Greenwood v. Bolster ( 2020 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
TERRENCE O. GREENWOOD, :
:
Petitioner, :
v. : Civil Action No. 19-3768 (TSC)
:
MARK J. BOLSTER, :
:
Respondent. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter is before the court on a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 (ECF No. 1, “Pet.”) filed by Terrence O. Greenwood. For the reasons discussed below,
the court DENIES the petition and DISMISSES this civil action.
I. BACKGROUND
Greenwood was convicted in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia of first
degree burglary, sodomy, and assault with intent to rape arising out of his attack on a woman
inside her apartment in 1992. See Greenwood v. United States, 659 A.2d 825, 826 (D.C. 1995);
Pet. at 1. He was sentenced to 21 years and 8 months to 65 years in prison. See Pet. at 1; Opp. at
3. Greenwood filed a notice of appeal on September 21, 1993, Mindy A. Daniels represented
him before the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. See Pet. at 1; Opp. at 3.
Greenwood raised three issues on direct appeal, which Respondent summarizes as
follows:
(i) the trial court’s decision to delay its determination of the
reliability of the victim’s eyewitness identification of [Greenwood]
until after the victim had testified at trial; (ii) the trial court’s
conclusions that the identification procedures in this case were not
unduly suggestive and that the victim’s eyewitness identification of
[Greenwood] was reliable; and (iii) the trial court’s ruling to limit
the scope of cross-examination of the lifeguard who testified at trial.
1
Opp. at 3 (citing Greenwood, 659 A.2d at 827-28 & n.2) (footnote omitted). The Court of
Appeals rejected Greenwood’s claims and affirmed his conviction, and the Supreme Court of the
United States denied Greenwood’s petition for a writ of certiorari on October 10, 1995. See
Greenwood v. United States, 516 U.S. 925 (1995).
On November 23, 1999, Greenwood filed a motion in the Court of Appeals to recall its
mandate and seeking to raise an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel (“IAAC”) claim. The
Court of Appeals denied the motion as untimely on December 14, 1999. See Pet. at 2; Opp. at 3-
4.
Proceeding pro se, in January 2001 Greenwood filed a motion in the Superior Court
under D.C. Code § 23-110 to vacate judgment, claiming his trial counsel was ineffective because
he neither investigated nor pursued an insanity defense arising from Greenwood’s drug use. See
Opp. at 4. The Superior Court denied the motion and Greenwood appealed. See id. The Court
of Appeals affirmed the Superior Court’s ruling and issued its mandate in October 2002. See
Opp. at 4. Greenwood neither sought en banc review before the Court of Appeals nor filed a
petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court.
In October 2019, Greenwood filed this petition, raising an IAAC claim.1 He claims that
he explained to appellate counsel that trial counsel did not “‘investigate’ the fact that
[Greenwood] was in the psychiatric unit of D.C. General Hospital due to psychosis and a mental
breakdown associated with his usage of pure 85% (PCP) phencyclidine.” Pet. at 3. He also told
appellate counsel of his blackouts, delusional thoughts, suicidal tendencies, depression, bipolar
1
Petitioner signed and certified that he placed his petition in the prison mailbox on October 17,
2019. See Pet. at 11. The Clerk of Court received the petition on December 16, 2019. The court
follows Respondent’s lead, see U.S. Opp. at 4 n.2, and treats the petition as if it were filed on
October 17, 2019.
2
disorder, see id. at 3-4, 6, 10, and commitments “to the mental ward,” id. at 7. Greenwood
argues that this information, relating to his mental illness and years of drug use may have called
into question not only Greenwood’s competency to stand trial but also his responsibility for the
crimes he committed. See id. at 4, 6. In short, Greenwood asserts that he had a viable insanity
defense which trial counsel did not pursue. See id. at 7, 9.
Greenwood now argues that his appellate counsel failed him twice: first, by refusing to
present on direct appeal an ineffective assistance of trial counsel (“IATC”) claim, and second, by
failing to pursue an IATC claim by motion under D.C. Code § 23-110. He seeks an evidentiary
hearing in order to determine whether “both counsel’s failure to investigate his history of mental
illness was grave error.” Id. at 10.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
Under District of Columbia law, a prisoner convicted in and sentenced by the Superior
Court may file a motion in that court to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence “upon the
ground that (1) the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution of the United States or
the laws of the District of Columbia, (2) the court was without jurisdiction to impose the
sentence, (3) the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, [or] (4) the sentence
is otherwise subject to collateral attack[.]” D.C. Code § 23-110(a). Although habeas relief in
federal court may be available to a District of Columbia Code offender who “is in custody in
violation of the Constitution . . . of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3), his habeas
petition “shall not be entertained by . . . any Federal . . . court if it appears that [he] has failed to
make a motion for relief under [D.C. Code § 23-110] or that the Superior Court has denied him
relief, unless it also appears that the remedy by motion is inadequate or ineffective to test the
legality of his detention.” D.C. Code § 23-110(g); see Williams v. Martinez, 586 F.3d 995, 998
3
(D.C. Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1042 (2010); Byrd v. Henderson, 119 F.3d 34, 36 (D.C.
Cir. 1997) (per curiam).
Greenwood properly brought his IATC claim before the Superior Court by motion under
D.C. Code § 23-110. He had a remedy under District of Columbia law even though his motion
was summarily denied. “The § 23-110 remedy . . . is not considered inadequate or ineffective
simply because the requested relief has been denied.” Plummer v. Fenty, 321 F. App’x. 7, 8
(D.C. Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). This court, therefore, lacks jurisdiction to entertain
Greenwood’s IATC claim. See Smith v. Finley, No. 19-CV-1763, 2020 WL 1536254, at *3
(D.D.C. Mar. 30, 2020).
B. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel
1. Post-Conviction § 23-110 Motion
A petitioner “lack[s] a constitutional entitlement to effective assistance of counsel in state
collateral proceedings.” Williams, 586 F.3d at 1001 (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,
752 (1991)). Accordingly, the court dismisses Greenwood’s IAAC claim regarding appellate
counsel’s alleged failure to pursue post-conviction relief under D.C. Code § 23-110. See Wright
v. Stansberry, 759 F. Supp. 2d 49, 52 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[T]he alleged failure of the petitioner’s
appellate counsel to raise certain arguments and evidence in connection with his collateral
attacks under D. C. Code § 23–110 cannot give rise to a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel.”); Johnson v. Stansberry, No. 10-CV-0178, 2010 WL 358521, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 29,
2010) (dismissing IAAC claim “for failing to assist [Petitioner] on his § 23-110 motion”).
2. AEDPA
Ordinarily, an IAAC claim is litigated in the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on a
motion to recall its mandate. See Watson v. United States, 536 A.2d 1056, 1060-61 (D.C. 1987)
(en banc). This court may consider an IAAC claim after a petitioner moves to recall the
4
mandate, as Greenwood has done. Thus, Greenwood may “get a second bite at the apple in
federal court . . . under the standard set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2254.” Coleman v. Ives, 841 F.
Supp. 2d 333, 335 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
A person convicted in and sentenced by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia is
considered a state prisoner for purposes of § 2254. See Smith v. United States, No. 00-5181,
2000 WL 1279276, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 23, 2000) (per curiam). In relevant part, § 2254
provides:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be
granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits
in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A federal court cannot grant a habeas petition unless:
(A) the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts
of the State; or
(B) (i) there is an absence of available State corrective process; or
(ii) circumstances exist that render such process ineffective to
protect the rights of the applicant.
Id. § 2254(b)(1).
“Effective April 24, 1996, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) .
. . impose[d] a 1-year period of limitation on motions brought under [28 U.S.C. § 2255].” United
States v. Saro, 252 F.3d 449, 251 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). And “[c]ourts have
generally applied the same analysis to the time limitations in § 2254 and § 2255.” United States
5
v. Cicero, 214 F.3d 199, 203 n.* (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). The limitation period for
filing a petition under § 2254 is set forth in § 2244, see Wright v. Wilson, 930 F. Supp. 2d 7, 9
(D.D.C. 2013), and runs from the later of four possible dates:
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the
conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking
such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application
created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the
United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing
by such State action;
(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was
initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been
newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively
applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or
claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise
of due diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) (emphasis added). Greenwood does not claim that any of the provisions
of § 2244(d)(1)(B)-(D) apply in this case, and it does not appear that he could make any such
assertion successfully.
Greenwood’s judgment became final when the U.S. Supreme Court denied his petition
for a writ of certiorari on October 10, 1995. If § 2244(d)(1)(A) were applied, Greenwood’s
§ 2254 petition should have been filed by October 10, 1996. Because Greenwood’s judgment
became final before April 24, 1996, the effective date of AEDPA, Greenwood would have had
one additional year, to April 24, 1997, to file his § 2254 petition. He waited 22 years more, and
therefore his filing of the instant petition on October 17, 2019, is untimely.
AEDPA’s limitations period is subject to equitable tolling. See Holland v. Florida, 560
U.S. 631, 645 (2010) (“hold[ing] that § 2244(d) is subject to equitable tolling in appropriate
cases”). Greenwood may benefit from equitable tolling only if he “shows (1) that he has been
6
pursuing his rights diligently and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and
prevented timely filing.” Id. at 649 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Greenwood
fails to meet this standard. He merely asserts that “extraordinary circumstances” existed, Pet. at
7, and that he “made due diligence when he tried to ‘recall’ the mandate on November 23, 1999,”
Reply at 2. These assertions are unpersuasive.
It is clear that Greenwood was aware of his history of mental illness and drug use, and
that he shared this information with both trial and appellate counsel. See Pet. at 3-4. He presents
no extraordinary circumstance that would have prevented him from timely pursuing an IATC or
IAAC claim in the District of Columbia courts. And the filing of his motion to recall the
mandate on November 23, 1999, more than four years after the Court of Appeals issued it, does
not amount to the diligent pursuit of his rights.
III. CONCLUSION
The court concludes that Greenwood’s § 2254 petition is untimely. Accordingly, the
court DENIES the petition, DENIES as moot Greenwood’s motion for appointment of counsel,
and DISMISSES this civil action. An Order is issued separately.
DATE: April 21, 2020 /s/
TANYA S. CHUTKAN
United States District Judge
7