Ratledge v. Coupe ( 2019 )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE MICHAEL RATLEDGE, ) ) Petitioner, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. 16-843 (MN) ) CLAIRE DEMATTEIS, Commissioner, ) Delaware Department of Corrections, ALAN ) GRINSTEAD, Bureau Chief, and ) ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE ) OF DELAWARE, ) ) Respondents.1 ) MEMORANDUM OPINION2 J. Brendan O’Neill, Office of Defense Services for the State of Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for Petitioner. Brian L. Arban, Deputy Attorney General, Delaware Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for Respondents. September 24, 2019 Wilmington, Delaware 1 Commissioner Claire has replaced former Commissioner Robert M. Coupe, an original party to the case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(d). 2 This case was re-assigned to the undersigned’s docket on September 20, 2018. Bia. UlorgLeosersila Pending before the Court is a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (‘Petition’) filed by Petitioner Michael Ratledge (‘Petitioner’). (D.I. 2). The State filed an Answer in opposition, to which Petitioner filed a reply. (D.I. 9; D.I. 13). For the reasons discussed, the Court will dismiss Petitioner’s § 2254 Petition. I. BACKGROUND On June 6, 2013, Petitioner pleaded guilty to two counts of drug dealing. (D.I. 9 at 1). On July 23, 2013, the Superior Court sentenced Petitioner as follows: (1) on one drug dealing charge, to eight years at Level V incarceration, suspended after three years for one year at Level IV supervision, followed by one year at Level III supervision; and (2) on the other drug dealing charge, to eight years at Level V incarceration suspended after two years, followed by one year at Level III supervision. (D.I. 9 at 2). Petitioner did not file a direct appeal. On May 7, 2014, Delaware’s Office of Defense Services (“OPD”’) filed a motion for post- conviction relief pursuant to Delaware Superior Court Criminal Rule 61 (“Rule 61 motion”) on Petitioner’s behalf. (D.I 15 at 1). The Superior Court denied the Rule 61 motion on April 20, 2015, and denied his motion for reargument on June 17, 2015. (D.I 9 at 2). The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court’s denial of Petitioner’s Rule 61 motion on December 9, 2015. (D.I. 9 at 2). On September 21, 2016, the OPD filed a § 2254 Petition on Petitioner’s behalf, asserting that Petitioner’s lack of knowledge of an evidence scandal at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (“OCME”) was material to his decision to plead guilty and, therefore, his guilty plea was involuntary pursuant to Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970). (D.I. 2). Petitioner also argues that the Delaware Supreme Court made unreasonable findings of fact during his post- conviction appeal regarding OCME misconduct. The State filed an Answer asserting that the Petition should be dismissed as time-barred or, alternatively, because the claims are meritless. (D.I. 9). Petitioner filed a Reply, asserting that the Petition should be deemed timely filed after applying § 2244(d)(1)(D) and the doctrine of equitable tolling. (D.I. 13 at 3). A. OCME Criminal Investigation The relevant information regarding the OCME evidence mishandling is set forth below: In February 2014, the Delaware State Police (“DSP”) and the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) began an investigation into criminal misconduct occurring in the Controlled Substances Unit of the OCME. The investigation revealed that some drug evidence sent to the OCME for testing had been stolen by OCME employees in some cases and was unaccounted for in other cases. Oversight of the lab had been lacking, and security procedures had not been followed. One employee was accused of “dry labbing” (or declaring a test result without actually conducting a test of the evidence) in several cases. Although the investigation remains ongoing, to date, three OCME employees have been suspended (two of those employees have been criminally indicted), and the Chief Medical Examiner has been fired. There is no evidence to suggest that OCME employees tampered with drug evidence by adding known controlled substances to the evidence they received for testing in order to achieve positive results and secure convictions. That is, there is no evidence that the OCME staff “planted” evidence to wrongly obtain convictions. Rather, the employees who stole the evidence did so because it in fact consisted of illegal narcotics that they could resell or take for personal use. Brown v. State, 108 A.3d 1201, 1204-05 (Del. 2015). II. PETITION IS NOT TIME-BARRED The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) prescribes a one- year period of limitations for the filing of habeas petitions by state prisoners, which begins to run from the latest of: (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review; (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). AEDPA’s limitations period is subject to statutory and equitable tolling. See Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645 (2010) (equitable tolling); 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2) (statutory tolling). Petitioner’s § 2254 Petition, filed in 2016, is subject to the one-year limitations period contained in § 2244(d)(1). See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997). The State contends that the starting date for the limitations period is August 22, 2010, the date on which Petitioner’s conviction became final. (D.I. 9 at 7). Petitioner, however, appears to assert that he is entitled to a later starting date for AEDPA’s limitations period – April 15, 2014 – under § 2244(d)(1)(D), because that is the date on which the State began to notify defendants in certain active cases about the OCME evidence misconduct. (D.I. 13 at 2). In order to determine if the April 15, 2014 revelation of the OCME misconduct constitutes a newly discovered factual predicate warranting a later starting date for the limitations period under §2244(d)(1)(D), the Court must first distill Petitioner’s OCME misconduct argument to its core. The argument appears to be two-fold. First, Petitioner asserts a twist on the typical Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) claim by alleging that the State’s affirmative representation that it had fulfilled its Brady v. Maryland obligation when, in fact, it did not disclose the at-that-time undiscovered OCME misconduct, violated his constitutional rights and affected his ability to voluntarily enter a guilty plea. Second, he contends that the Delaware state courts should have deemed his guilty plea involuntary under Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970) due to the State’s failure to disclose the Brady v. Maryland evidence, i.e., the OCME misconduct. In short, Petitioner asserts that his lack of knowledge about the OCME misconduct is vital to his habeas Claim because that lack of knowledge rendered his guilty plea involuntary and unknowing under Brady v. United States. Pursuant to Brady v. United States, a guilty plea is considered involuntary if it is “induced by threats (or promises to discontinue improper harassment), misrepresentation (including unfulfilled or unfillable promises), or perhaps by promises that are by their nature improper as having no proper relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g. bribes).” Brady, 397 U.S. at 755. A violation of Brady v. Maryland occurs when the government fails to disclose evidence materially favorable to the accused, including both impeachment evidence and exculpatory evidence.3 See United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985). For purposes of the inquiry under § 2244(d)(1)(D), whether or not the OCME misconduct affected, or could have affected, Petitioner’s decision to plead guilty depends on whether the drugs in his case were tested by the OCME and the results were provided to him prior to entering a plea. Therefore, in order to trigger a later starting date under § 2244(d)(1)(D) for this involuntary plea/Brady v. Maryland claim, Petitioner must show that (1) the drug evidence in his case was tested by the OCME and he received the results of the test before entering a plea; and (2) exercising due diligence, he could not have learned that the evidence in his case may have been part of the compromised drug 3 A petitioner establishes a Brady v. Maryland violation by showing that: (1) the evidence at issue was favorable to the accused, either because it was exculpatory or it had impeachment value; (2) the prosecution suppressed the evidence, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) the evidence was material. See Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999); Lambert v. Blackwell, 387 F.3d 210, 252 (3d Cir. 2004). evidence involved in the OCME scandal until April 15, 2014. For the following reasons, the Court concludes that Petitioner has met this burden. First, the State provided a copy of the OCME report to Petitioner on May 13, 2013, and he pleaded guilty on June 6, 2013. Second, facts sufficient to provide a basis for a good faith claim that state employees engaged in impermissible conduct were not available to defense counsel until April 15, 2014 when, as part of its Brady v. Maryland obligation, the State informed Petitioner and other defendants that all drug evidence housed at the lab was susceptible to compromise.4 (D.I. 13 at 2). Given these circumstances, the Court concludes that AEDPA’s limitations period in this case began to run on April 15, 2014.5 Accordingly, to comply with the one-year limitations period, 4 Although the Delaware State Police (“DSP”) began its investigation into compromised drug evidence on January 15, 2014, and the Deputy Attorney General’s office informed defense counsel on February 21, 2014 that an investigation into the evidentiary practices at the OCME had started on February 20, 2014, the Court concurs with Petitioner’s contention that sufficient facts for the instant argument were not available until the State provided the relevant information on April 15, 2015. See Biden: Investigation of State Medical Examiner’s Drug Lab Reveals Systemic Failings, Urgent Need for Reform, Dep’t of Justice, Att’y Gen.’s Website (June 19, 2014), https://news.delaware.gov/2014/06/19/biden-investigation-of-state-medical-examiners- drug-lab-reveals-systemic-failings-urgent-need-for-reform/. 5 The State relies on Harmon v. Johnson, 2016 WL 183899, at *3 (D. Del. Jan. 14, 2016) to support its argument that § 2254(d)(1)(D) is inapplicable and therefore cannot trigger a later starting date in Petitioner’s case. The Court disagrees as Harmon is distinguishable. Harmon argued that his conviction should be vacated because the State violated Brady v. Maryland by failing to disclose its knowledge of the OCME drug evidence scandal during his plea process and by waiting until long after his conviction in 2012 to disclose the tampering. See Harmon, 2016 WL 183899, at *2-3. Because, however, the drug evidence in Harmon was never sent to the OCME for testing, the court found that the revelation of the OCME scandal in 2014 could not constitute a new factual predicate for Harmon’s substantive Brady v. Maryland claim. Id. Here, unlike Harmon, Petitioner argues that the alleged lack of knowledge of the OCME misconduct was material to his decision to plead guilty, thereby rendering his guilty plea involuntary under Brady v. United States. In addition, unlike in Harmon, the drug evidence in Petitioner’s case was sent to the OCME for further testing after the initial field test, and Petitioner received a copy of the OCME report prior to pleading guilty. Thus, given these circumstances, the Court concludes that Petitioner had to file his § 2254 petition by April 15, 2015. See Wilson v. Beard, 426 F.3d 653 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(a) and (e) applies to federal habeas petitions); Phlipot v. Johnson, 2015 WL 1906127, at *3 n.3 (D. Del. Apr. 27, 2015) (AEDPA’s one-year limitations period is calculated according to the anniversary method, i.e., the limitations period expires on the anniversary of the triggering event). Petitioner did not file the instant § 2254 Petition until September 21, 2016, approximately one year and four months after the expiration of AEDPA’s statute of limitations. Therefore, the Petition is time-barred, unless the limitations period can be statutorily or equitably tolled. See Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645 (2010)(equitable tolling); 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2) (statutory tolling). A. Statutory Tolling Pursuant to § 2244(d)(2), a properly filed application for state collateral review tolls AEDPA’s limitations period during the time the application is pending in the state courts, including any post-conviction appeals, provided that the application is filed during AEDPA’s one-year limitations period. Swartz v. Meyers, 204 F.3d 417, 424-25 (3d Cir. 2000). The limitations period, however, is not tolled during the ninety days a petitioner has to file a petition for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court regarding a judgment denying a state post-conviction motion. See Stokes v. Dist. Attorney of Philadelphia, 247 F.3d 539, 542 (3d Cir. 2001). Here, when Petitioner filed his Rule 61 motion on May 5, 2014, twenty days of the limitations period had already expired. The Rule 61 motion tolled the limitations period from June 20, 2014 December 9, 2015, the date on which the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court’s denial of the motion. The limitations clock started to run again on the revelation of the OCME scandal constitutes a new factual predicate for Petitioner’s instant argument. December 10, 2015, and ran another 286 days until Petitioner filed the instant on September 21, 2016. At that point in time, there were fifty-nine days remaining in AEDPA’s limitations period. Thus, the Petition is timely filed. The Court will proceed to review the Claims in the Petition. III. STANDARD OF REVIEW When a state’s highest court has adjudicated a federal habeas claim on the merits, the federal court must review the claim under the deferential standard contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A claim has been “adjudicated on the merits” for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) if the state court decision finally resolves the claim on the basis of its substance, rather than on a procedural or some other ground. See Thomas v. Horn, 570 F.3d 105, 115 (3d Cir. 2009). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), federal habeas relief may only be granted if the state court’s decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or the state court’s decision was an unreasonable determination of the facts based on the evidence adduced in the trial. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2); see also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000); Appel v. Horn, 250 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2001). This deferential standard of § 2254(d) applies even “when a state court’s order is unaccompanied by an opinion explaining the reasons relief has been denied”; as recently explained by the Supreme Court, “it may be presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 98-100 (2011). Finally, a federal court must presume that the state court’s determinations of factual issues are correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see also Appel, 250 F.3d at 210. This presumption of correctness applies to both explicit and implicit findings of fact, and is only rebutted by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see also Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d 280, 286 (3d Cir. 2000); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 341 (2003) (stating that the clear and convincing standard in § 2254(e)(1) applies to factual issues, whereas the unreasonable application standard of § 2254(d)(2) applies to factual decisions). IV. DISCUSSION A. Claim One: Unreasonable Application of Brady v. United States. In his introduction to Claim One, Petitioner asserts that: The Delaware Supreme Court unreasonably failed to identify and/or apply the overarching federal law governing the voluntariness of a guilty plea. Nowhere in its decision did the court even cite to any federal law – constitutional or otherwise. Accordingly, it made no findings of fact specific to [Petitioner’s] case and conducted no voluntariness analysis. Instead, the court simply cited to its prior decisions, notably Aricidiacono v. State, and concluded that [Petitioner] was not entitled to relief because he did not plead any basis to avoid the effect of [his] voluntary and knowing plea of guilty and [he] has not suffered an unjust conviction. To the extent the court’s decision could be construed as incorporating the law and facts from Aricidiacono by reference, it incorporated an unreasonable application of well-established Federal law . . . . (D.I. 7 at 2) (internal quotation marks, citations, and footnotes omitted). The Court rejects Petitioner’s argument that the Delaware Supreme Court unreasonably applied clearly established federal law by citing to Aricidiacono v. State, 125 A.3d 677 (Del. 2015) rather than directly to Brady v. United States. The Delaware Supreme Court’s Aricidiacono decision properly cites and articulates the Brady v. United States’ standard for determining the voluntariness of guilty pleas. See Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 679. By citing and applying Aricidiacono when denying Petitioner’s Brady v. United States argument, the Delaware Supreme Court appropriately relied on Delaware caselaw articulating the proper federal standard applicable to Petitioner’s Claim. See Fahy v. Horn, 516 F.3d 169, 196 (3d Cir. 2008) (finding that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania’s decision was not “contrary to” clearly established federal law because it appropriately relied on its own state court cases which articulated the proper standard derived from Supreme Court precedent). Thus, the issue as to whether the Delaware Supreme Court unreasonably applied Brady v. United States in holding that Petitioner’s plea was not rendered involuntary by his lack of knowledge about, and the State’s late disclosure of, the OCME misconduct is properly before the Court. In Claim One, Petitioner contends that the Delaware Supreme Court did not comply with the Brady v. United States’ requirement that “all of the relevant circumstances surrounding” the plea must be considered when assessing if his plea was voluntary. (D.I. 7 at 15). He asserts that the Delaware Supreme Court erred by focusing on Petitioner’s admission of guilt during the plea colloquy, contending that a “defendant’s recitals on the record at the time he entered his guilty plea do not foreclose proof at a later time that those themselves were involuntary,” and “the assessment of such proof does not involve any question of guilt or innocence.” (D.I. 7 at 15). Specifically, he alleges that, [i]n addition to the OCME misconduct itself, the State’s failure to disclose that misconduct can render an otherwise voluntary plea invalid. Each individual prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to others acting on the government’s behalf in the case, including police. This duty extends beyond police to any investigating agency. The court previously found and the State conceded that evidence of the misconduct at [the] OCME was Brady v. Maryland material[6] in that it was relevant to 6 Petitioner’s instant argument that the State’s assertion it had fulfilled its Brady v. Maryland obligation constituted an affirmative misrepresentation for Brady v. United States purposes a twist on the typical Brady v. Maryland argument. In many of the Rule 61 proceedings involving the OCME misconduct initially filed in the Delaware state courts, one of the primary arguments was that the State violated the defendants’ rights under Brady v. Maryland by failing to disclose the ongoing misconduct at the OCME at the time their cases were pending. See State v. Miller, 2017 1969780, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. May 11, 2017). The Delaware courts rejected this argument pursuant to United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 629 (2002), explaining that the State does not have a constitutional requirement to disclose material impeachment evidence prior to a defendant entering a guilty plea. See Miller, 2017 WL 1969780, at *7. The Court presumes that Petitioner’s acknowledgement in this proceeding that the “State does not generally have a constitutional obligation to provide Brady material prior to the guilty plea” is due to the Delaware state courts’ rejection of his “typical” Brady v. Maryland argument. impeachment. Even though, through no fault of the prosecutor, this evidence was not provided to [Petitioner], the State represented to him that it had satisfied its Brady obligation. Accordingly, the deceitful nature of the misconduct by a member of the prosecution team led to the prosecutor’s misrepresentation to [Petitioner]. He was entitled to presume that prosecutors ha[d] discharged their official duties [] because they told him they had. Thus, assuming, arguendo, the State does not generally have a constitutional obligation to provide Brady material prior to the guilty plea, this Court must recognize, as does the United States Supreme Court, that the State does have a constitutional obligation not to mislead a defendant. (D.I. 7 at 25-26) (internal quotation marks, citations, and footnotes omitted). Citing to the First Circuit’s decision in Ferrara v. United States, 456 F.3d 278 (1st Cir. 2006),7 Petitioner asserts that the OCME misconduct rendered his guilty plea involuntary because it was egregious, antedated Petitioner’s plea, is imputed to the State, and was material to Petitioner’s choice to plead guilty. (D.I. 7 at 23-29). In Ferrara, the First Circuit held that a defendant may “collaterally attack his sentence on the ground that his guilty plea was not knowing or voluntary if his claim is based on evidence not available to him at the time of the plea,” without distinguishing between evidence that is newly discovered and evidence that was withheld as a result of a Brady v. Maryland violation. Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 289. The Ferrara Court established a two-prong test for determining if a defendant has a right to rescind his guilty plea because of newly discovered government misconduct: (1) egregious impermissible government misconduct antedated the entry of the plea; and (2) the misconduct influenced the defendant’s decision to plead 7 The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts has applied Ferrara’s two-step approach in numerous proceedings brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 where the movants sought to revoke their guilty pleas based on the misconduct of forensic scientist Annie Dookhan. In those cases, the movants generally sought to vacate their sentences by arguing that their guilty pleas were obtained in violation “of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because of the government’s failure to disclose the full range of Dookhan’s malfeasance.” United States v. Wilkins, 943 F. Supp. 2d 248, 254 (D. Mass. 2013). guilty or, in in other words, the misconduct was material to that choice. See Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 290. Petitioner presented essentially the same argument to the Delaware Supreme Court on post- conviction appeal, which denied the argument as meritless. Because the Delaware Supreme Court in Petitioner’s case relied on Aricidiacono when it denied the instant argument, the Court will also reference Aricidiacono when analyzing the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision under § 2254(d)(1). In Aricidiacono, the Delaware Supreme Court rejected the defendants’ due process argument that their pleas were involuntary under Brady v. United States, explaining: [T]he defendants here submitted no evidence to suggest a natural inference that any misconduct at the OCME (or lack of knowledge of that conduct) coerced or otherwise induced the defendants to falsely plead guilty. Tellingly, the defendants do not in any way argue that the State knew about the problems at the OCME when they pled guilty and failed to disclose those problems; that the State engaged in any coercive or improper behavior to procure their pleas; or that any of the defendants in fact gave a false admission. The last point bears reiteration: not one of the defendants argues that she was not in fact not in possession of illegal narcotics and that her plea was false. Rather the suggestion is solely that the defendants would not have pled or would have gotten better deals if they had known of the problems at the OCME. Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 679. The Aricidiacono Court also rejected the argument – which was premised on the First Circuit’s decision in Ferrara – that the defendants’ pleas were rendered involuntary due to the “egregious” OCME misconduct that antedated their pleas, because none of the defendants asserted that they “were not in fact telling the truth when they freely admitted their factual guilt.” Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 680. Describing Ferrara’s “egregious misconduct” rationale as “gloss on Brady v. United States,” the Delaware Supreme Court refused to “embrace” the defendants’ “egregious misconduct” argument. Nevertheless, the Delaware Supreme Court noted that “even if there was conduct at the OCME that could be said to be egregious, we have determined, in accordance with our prior reasoning in Ira Brown v. State and Anzara Brown v. State, that this conduct did not materially affect any of the pleas.” Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 680 n.24. The Delaware Supreme Court opined: Put simply, the defendants were unable to identify any equitable reason why they should not be held to their pleas. We have no doubt that the defendants and their counsel wish they had known of the problems at the OCME when the defendants voluntarily admitted their guilt and used their acceptance of responsibility to get charges dropped and secure sentences far below the statutory maximum. It may be the case that knowing about the OCME problems would have given the defendants more bargaining leverage. But that possibility is not a basis for concluding that the defendants were unfairly convicted after a voluntary plea. Each of these defendants had every opportunity to claim that she was in fact not guilty, to contend that she did not possess illegal drugs, and to go to trial. To this day, not one advances the contention that she was in fact innocent. Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 681. With respect to the Court’s § 2254(d)(1) inquiry in this case, both parties acknowledge that the clearly established federal law governing the voluntariness of guilty plea claims is the standard articulated in Brady v. United States. Petitioner, however, argues that the Court should incorporate Ferrara’s approach and consider undisclosed “egregious government misconduct” preceding the entry of a guilty plea as a relevant circumstance under Brady v. United States, namely, a misrepresentation that induced Petitioner to enter a guilty plea. The Court is not persuaded. First, Ferrara does not constitute “clearly established federal law” because it is not a decision issued by the United States Supreme Court. Second, the Court has not uncovered any Supreme Court precedent adopting Ferrara’s rationale equating “egregious undisclosed government misconduct” with a misrepresentation capable of rendering a guilty plea involuntary.8 And, finally, while Petitioner correctly states that the Third Circuit cited Ferraro in a footnote,9 the Court has not found any Third Circuit case law mirroring Ferrara’s holding or explicitly adopting its reasoning. Indeed, at least one federal district court has criticized Ferrara as an overly “expansive interpretation of the relevant language from Brady v. United State.”10 Hasbajrami v. United States, 2014 WL 4954596, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2014). Even if Petitioner’s argument is not considered to be premised specifically on Ferrara, but rather, on general due process principles established in Brady v. United States, he is not entitled to habeas relief. In Brady v. United States, the Supreme Court determined that a guilty plea is not rendered invalid merely because it is entered to avoid a harsher sentence, explaining: A plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the direct consequences, including the actual value of any commitments made to him by the court, prosecutor, or his own counsel, must stand unless induced by threats (or promises to discontinue improper harassment), misrepresentation (including unfulfilled or 8 In addition to the reasons set forth in the text of the Opinion, the following three circumstances demonstrate why the Ferrara decision has limited applicability in this particular context. First, the defendant in Ferrara asserted he was actually innocent of the charge to which he pleaded guilty; Petitioner has not asserted his factual innocence. See Ferrara, 384 F. Supp. 2d 384, 388 (D. Mass. 2005). Second, the prosecutor in Ferrara was actively involved in witness manipulation and suppression of affirmative evidence directly related to the defendant’s innocence; here, the State was not aware of the OCME misconduct when Petitioner entered his plea and did not actively suppress that information. See Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 291 (the “outrageous conduct” in Ferrara consisted of manipulating a witness, and then “represent[ing] to the court and the defense that the witness was going to confirm [a] story” inculpating the defendant in a murder plot, when in fact the witness had provided the government with affirmative evidence of the defendant’s innocence.). Finally, the evidence in Ferrara was exculpatory because it directly implicated the defendant’s innocence; as explained in the text of the Opinion, the OCME misconduct constituted impeachment evidence. See Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 292. 9 See United States v. Piper, 525 F. App’x 205, 209 n.5 (3d Cir. 2013). 10 Interestingly, “[o]f the federal courts to have addressed post-conviction petitions under Brady and Ferrara in the wake of the Dookhan scandal, not one has vacated a guilty plea.” Castro v. United States, 272 F. Supp. 3d 268, 274 (D. Mass. 2017). unfulfillable promises), or perhaps by promises that are by their nature improper as having no proper relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g. bribes). Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 755; see also Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973) (explaining a defendant may challenge a conviction based on a guilty plea on the ground that the plea was not “voluntary and intelligent.”); Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985) (noting that the “longstanding test for determining the validity of a guilty plea is whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative choices of action open to the defendant.”). The Supreme Court has noted that a plea is involuntary if it is induced by “actual or threatened physical harm or by mental coercion overbearing the will of the defendant,” or if the defendant is so “gripped” by fear or hope of leniency that he cannot “rationally weigh the advantages of going to trial against the advantages of pleading guilty.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 750. A plea is not, however, involuntary “whenever motivated by the defendant’s desire to accept the certainty or probability of a lesser penalty rather than face a wider range of possibilities extending from acquittal to conviction and a higher penalty authorized by law for the crime charged.” Id. at 751. Significantly, “the voluntariness of [a defendant’s] plea can be determined only by considering all of the relevant circumstances surrounding it.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 749. While the Supreme Court has not articulated a list of the “relevant circumstances” to be considered when assessing the voluntariness of a plea, the Supreme Court has noted that a plea is not unintelligent just because later events prove that going to trial may have been a wiser choice: Often the decision to plead guilty is heavily influenced by the defendant’s appraisal of the prosecution’s case against him and by the apparent likelihood of securing leniency should a guilty plea be offered and accepted. Considerations like these frequently present imponderable questions for which there are no certain answers; judgments may be made that in the light of later events seem improvident, although they were perfectly sensible at the time. The rule that a plea must be intelligently made to be valid does not require that a plea be vulnerable to later attack if the defendant did not correctly assess every relevant factor entering into his decision. A defendant is not entitled to withdraw his plea merely because he discovers long after the plea has been accepted that his calculus misapprehended the quality of the State’s case or the likely penalties attached to alternative courses of action. More particularly, absent misrepresentation or other impermissible conduct by state agents, a voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 756–57. The Supreme Court has reaffirmed this principle while underscoring the inherent risk of entering a guilty plea, stating the decision to plead guilty before the evidence is in frequently involves the making of difficult judgments. All the pertinent facts normally cannot be known unless witnesses are examined and cross- examined in court. Even then the truth will often be in dispute. In the face of unavoidable uncertainty, the defendant and his counsel must make their best judgment as to the weight of the State’s case . . . . Waiving trial entails the inherent risk that the good-faith evaluations of a reasonably competent attorney will turn out to be mistaken either as to the facts or as to what a court’s judgment might be on given facts. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 769-70 (1970). The Supreme Court has also advised that, [t]he rule that a plea must be intelligently made to be valid does not require that plea be vulnerable to later attack if the defendant did not correctly assess every relevant factor entering into his decision. A defendant is not entitled to withdraw his plea merely because he discovers long after the plea has been accepted that his calculus misapprehended the quality of the State’s case. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 757. In other words, “the Constitution, in respect to a defendant’s awareness of relevant circumstances, does not require complete knowledge of the relevant circumstances, but permits a court to accept a guilty plea . . . despite various forms of misapprehension under which a defendant might labor.” United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 630 (2002) (emphasis added). Finally, it is well-settled that a petitioner challenging the voluntary nature of his plea on habeas review faces a heavy burden. See Zilich v. Reid, 36 F.3d 317, 320 (3d Cir. 1994). The “representations of the defendant, his lawyer, and the prosecutor at [a plea] hearing, as well as any findings made by the judge accepting the plea, constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceedings. Solemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity. Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 73–74 (1977). Significantly, there is no requirement in the Constitution that defendant must be permitted to disown his solemn admissions in open court that he committed the act with which he is charged simply because it later develops that the state would have had a weaker case than the defendant had thought or that the maximum penalty then assumed applicable has been held inapplicable in subsequent judicial decisions. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 757. After reviewing the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision within the aforementioned legal framework, the Court concludes that the Delaware Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply Brady v. United States and its progeny by holding that Petitioner’s lack of knowledge about the OCME misconduct did not render his guilty plea involuntary.11 Instead, the Delaware Supreme Court considered the “relevant circumstances” required by Brady v. United States when assessing the voluntariness of Petitioner’s plea. For instance, the Delaware Supreme Court considered the substantial benefit Petitioner derived from pleading guilty, as demonstrated by its statement that, “[a]s to [the other] defendants, the State notes the substantial benefits the defendants obtained by the plea process, with most defendants obtaining a plea to a greatly reduced set of charges and to sentences far below that which they could have received had they gone to trial.” Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 680. Here, Petitioner reduced his potential overall period of incarceration, because 11 In this proceeding, Petitioner states that “his present claim does not contradict the statements he made during his plea colloquy,” and he also states that he is not contradicting “any assertion made during the plea colloquy that the attorney did so advise him [of the rights he was waiving by entering the plea].” (D.I. 7 at 16 & n.82). Given Petitioner’s concession, the Court accepts as correct the Delaware Supreme Court’s determination that Petitioner freely admitted his guilt during the plea colloquy, thereby rendering an independent analysis of Petitioner’s plea colloquy under Blackledge unnecessary. the State dropped the other charge (possession of drug paraphernalia) against Petitioner in exchange for his guilty plea. (D.I. 9 at 1-3). Additionally, the Delaware Supreme Court stated it was “adher[ing]” to its prior decision in Brewer v. State in rejecting Petitioner’s argument12 and, in Brewer, the Delaware Supreme Court opined: In his guilty plea colloquy, Brewer affirmed that he was “guilty of possession with intent to deliver cocaine.” At no point has Brewer argued that he was actually innocent. As we emphasized in affirming the denial of Brewer’s first motion for postconviction relief, Brewer’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. Brewer is therefore bound by the statements he made to the Superior Court before his plea was accepted and he is prevented from reopening his case to make claims that do not address his guilty and involve impeachment evidence that would only be relevant at trial. Brewer’s reliance on decisions based upon language in Brady v. United States does not change this result. In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that “a voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise.” The Court clarified that “[o]f course, the agents of the State may not produce a plea by actual or threatened physical harm or by mental coercion overbearing the will of the defendant.” As long as the defendant can “with the help of counsel, rationally weigh the advantages of going to trial against the advantages of pleading guilty,” the Court determined there is no constitutional cause for concern. Brewer has failed to allege any improper coercion that undermined his ability to rationally weigh the advantages or disadvantages of trial. Nothing in Brewer’s opening brief suggests that he was strong-armed by State agents. Instead, Brewer claims that the positive OCME drug results were a significant factor in his decision to plead guilty and that he would not have pled guilty if he had known of the misconduct at the OCME. Brewer fails, however, to tie any of the OCME misconduct to the facts of his case. Brewer has not shown that his guilty plea was the result of improper coercion and does not claim to be actually innocent. 12 Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 680. Brewer v. State, 119 A.3d 42 (Table), 2015 WL 4606541, at *2-*3 (Del. July 30, 2015) (emphasis added). The Brewer excerpt demonstrates that, as clearly mandated by Brady v. United States, the Delaware Supreme Court considered if Petitioner entered the plea upon the advice of counsel. The excerpt also demonstrates that the Delaware Supreme Court considered, but concluded, that the unrelated general OCME misconduct did not amount to improper coercion, nor did it affect Petitioner’s awareness of the direct consequences of pleading guilty. The Delaware Supreme Court explained that “the defendants here submitted no evidence to suggest a natural inference that any misconduct at the OCME (or lack of knowledge of that conduct) coerced or otherwise induced the defendants to falsely plead guilty.” Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 679. As the Court explains in its discussion regarding Claim Two, the Delaware Supreme Court reasonably determined the facts by concluding that Petitioner failed to demonstrate that his case was tainted by the OCME misconduct. Consequently, the Delaware Supreme Court’s refusal to issue a per se determination that the general existence of OCME misconduct was sufficient to render Petitioner’s guilty plea involuntary, without proof that there was any actual OCME misconduct with respect to the evidence in Petitioner’s case, did not violate Brady v. United States. Similarly, the Delaware Supreme Court did not violate Brady v. United States by placing great significance on Petitioner’s admission of guilt during the plea colloquy, because it considered this fact in conjunction with Petitioner’s failure to assert his factual innocence during or after the plea. An admission of guilt “is entitled to significant (albeit not dispositive) weight when, as now, [a defendant] seeks to vacate that plea through a collateral attack.” Wilkins, 754 F.3d at 30. “Such an admission is especially compelling because [he] neither attempts to explain it away nor makes any assertion of factual innocence.” Id. Moreover, during a post-Miranda interview, Petitioner admitted that he had methamphetamine on a glass plate in his bedroom and components for making methamphetamine in his bedroom. (D.I. 9 at 3). During another police interview, Petitioner admitted manufacturing and using methamphetamine. (D.I. 9 at 3). These post-Miranda admissions provide additional support finding that the Delaware Supreme Court properly considered Petitioner’s admission of guilt during the plea colloquy. Given Petitioner’s failure to demonstrate a link between the misconduct and his case, Petitioner’s unawareness of the unrelated general OCME misconduct only amounted to one of the “various forms of misapprehension under which a defendant might labor.”13 See Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 630. As Petitioner concedes, and the body of Delaware caselaw concerning the OCME misconduct demonstrates, the OCME investigation constitutes impeachment evidence that would only be useful if Petitioner had decided to go to trial. See Ira Brown, 108 A.3d at 1206-07. In Ruiz, the United States Supreme Court specifically held that the Government is not constitutionally required to disclose material impeachment evidence prior to entering a plea agreement with a criminal defendant. See Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 633. The Ruiz Court explained: It is particularly difficult to characterize impeachment information as critical information of which the defendant must always be aware prior to pleading guilty given the random way in which such information may, or may not, help a particular defendant. The degree of help that impeachment information can provide will 13 Indeed, Petitioner could have gone to trial, or sought permission to enter a plea of nolo contendere, which would have permitted him to accept punishment for the charged offense without admitting his guilt. See Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. 11(2)(b) (“A defendant may plead nolo contendere or guilty without admitting the essential facts constituting the offense charged with the consent of the court. Such a plea shall be accepted by the court only after due consideration of the views of the parties and the interest of the public in the effective administration of justice.”); see also North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970) (“[W]hile most pleas of guilty consist of both a waiver of trial and an express admission of guilt, the later element is not a constitutional requisite to the imposition of criminal penalty. An individual accused of crime may voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts constituting the crime.”). Petitioner did not do so, and the Delaware Superior Court was entitled to rely on his solemn admission that he committed the acts alleged by the State in rejecting his argument that the OCME misconduct rendered his plea involuntary. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 757. depend upon the defendant’s own independent knowledge of the prosecution’s potential case – a matter that the Constitution does not require prosecutors to disclose. Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 629. The Supreme Court also recently reaffirmed that “a guilty plea makes [case- related constitutional defects that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea] irrelevant to the constitutional validity of the conviction,” “[b]ecause the defendant has admitted the charges against him.” Class v. United States, 138 S.Ct. 798, 805-06 (2018). As suggested by the aforementioned jurisprudence, if unknown non-exculpatory conduct at the OCME was not material to a defendant’s decision to plead guilty, that same non-exculpatory misconduct cannot provide a basis for rendering a defendant’s counseled decision to enter a guilty plea involuntary, especially when that defendant participated in a plea colloquy in open court, freely acknowledged his guilt, and has not asserted his factual innocence. Although knowledge of the OCME misconduct would have provided Petitioner with “more bargaining leverage,” it cannot be said that the lack of that knowledge rendered his guilty plea involuntary. Rather, Petitioner’s argument amounts only to a miscalculation of the strength of the State’s case. In sum, the Court concludes that the Delaware Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply Brady v. United States in holding that Petitioner’s lack of knowledge about the OCME misconduct did not render his guilty plea involuntary. Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim One for failing to satisfy § 2254(d)(1).14 14 Given the Court’s conclusion that Petitioner’s lack of knowledge about the OCME misconduct did not “induce” him to plead guilty, it will refrain from addressing: (1) whether misconduct engaged in by forensic lab employees and, in particular, the OCME misconduct in this case, can be imputed to the State; and (2) whether the State committed an affirmative misrepresentation when it informed Petitioner it has satisfied its Brady v. Maryland obligation. (D.I. 7 at 23-24; D.I. 16 at 7) Nevertheless, as an aside, the Court notes (without holding) that the Delaware Supreme Court’s implicit rejection of Petitioner’s imputation argument cannot be said to be based on an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. Because the Supreme Court has never addressed whether a toxicologist is a member of the prosecution’s team, on habeas review, a federal B. Claim Two: Unreasonable Finding of Fact In affirming the Superior Court’s denial of Petitioner’s Rule 61 motion, the Delaware Supreme Court made the following observations about the misconduct at the OCME: In 2014 an investigation by the Delaware State Police and the Department of Justice revealed that some OCME employees had stolen drug evidence stored at the OCME due in large part to flawed oversight and security. To date, those problems, although including substantial evidence of sloppiness and allegations of “drylabbing,” do not in any way involve evidence-planting. To the contrary, much of the uncovered misconduct seemed to be inspired by the reality that the evidence seized from defendants in fact involved illegal narcotics, and the temptation this provided to certain employees to steal some of that evidence for their personal use and for resale. Those problems have now been discussed in several judicial opinions, and in publicly available investigative reports. Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 677-78. The Delaware Supreme Court held that “the poor evidence- handling practices at the OCME, however regrettable,” did not entitle defendants who had freely admitted their guilt when pleading guilty to relief. Id. at 678-79. The Delaware Supreme Court then stated, even if it assumed that the conduct at the OCME amounted to egregious government misconduct, “this conduct did not materially affect any of the pleas.” Id. at 680 n.24 In Claim Two, Petitioner contends that the Delaware Supreme Court “incorporated unreasonable [factual] findings” from Aricidiacono that “minimized the OCME misconduct and court must defer to a state court’s decision that a toxicologist is not a member of the team. See, e.g., Sargent v. Sec’y Florida Dep’t of Corr., 480 F. App’x 523, 530 (11th Cir. 2012); Smith v. Massey, 235 F.3d 1259, 1272 (10th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds by Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d 11044 (10th Cir. 2001). In addition, a number of courts that have considered the rogue actions of a law enforcement officer – who was part of the prosecution team – have found an exception to the “imputation rule” where the officer’s criminal activity was known exclusively to the officer himself, even though such evidence might be favorable to the defendant. See Arnold v. McNeil, 622 F. Supp. 2d 1294, 1313-14 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (collecting cases); Com v. Scott, 5 N.E.3d 530, 543 (Mass. 2014). And finally, even though the actions of other government agencies should be imputed to the prosecution when determining the prosecution’s obligation to turn over Brady v. Maryland material in the discovery context, there is no Supreme Court precedent holding that the actions of other government agencies should be imputed to the prosecution when analyzing the voluntariness of a plea under Brady v. United States. belittled the unrealistic burden of proof it placed on the petitioners.” (D.I. 7 at 19). Petitioner appears to be dissatisfied with the state courts’ description of the specific instances of OCME misconduct, as indicated in his chart depicting “State Court’s Unreasonable Findings” versus “Actual Facts.” (D.I. 7 at 20-23). He asserts that the state courts’ findings “either contradicted or understated significant facts in the record.” (D.I. 7 at 20). In short, Petitioner appears to contend that the Delaware Supreme Court unreasonably determined there was an insufficient link between the OCME misconduct and his case. (D.I. 7 at 18). Because Claim Two challenges the factual basis of the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision, the relevant inquiry is whether that decision was “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). In making this determination, the Court must presume that the Delaware Supreme Court’s factual findings are correct unless rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). After reviewing Petitioner’s argument in context with the record, the Court concludes that Petitioner has failed to provide clear and convincing evidence rebutting the Delaware Supreme Court’s factual determination that Petitioner failed to demonstrate a sufficient link between the general OCME misconduct and his case. Theresa Moore was the chemist who tested the drugs in this case. Petitioner concedes that the there is no evidence that she engaged in misconduct, but asserts that her credibility was compromised because “she was on the list of potential witnesses in the Daneshgar case who had credibility issues.” (D.I. 7 at 11, 28). He also asserts that, “knowledge that the lab was infested with employees suspected of fraud and/or stealing evidence and that Moore’s own credibility was compromised would have provided valuable ammunition for perforating the credibility of Moore and her report.” (D.I. 7 at 28). These statements fall far short of demonstrating a sufficient nexus between any misconduct that took place at the OCME and the evidence in his case. Additionally, the police field tested the evidence seized, which tested positive for methamphetamine. (D.I. 17-5 at A2584). While there was a discrepancy between the weight of the field tested methamphetamine (.1 grams) and the weight of the methamphetamine listed in the OCME report (.11 grams), Petitioner conceded in his Rule 61 motion that there could be a “reasonable explanation for the weight discrepancy.” (D.I. 17-5 at A2615). Considering all of these circumstances together with Petitioner’s failure to assert his factual innocence, the Court cannot conclude that the Delaware Supreme Court unreasonably determined the facts by holding that the existence of overall misconduct at the OCME was insufficient to establish that Petitioner’s case was tainted by the same misconduct. As explained by the Superior Court in State v. Irwin, just one of the over 700 Delaware post-conviction cases involving the OCME misconduct, and relied on by the Aricidiacono Court:15 To the extent that there are discrepancies between the drugs seized from a defendant and those tested by the lab, the individual possibly responsible for that conduct has not been identified. [] [A]s best the Court can ascertain, and the parties have not provided evidence to the contrary, none of the cases in other jurisdictions that have led to the investigation of a particular crime lab have ever resulted in all of the evidence being found unreliable and inadmissible simply because that evidence was stored or tested at the lab that has been compromised. * * * There is no evidence to date to suggest that proper testing of drugs submitted did not occur, or that the chemists were submitting false reports, or that critical evidence was withheld by the lab, or that there was any misconduct by the police in violation of a defendant’s rights. When the smoke clears, what we have is a lab that suffered from systematic failures in protocol resulting in evidence being stolen, for either sale or personal consumption, and in some instances replaced with other drugs. While the defendants urge this Court to find any evidence stored at the OCME drug lab is ipso facto 15 Citing Irwin, the Aricidiacono Court stated that, “[i]n our prior decisions, we found that when defendants freely admitted their guilt by admitting that they possessed illegal narcotics, their lack of knowledge that the OCME’s evidence-handling practices were seriously flawed and that some OCME employees had engaged in malfeasance, did not invalidate their pleas.” Aricidiacono, 125 A.3d at 678-78. unreliable due to a lapse in management and protocol, the Court finds that such a blanket ruling is inappropriate. State v. Irwin, 2014 WL 6734821, at *7, *9 (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 17, 2014). Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim Two. C. Request for Evidentiary Hearing Petitioner “requests that this Court conduct an evidentiary hearing and allow full briefing on his claim.” (D.I. 2; D.I. 7 at 29-30). Additionally, if the Court fails to grant him habeas relief, Petitioner asks the Court to “order the State to retest evidence; order the State to produce evidence envelopes, all chain of custody records and any other discovery related to the evidence and its handling.” (D.I. 7 at 29-30). Having determined that the instant Petition does not warrant relief under § 2254(d)(1) and (2), the Court will deny Petitioner’s request for an evidentiary hearing and additional discovery. See Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007) (“Because the deferential standards prescribed by § 2254 control whether to grant habeas relief, a federal court must take into those standards in deciding whether an evidentiary hearing is appropriate.”). V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY A district court issuing a final order denying a § 2254 petition must also decide whether to issue a certificate of appealability. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 22.2 (2011). A certificate of appealability is appropriate when a petitioner makes a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right” by demonstrating “that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). The Court has concluded that Petitioner’s habeas claims do not warrant relief. In the Court’s view, reasonable jurists would not find this conclusion to be debatable. Accordingly, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability. VI. CONCLUSION For the reasons discussed, Petitioner’s Application For A Writ Of Habeas Corpus Pursuant To 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is DENIED without an evidentiary hearing. An appropriate Order will be entered.