Martin v. Omni Hotels Management Corporation , 321 F.R.D. 35 ( 2017 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KATHLEEN C. MARTIN, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 14-2182 (RC)
:
v. : Re Document No.: 21
:
OMNI HOTELS MANAGEMENT :
CORPORATION, :
:
Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff, Ms. Kathleen Martin, sued Defendant for injuries she sustained after tripping on
a wrinkled floor mat in the lobby of Defendant’s hotel. This Court granted Defendant summary
judgment in August of 2016 because Ms. Martin failed to present sufficient, non-speculative
evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Defendant’s negligence caused her to fall.
Dissatisfied with that result, Ms. Martin timely filed a motion requesting that the judgment be
altered or amended pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). Because the Court does
not identify a clear error in its prior opinion, and Ms. Martin may not now attempt to introduce
previously available evidence, the Court denies her motion.
II. BACKGROUND
The Court has previously described the facts of this case, see generally Mem. Op. (Aug.
30, 2016), ECF No. 20, and confines its recital here to the most relevant facts. Ms. Martin was
staying at the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C., which is owned by Defendant Omni
Hotels Management Corporation (Omni). Mem. Op. at 1–2. Omni placed floor mats in the lobby
as required by the weather. Mem. Op. at 5. In 2014, after several days of rain, Ms. Martin tripped
and fell while walking over a wrinkled floor mat in the lobby. Mem. Op. at 2, 5. The fall broke
Ms. Martin’s arm and inflicted several other injuries, causing Ms. Martin to be hospitalized.
Mem. Op. at 2. Ms. Martin’s fall—and several wrinkles present in the mat at that moment—were
captured by the hotel’s video recording system, but only the portion of the video immediately
surrounding the fall was preserved. See Mem. Op. at 2, 22. Ms. Martin’s travelling companion
also photographed the mat shortly after the fall, capturing the wrinkles. Mem. Op. at 2. The mat
itself was preserved.1 See Mem. Op. at 3.
Ms. Martin asserts that the wrinkles in the mat caused her to trip, which Omni has not
thus far contested. Mem. Op. at 2. Rather, the dispute and this Court’s prior opinion centered on
whether Ms. Martin had presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could
conclude that Omni had deviated from the applicable standard of care. Ms. Martin offered two
alternative theories: first, that Omni laid the mat with the wrinkles present; or second, that Omni
received either actual or constructive notice of the development of the wrinkles and failed to
correct them prior to Ms. Martin’s fall. Ms. Martin presented no direct evidence of when the mat
was laid, the mat’s condition when laid, or when the wrinkle formed in the mat. Instead, both of
Ms. Martin’s theories rely on the testimony of her expert, Lawrence Dinoff.2
1
When Ms. Martin’s expert examined the mat several years after her fall, it was not in a
wrinkled condition. Her expert suspected that the mat provided for his inspection may not have
actually been the same mat that Ms. Martin tripped on. However, the Court need not resolve
whether it was, in fact, the same mat as both parties agree that it shared the same characteristics
as the mat. See Mem. Op. at 3 n.1.
2
Mr. Dinoff has more than twenty years of involvement in creating standards for walking
surfaces, in addition to architecture and engineering degrees. Dinoff Dep. 54:11–55:20.
2
Mr. Dinoff examined the mat and briefly manipulated it. Mem. Op. at 3–4. Mr. Dinoff
testified that the mat was “heavy enough” and “thick enough” that it had “short-term memory.”
Dinoff Dep. 51:3–12, ECF No. 14-3. This memory meant that the mat did not easily change
states between flat and wrinkled. See Dinoff Dep. 51:12–15. This conclusion was not challenged
in the Court’s prior opinion. Mr. Dinoff went further and testified that it was his opinion that the
mat would require “hours and hours, if not days and days” to form wrinkles. Dinoff Dep.
126:17–127:3. When asked for the basis of his opinion that it would take at least hours to create
a wrinkle in the mat, Mr. Dinoff answered that it was based on “[t]he nature of the mat.” Dinoff
Dep. 127:6–12. When asked how long the memory of the mat was, Mr. Dinoff said he did not
know, except that it was longer than the fifty-seconds shown in Omni’s video. Dinoff Dep.
51:16–52:3.
This conclusion by Mr. Dinoff that the mat would take, at least, hours to develop a
wrinkle formed the nucleus of the dispute between the parties at summary judgment. The
conclusion that the time required for a wrinkle to form provides the crucial link in both of Ms.
Martin’s theories because it would permit a jury to infer that the mat was either laid with the
wrinkle or that the wrinkle was present for a long enough time prior to Ms. Martin’s fall that
Omni would have developed constructive knowledge of the wrinkle. See also Dinoff Dep.
110:1–14 (“[It is] my opinion that [the wrinkle] was present from the time the mat was first
placed on [the] floor.”); Dinoff Dep. 124:15–18 (“[I]t is my opinion that this is the way [the mat]
was when it was put down.”).
This Court previously concluded that, because “Mr. Dinoff does not provide any factual
foundation for his opinion that it would have taken a very lengthy period of time to form such
wrinkles,” “[t]he record contains no evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer—without
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resorting to speculation—that the mat was necessarily wrinkled at the time it was laid or that an
alternative type of disturbance could not have formed wrinkles that would be retained by the
mat’s short term memory.” Mem. Op. at 16. Ms. Martin now challenges this conclusion through
her Rule 59(e) motion.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 59(e) permits a court to “alter or amend a judgment” in rare circumstances.3 Fed. R.
Civ. Pro. 59(e). Motions under Rule 59(e) are “disfavored and relief from judgment is granted
only when the moving party establishes extraordinary circumstances.” Niedermeier v. Office of
Baucus, 153 F. Supp. 2d 23, 28 (D.D.C. 2001) (quoting Anyanwutaku v. Moore, 151 F.3d 1053,
1057 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). A Rule 59(e) motion is granted at the district court’s discretion, and
“need not be granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of
controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent
manifest injustice.” Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Solomon v. Univ. of S. Cal., 255 F.R.D. 303, 304
(D.D.C. 2009).
Relief under Rule 59(e) is not appropriate when the moving party seeks to “relitigate old
matters, or to raise arguments or present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry
of judgment.” Niedermeier, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 28 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Turner v. U.S. Capitol Police, No. 12-45, 2014 WL 169871, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan.
16, 2014). The party seeking reconsideration bears the burden of establishing that relief is
3
Rule 59(e) also requires that the motion be filed within twenty-eight days after the entry
of judgment, a condition which is satisfied here.
4
warranted. Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 811 F. Supp. 2d 216, 226
(D.D.C. 2011).
IV. DISCUSSION
Ms. Martin claims that Rule 59(e) relief is appropriate due to the “manifest injustice
resulting from the dismissal of her case due to unchallenged evidence of Mr. Dinoff’s expertise.”
Pl.’s Reply Def.’s Opp’n Mot. Recons. (Pl.’s Reply) at 2, ECF No. 23. In addition, Ms. Martin
seeks to supplement the record with an additional affidavit explaining the basis for Mr. Dinoff’s
opinion that the mat would take hours to wrinkle. See Suppl. Aff., ECF No. 21-3, Ex. 2. Because
this evidence was previously available, the Court does not consider it. The Court then considers
whether its prior grant of summary judgment creates manifest injustice, and concludes that it
does not.
A. Mr. Dinoff’s Supplemental Affidavit Is Barred as Previously Available
Ms. Martin seeks to add a new explanation of Mr. Dinoff’s methods and the basis for his
opinion to the record. See generally Suppl. Aff. Although Rule 59(e) provides an avenue for a
district court to consider newly available evidence, the supplemental affidavit is not newly
available. Newly available evidence is “evidence that is newly discovered or previously
unavailable despite the exercise of due diligence.” Niedermeier v. Office of Baucus, 153 F. Supp.
2d 23, 29 (D.D.C. 2001). Newly available evidence excludes “relevant facts . . . known by the
party prior to the entry of judgment [where] the party failed to present those facts.” Id.
(collecting cases); see also S.E.C. v. Bilzerian, 729 F. Supp. 2d 9, 15 (D.D.C. 2010) (denying
5
movant Rule 59 relief because “[t]he evidence [the movant] alludes to is not newly available; it
is simply newly received [by the court].”).4
Here, whether or not the facts and arguments in Mr. Dinoff’s supplemental affidavit were
previously assembled in that form, they were available to Ms. Martin. The contents of the
supplemental affidavit explain facts that occurred prior to Ms. Martin’s motion for summary
judgment. Mr. Dinoff was retained by Ms. Martin, and any elaboration on the methods he used to
reach his conclusion would thus have been available to her during the initial summary judgment
briefing. Therefore, the supplemental affidavit cannot come in as newly discovered evidence. See
Niedermeier, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 28 (holding that Rule 59(e) does not permit a movant to
“relitigate old matters, or to raise arguments or present evidence that could have been raised prior
to the entry of judgment.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Turner v.
United States Capitol Police, No. 12-45, 2014 WL 169871, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2014).
Ms. Martin appears to argue that she should be able to introduce the foundation for Mr.
Dinoff’s opinion now because “defense counsel” did not “ask the obvious follow-up question
regarding how Mr. Dinoff knows that a mat’s construction or weight can affect the formation of
a wrinkled edge.” Mem. P. & A. Supp. Pl.’s Mot. Recons. (Pl.’s Mot.) at 2, ECF No. 21-1; see
also Def. Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Recons. (Def.’s Opp’n) at 1; Pl.’s Reply at 1 (referring to the basis for
Mr. Dinoff’s opinion as “not specified before because it was never disputed”); cf. Pl.’s Reply at 1
(“[T]he Motion addresses the Court’s sua sponte finding that Lawrence Dinoff’s expert opinion
4
Nor could this new evidence come in under the Rule 59(e) provision for “manifest
injustice,” because “[m]anifest injustice does not exist where . . . a party could have easily
avoided the outcome, but instead elected not to act until after a final order had been entered.”
Davis v. District of Columbia, 413 F. App’x 308, 311 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
6
lacked a factual or methodological underpinning.”).5 However, whether Omni vigorously
questioned Ms. Martin’s expert is irrelevant to the Rule 59 standard for newly discovered
evidence. No amount of laxity by Omni would serve to make the basis for Ms. Martin’s own
expert’s opinion unavailable to her.
Furthermore, Omni did challenge the lack of foundation for Mr. Dinoff’s opinions at
summary judgment. Ms. Martin’s opposition to Omni’s motion for summary judgment
acknowledged that “Omni characterizes Mr. Dinoff’s opinions as speculative” and devoted
several pages to defending his opinions. Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. at 10,
7–10, ECF No. 16. At his deposition, Omni specifically asked Mr. Dinoff for the basis of his
opinion, see Dinoff Dep. 127:4–5, but received only a vague reply.
B. Rule 59(e) Relief Is Unwarranted
As discussed above, the Court concludes that it need not consider Ms. Martin’s newly
presented evidence. Without that evidence, the Court turns to whether it should alter or amend its
5
Ms. Martin also appears to suggest that sua sponte summary judgment by the Court was
improper. Although, as discussed above, this Court’s grant of summary judgment was not sua
sponte because Omni challenged the sufficiency of Mr. Dinoff’s opinion, this Court had the
authority to grant summary judgment sua sponte if necessary.
Courts may grant summary judgment sua sponte “so long as the losing party was on
notice that [he or] she had to come forward with all of [his or] her evidence.” Grosdidier v.
Chairman, Broad. Bd. of Governors, 774 F. Supp. 2d 76, 117 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted), aff’d in part, 709 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Omni moved for
summary judgment “because Plaintiff is unable to establish that Omni had actual or even
constructive notice” of the wrinkle and asserted that “it is likely that the alleged hazardous
condition in the Subject-mat was created when it was disturbed by a hotel guest after it was
placed in the Parkview Lobby” and challenged Ms. Martin’s “inability to provide anything more
than speculation to prove that Omni had notice.” Def. Statement P. & A. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. at
9–10, ECF No. 14. This put Ms. Martin on notice that she must come forward with sufficient
evidence to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to each element of her claims. See
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); cf. Grosdidier, 774 F. Supp. 2d at 118
(“[W]here a defendant moves for summary judgment as to all essential elements of a plaintiff’s
claim, the plaintiff is on notice of the need to present affirmative evidence in support of each of
those elements.”).
7
previous judgment on the grounds of clear error or manifest injustice.6 See Firestone v.
Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (holding that Rule 59(e) relief is appropriate
when “there is an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the
need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice” (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted)).
Ms. Martin argues that manifest injustice is present because the Court found that Mr.
Dinoff lacked an adequate basis for his opinion that a wrinkle would require hours to form,
despite Mr. Dinoff’s “unchallenged” expertise. Pl.’s Mot. at 2; Pl.’s Reply at 2. “The standard of
proving manifest injustice is . . . high,” Roane v. Gonzales, 832 F. Supp. 2d 61, 66 (D.D.C. 2011)
(quoting In re Motion of Burlodge Ltd., No. 08-525, 2009 WL 2868756, at *7 (D.D.C. Sept. 3,
2009)), and that standard is not satisfied here.
First, the Court identifies no error or manifest injustice in its previous conclusion that Mr.
Dinoff lacked an adequate basis for his opinion that a wrinkle would require hours to form.
According to Ms. Martin, Mr. Dinoff’s deposition statement that “[a] mat of this construction
will not take on new shapes in a short period of time” provides the foundation. Pl.’s Mot. at 2.
However, this statement merely restates Mr. Dinoff’s opinion. It does not provide any factual or
methodological reasons for Mr. Dinoff’s conclusion. See also Dinoff Dep. 125:4–7 (stating Mr.
Dinoff’s opinion that a “heavy mat” would not form “transitory wrinkles” without providing a
factual or methodological foundation). The Court is unaware of anything in the existing record
explaining how Mr. Dinoff concluded that the mat would require hours or days to take on a new
6
Nor would any other ground permit Rule 59(e) relief because Ms. Martin does not
identify any intervening change in the controlling law and this Court has already rejected Ms.
Martin’s attempts to present new evidence.
8
shape. Indeed, Mr. Dinoff stated that he “didn’t do testing of ways to make this mat ripply.”7
Dinoff Dep. 59:6–12.
In this circuit, a party cannot avoid summary judgment when it offers an expert opinion
that is speculative and provides no basis in the record for its conclusions.8 See City of
Moundridge v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 04-940, 2009 WL 5385975, at *11 (D.D.C. Sept. 30,
2009) (“[A] party may not avoid summary judgment solely on the basis of an expert’s opinion
that fails to provide specific facts from the record to support its conclusory allegations.” (quoting
New York State Ophthalmological Soc. v. Bowen, 854 F.2d 1379, 1391 (D.C. Cir. 1988))), aff’d,
409 F. App’x 362 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Crystal Prods., Inc. v. Doc Severinsen Orchestras, No. 90-
932, 1994 WL 507546, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 10, 1992) (“Where a party opposing summary
judgment relies on expert opinion to support its position, summary judgment is nevertheless
appropriate if the expert’s opinion has no basis other than theoretical speculations.” (citing Merit
Motors Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 569 F.2d 666, 673 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).
Although the D.C. Circuit has not fully explained the boundaries of this standard, it has
held that expert reports created a genuine issue of material fact to defeat a Rule 56 motion when
the experts explained that their opinions were based on “the available scientific and
7
The Court does not suggest that such a test is the only way Mr. Dinoff could have
provided an adequate factual foundation for his opinion. Indeed, Mr. Dinoff offered an adequate,
non-speculative basis for his conclusion that the mat had some level of short-term memory by
(1) examining the mat and attempting to change its shape in the short term and (2) reviewing the
video footage that showed wrinkles persisting in the mat over a short period of time. Mem. Op.
at 14–15, ECF No. 20.
8
The Court notes that the standard for granting summary judgment under Rule 56 is a
distinct inquiry from whether expert testimony is admissible, and summary judgment under Rule
56 may therefore be proper “if the [expert] affidavits [are] not sufficient to create a genuine issue
of material fact.” Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 966 F.2d 1464, 1470 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (collecting
cases). Thus, Ms. Martin’s argument that Mr. Dinoff’s techniques were “well established in the
walkway-safety industry,” Pl.’s Reply at 1, ECF No. 23, are inapposite.
9
epidemiological data . . . as well as a review of relevant medical records.” Ambrosini, 966 F.2d at
1470–71. Cf. Briggs v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 481 F.3d 839, 848 (D.C. Cir. 2007)
(granting the defendant summary judgment because the plaintiff’s expert “offered only his own
opinion in attempting to describe national standards that might be applicable to establish
standards of care in this case”). Here, however, Mr. Dinoff’s report and deposition did not
explain the reasons for his conclusion at all, much less by reference to available scientific data,
experimental results, or records. Unlike the experts in Ambrosini, Mr. Dinoff did not explain the
scientific data on which his conclusion was based, leading to this Court’s prior determination
that his conclusions were not adequately supported.
Second, Mr. Dinoff’s qualifications and expertise—unchallenged or not9—do not disturb
this analysis. This Court did not grant Omni summary judgment because Mr. Dinoff lacked
expertise or was unqualified. Rather, as discussed above, even an otherwise qualified expert must
still present an adequate basis describing how the expert reached the specific opinion at issue.
Mr. Dinoff’s separate expertise did not suffice to provide that basis. Furthermore, Mr. Dinoff’s
unchallenged expertise was already before the Court in this Court’s prior opinion, and thus
cannot justify reconsideration now. See Turner v. Dep’t of Interior, No. 05-1543, 2007 WL
2982722, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 12, 2007) (“A motion for reconsideration will not be granted if a
party is simply attempting to renew factual or legal arguments that it asserted in its original briefs
and that were already rejected by the Court.” (quoting Pearson v. Thompson, 141 F. Supp. 2d
105, 107 (D.D.C. 2001))). The Court thus declines to alter or amend its prior grant of summary
9
To the extent that Ms. Martin seeks to argue that this Court could not address the flaws
in Mr. Dinoff’s analysis because Omni did not raise them, the Court has already rejected this
argument supra.
10
judgment for Omni because Ms. Martin has not identified any cognizable basis for
reconsideration under Rule 59(e).
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration (ECF No. 21) is
DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and
contemporaneously issued.
Dated: June 7, 2017 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
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