress took this affirmative step to make clear that the Secretary could
include § 1115 expansion-waiver patients days in the Medicaid DPP fraction of the Medicare
DSH calculation. Congress even went so far as to adopt the Secretary’s position wholesale,
codifying it directly into § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(II) and declaring that the Secretary’s 2000 and
2003 “regulations . . . are hereby ratified, effective as of the date of their respective
promulgations.” DRA § 5002, 120 Stat. at 31; see also Cookeville Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Leavitt,
26
No. 04-1053, 2006 WL 2787831, at *7 (D.D.C. Sept. 26, 2006). The Circuit court thus
concluded that “Congress ratified the Secretary’s earlier policies . . . to emphasize that the
Secretary always had this discretionary authority” to decide whether to include expansion-waiver
patient days in the Medicaid DPP calculation. Cookeville, 531 F.3d at 849 (citing DRA
§ 5002(b)(3)(A)) (emphasis added). While in Cookeville this shook out to mean that Congress
had granted the Secretary discretion to exclude expansion-waiver patient days from Medicare
DSH reimbursement, it also means that Congress statutorily affirmed the Secretary’s discretion
to include them.
Given Adena – which held that charity-care patient days must be excluded from
Medicare DSH reimbursement – and Cookeville – which held that Congress granted the
Secretary discretion to include or exclude expansion-waiver patient days from such
reimbursement – the disparate treatment of § 1115 expansion-waiver patient days and charity-
care patient days is therefore a statutory classification, the result of Congress’s policy choices
concerning the appropriate treatment of each group. The net effect of these holdings, then, is
that as to Plaintiff’s equal-protection challenge, HHS need put forward only “some legitimate
governmental purpose” to prevail. See Heller, 509 U.S. at 320. Of equal import, “it is entirely
irrelevant for constitutional purposes whether the conceived reason for the challenged distinction
actually motivated the legislature.” Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 315.
c. Legitimate Governmental Purpose
From the standpoint of Cooper’s constitutional claim, the Court finds that the agency has
easily provided “some legitimate governmental purpose.” Heller, 509 U.S. at 320. To repeat,
Plaintiff’s argument is that the disparate treatment between its NJCCP patient days and § 1115
expansion-waiver patient days is unlawful because “NJCCP patients are financially, and
27
otherwise substantially equivalent to patients residing in § 1115 states and/or regions whose
hospitals’ days are permitted to be included in the Medicare DSH calculation . . . .” Compl.,
¶ 69. Cooper contends that there is simply “no rational basis for the Secretary’s internally
inconsistent application of the same statute . . . .” Id., ¶ 82.
On the contrary, the Court identifies a number of rational reasons for the disparate
treatment, including that expansion waivers further the goals of Medicaid, that HHS has
considerably more oversight of § 1115 expansion-waiver programs than it does over state
charity-care programs, and that the decision to approve expansion-waiver programs and include
them in the Medicare DSH reimbursement is made on a case-by-case basis. To begin, as HHS
explains, the two programs have different purposes. Unlike charity-care plans such as the
NJCCP, § 1115 demonstration projects require a predetermination that “in the judgment of the
Secretary,” such projects are “likely to assist in promoting the objectives of” Medicaid. See 42
U.S.C § 1315(a) (emphasis added). As the Third Circuit – confronting an almost-identical
challenge – observed,
The purpose of these [Section 1115] demonstrations, which give
States additional flexibility to design and improve their programs, is
to demonstrate and evaluate policy approaches such as: expanding
eligibility to individuals who are not otherwise Medicaid or CHIP
eligible; providing services not typically covered by Medicaid;
using innovative service delivery systems that improve care,
increase efficiency, and reduce costs.
Nazareth, 747 F.3d at 181. These are all admirable goals, and ones that Congress expressly
empowered the Secretary to promote and support.
Plaintiff counters that focusing on the Secretary’s procedural oversight “conflates the
process of review [under Medicaid] with the objectives of the review.” Pl. MSJ at 33. It argues
that Medicaid’s objective is to “provide medical treatment for low-income people,” something it
28
states NJCCP also strives to achieve. Id. (quoting Elizabeth Blackwell Health Ctr. for Women v.
Knoll, 61 F.3d 170, 172 (3d Cir. 1995)); see also Pl. Reply at 13-14. Yet Cooper fails in its
attempt to paper over the fact that the Medicaid statute establishes requirements for both process
of review and objectives of review. While it is true that the Medicaid statute is aimed at treating
low-income patients, it is funded by the federal government, and HHS pre-approval is required
for all aspects of state reimbursement for qualified Medicaid expenses, including for § 1115
demonstration-project waivers. Under § 1115 demonstration projects, the Secretary “may
determine which Medicaid requirements will be waived, how long the waiver will last, and
whether the costs of the project will be considered Medicaid expenses eligible for matching
payments under the statute.” Def. Opp. at 18 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1315(a)(1)-(a)(2) and Pharm.
Research & Mfs. of Am. v. Thompson, 313 F.3d 600, 602 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). Such federal
oversight and participation is part and parcel of Medicaid reimbursement, something lacking
with NJCCP charity care, which “requires no federal judgment that it is likely to assist in
promoting the goals of Medicaid.” Nazareth, 747 F.3d at 182.
Cooper rejoins that “the Secretary has significant administrative control regarding the
approval and continuation of a state plan” like the NJCCP, pointing to annual reporting
requirements baked into the Medicaid DSH-reimbursement process. See Pl. MSJ at 34 (citing 42
U.S.C. § 1396r-4(a)(2)(D)). This attempted bait and switch is in vain: this provision relates to
the Medicaid DSH-reimbursement process, which HHS does not dispute permits reimbursement
for charity-care patients treated under the NJCCP. See Def. Opp. at 18 (“The NJCCP is only
referenced in the State plan because the Medicaid DSH statute requires states to submit
amendments that specify the methodologies used to identify eligible Medicaid DSH hospitals . . .
and the Secretary only reviews such amendments for compliance with requirements pertaining to
29
Medicaid DSH payments.”) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-4(a)) (emphasis added). The sole purpose
of that approval process is to determine how states with charity-care programs intend to
distribute their Medicaid DSH payments, not to further the goals of Medicaid itself. See
Nazareth, 747 F.3d at 182. In contrast – and tellingly so – the equivalent Medicare DSH
provision has no such required oversight of state charity-care programs. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi). This, of course, is because Congress, per Adena, never envisioned
reimbursement of such programs under the Medicare DSH adjustment.
Finally, federal approval of § 1115 expansion-waiver programs is not an act of agency
rubber-stamping: the agency has both approved and denied § 1115 expansion-waiver programs
on a state-by-state basis, and it has both included and excluded such patient days in the Medicare
DSH calculation on a hospital-by-hospital basis. As to the former, courts have vacated § 1115
waiver projects where they have found that the agency could not rationally have determined that
such a program advanced the objectives of Medicaid. See, e.g., Newton-Nations v. Betlach, 660
F.3d 370, 381-82 (9th Cir. 2011) (finding Secretary’s approval of Arizona § 1115 waiver
program arbitrary and capricious by “entirely fail[ing] to consider” whether proposed program
promoted objectives of Medicaid). As to the latter, the Secretary’s inclusion of § 1115
expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH calculation is not a one-way ratchet.
What’s good for the goose is good for the gander, as HHS has also denied such inclusion on
numerous occasions, denials which courts in both this Circuit and others have upheld. See, e.g.,
Rogue Valley Med. Ctr. v. Sebelius, 410 Fed. App’x 344, 346 (D.C. Cir. 2010), Cookeville, 531
F.3d 844; Adventist Health Sys./Sunbelt, Inc. v. Sebelius, 715 F.3d 157, 164-65 (6th Cir. 2013).
These decisions strongly suggest that HHS exercises its discretion with care in determining when
to approve expansion-waiver programs and when to count such patient days in the Medicare
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DSH-reimbursement process. For such case-by-case, fact-based determinations, “courts
appropriately defer to the agency entrusted by Congress to make such policy determinations.”
Pauley v. BethEnergy Mines, Inc., 501 U.S. 680, 697 (1991).
While Plaintiff may not like being on the wrong side of that congressional line-drawing
exercise, there is no doubt that the Congress granted the agency discretion to include or exclude
expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH calculation, and HHS has provided
legitimate governmental purposes for the disparate treatment that may result.
2. APA Challenge
Turning now to Plaintiff’s APA challenge, the Court is skeptical that such a claim is even
cognizable in light of Adena and Cookeville. Those two cases, after all, combine to stand for the
proposition that Congress both expressly prohibits HHS from including charity-care patient days
in the Medicare DSH reimbursement and expressly permits HHS to include expansion-waiver
days in that calculation. If so, then the disparate treatment results from a statutory classification,
so Cooper’s APA challenge is effectively a blanket objection to the fact that the Secretary has
chosen to exercise the discretion Congress granted her to include expansion-waiver patient days
in the Medicare DSH calculation. Indeed, Cooper does not object to a particular expansion-
waiver hospital’s patient days that were included, but instead contends that the Secretary’s
disparate treatment of its charity-care patients and any expansion-waiver patients “is not based
on a principled, justifiable classification.” Pl. MSJ at 30. But given Adena, all Plaintiff’s APA
challenge can amount to is an objection to the Secretary’s inclusion of expansion-waiver patient
days at all. In such a circumstance, the Court is doubtful whether Plaintiff even makes out a
viable APA challenge in the first place. Even if Cooper does somehow have a cognizable claim,
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the Court is satisfied that the record supports HHS’s determination to include § 1115 expansion-
waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH calculation.
The Court will assess HHS’s decision under the APA arbitrary-and-capricious standard to
determine if it “is rational and supported by the record.” Oceana, Inc., 670 F.3d at 1240 (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted). Unlike the constitutional rational-basis standard, the
Court here is restricted to the administrative record. It then examines Plaintiff’s latent argument
that HHS inadequately responded to comments during the notice-and-comment rulemaking
process.
a. Evidence in the Record
In assessing the record, the Court begins by looking to HHS’s 2000 statement in the
Federal Register announcing the interim rule permitting Medicare DSH reimbursement for all
§ 1115 demonstration-project patient days, including expansion-waiver patient days. That rule
provided several reasons for their inclusion. First, it noted that a key purpose of § 1115 was to
extend Medicaid matching payments “to services furnished to populations that otherwise could
not have been made eligible for Medicaid,” with costs associated with these patients matched
based on § 1115 authority. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 3,137. In particular, the interim rule pointed to
the fact that, under the statute, costs of expansion waivers, “which would not otherwise be
included as expenditures under [Medicaid,] . . . shall, to the extent and for the period prescribed
by the Secretary, be regarded as expenditures . . . approved under the State [Medicaid] plan . . . .”
Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1315(a)(2)(A)). The agency determined that “includ[ing] the section 1115
expanded waiver population in the Medicare DSH calculation is fully consistent with the
Congressional goals of the Medicare DSH adjustment to recognize the higher costs to hospitals
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of treating low income individuals covered under Medicaid.” Id. Thus, the agency argued, “the
statute allows for the expansion populations to be treated as Medicaid beneficiaries.” Id.Because “a dialogue is a two-way street [–] the opportunity to comment is meaningless
unless the agency responds to significant points raised by the public,” Home Box Office, Inc. v.
FCC, 567 F.2d 9, 35-36 (D.C. Cir. 1977) – HHS followed up with a response to submitted
comments in its final rule on August 1, 2000. See Medicare Program; Changes to the Hospital
Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems and Fiscal Year 2001 Rate, 65 Fed. Reg. 47,054 (Aug. 1,
2000). In the final-rule announcement, HHS summarized the 11 public comments it had
received in response to the interim rule, including several that argued that permitting § 1115
demonstration-project states to include expansion-patient days would provide those states with
an “unfair advantage” over states without such expansion programs. Id. at 47,086-87. Several
also advocated that charity-care patient days continue to be included in Medicare DSH-
reimbursement calculations, id. at 47,086, a question that, as discussed above, is now foreclosed
here due to Adena.
In response, HHS stated that agency staff “consulted extensively with Medicaid staff and
have determined that section 1115 expansion waiver days are utilized by patients whose care is
considered to be an approved expenditure under Title XIX.” Id. at 47,087. While the agency
acknowledged that this would “advantage States that have a section 1115 expansion waiver in
place,” it reiterated that under the Medicaid staff’s determination, “these days are considered to
be Title XIX days by Medicaid standards.” Id. The agency also recognized the confusion
arising from including charity-care patient days funded by states and local governments in the
Medicaid DSH calculation, while excluding it from the Medicare DSH calculation. But it
reiterated that such patients’ care “is not covered or paid by any health insurance program,” and
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so “these patients are not Medicaid-eligible under the State plan and are not considered Title
XIX beneficiaries.” Id.
HHS also provided additional comments in revising the rule in a notice issued on August
1, 2003. There, it reiterated its earlier finding that covering expansion-waiver patients was
consistent with the aims of the Medicare DSH – which was to cover the higher costs associated
with treating Medicaid patients – since, according to the Medicaid staff themselves, these
patients are considered Medicaid eligible. See Medicare Program; Changes to the Hospital
Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems and Fiscal Year 2004 Rates, 68 Fed. Reg. 45,346, 45,420
(Aug. 1, 2003). The agency expanded on this reasoning: “In allowing hospitals to include patient
days related to section 1115 expansion waiver populations, our intention was to include patient
days of section 1115 expansion waiver populations who receive benefits under the demonstration
project that are similar to those available to traditional Medicaid beneficiaries, including
inpatient benefits.” Id. at 45,420-21.
On the basis of the record alone, then, the Court is satisfied that HHS provided a rational
basis to exercise its discretion to include § 1115 expansion-waiver patients as part of Medicare
DSH reimbursements. As the agency noted, the Medicaid staff consider § 1115 expansion-
waiver patients to be Medicaid patients, and treating them as such furthered the purpose of
§ 1115, which was to expand services to populations otherwise ineligible for treatment under
Medicaid. The agency reasonably distinguished these patients from charity-care patients, who
are not covered or paid by any health-insurance program, including Medicaid, and so their
treatment costs are not reimbursable by the federal program. The Court concludes, just as the
Third Circuit did in a similar challenge in Nazareth, that these distinct purposes “rationally
separate Section 1115 demonstration projects from” charity-care programs. See 747 F.3d at 183
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(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The Secretary’s decision was thus neither
arbitrary nor capricious.
b. Adequate Response to Comments
Finally, although Plaintiff does not expressly argue that the Secretary’s decision should
be overturned due to an inadequate response to comments, it insinuates as much. Cooper argues
that HHS’s response to comments did not “actually address[] the resulting disparity and inequity
to hospitals treating non-Medicaid low-income patients . . . in non-Section 1115 waiver states”
that commenters brought to light. See Pl. MSJ at 29. Given the subsequent holdings of Adena
and Cookeville, it is doubtful whether the agency had any obligation to address a disparity
created by Congress. Yet, as discussed above, in 2000 HHS did provide a rational basis for the
difference: it “consulted extensively with Medicaid staff,” who considered expansion-waiver
patients’ care to be care under Medicaid. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 47,087. It acknowledged that
“[w]hile this does advantage States that have a section 1115 expansion waiver in place, these
days are considered to be [Medicaid] days by Medicaid standards.” Id. In contrast, the agency
noted, “Charity care days are those days that are utilized by patients . . . whose care is not
covered or paid by any health insurance program,” including Medicaid. Id. “While we
recognize that these days may be included in the calculation of a State’s Medicaid DSH
payments, these patients are not Medicaid-eligible under the State plan and are not considered
[Medicaid] beneficiaries.” Id.
As the D.C. Circuit has observed, while the agency must adequately explain its decision
and respond to relevant and significant public comments, “neither requirement is particularly
demanding.” Pub. Citizen, 988 F.2d at 197. The Court concludes that the agency has satisfied
this requirement. In a nearly identical challenge, the Third Circuit in Nazareth found that the
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agency’s “‘response demonstrates that the [agency] considered and rejected’ the arguments of
[plaintiffs], [and] ‘this is all that the Administrative Procedure Act requires.’” 747 F.3d at 185
(quoting Covad Commc’ns Co. v. FCC, 450 F.3d 528, 550 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). The Court
concurs.
IV. Conclusion
In sum, given Adena’s controlling holding that charity-care patients like Cooper’s may
not be included in the Medicare DSH calculation and Cookeville’s determination that the
Secretary possessed broad discretion in 2001 either to include or exclude § 1115 expansion-
waiver patient days in that calculation, the Court holds that HHS has adequately provided a
legitimate governmental basis for the disparate treatment of § 1115 expansion-waiver programs
and state charity-care programs like the NJCCP to survive an equal-protection challenge.
Because the line-drawing exercise was one done by Congress, the Court doubts that Plaintiff’s
APA challenge remains cognizable, but assuming arguendo that it is, the Court is also satisfied
that the Secretary’s decision to include expansion-waiver patient days in the Medicare DSH
calculation is rational and supported by the record. The Court will, consequently, grant
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on both counts.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: April 11, 2016
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