Timothy J. Harris v. Mary Ellen Harris ( 2023 )

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
TIMOTHY J. HARRIS, on behalf of )
himself and derivatively on behalf of )
Harris FRC Corporation and The Mary )
Ellen Harris 2011 Grantor Retained )
Annuity Trust, )
)
Petitioner/Plaintiff, )
)
and )
)
KRISTEN HARRIS and MEGAN )
LOEWENBERG, on behalf of themselves )
and derivatively on behalf of Harris FRC )
Corporation and The Mary Ellen Harris )
2011 Grantor Retained Annuity Trust, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2019-0736-JTL
)
MARY ELLEN HARRIS, JUDITH )
LOLLI, CHARLES GRINNELL, ROYCE )
MANAGEMENT, INC., MICHAEL )
SCHWAGER and PAUL PETIGROW, )
)
Defendants, )
)
and )
HARRIS FRC CORPORATION, a New )
Jersey Corporation, )
)
Respondent, )
)
and )
)
HARRIS FRC CORPORATION, a New )
Jersey Corporation and THE MARY )
ELLEN HARRIS 2011 GRANTOR )
RETAINED ANNUITY TRUST, )
)
Nominal Defendants. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: November 9, 2022
Date Decided: January 6, 2023
Joel Friedlander, Christopher M. Foulds, David Hahn, FRIEDLANDER & GORRIS, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Petitioner/Plaintiff Timothy J. Harris.
S. Michael Sirkin, R. Garrett Rice, ROSS ARONSTAM & MORITZ LLP, Wilmington
Delaware; Gregory Lomax, LAULETTA BIRNBAUM, LLC, Sewell, New Jersey; Jill
Guldin, FISHER BROYLES, LLP, Princeton, New Jersey; Counsel for Kristen C. Harris
and Megan Loewenberg.
David A. Jenkins, Julie M. O’Dell, SMITH, KATZENSTEIN & JENKINS LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Mary Ellen Harris.
Steven L. Caponi, Matthew B. Goeller, Megan E. O’Connor, K&L GATES LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Mary Ellen Harris, Paul Petigrow, and Michael
Schwager.
Kurt M. Heyman, Patricia L. Enerio, Gillian L. Andrews, HEYMAN ENERIO GATTUSO
& HIRZEL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Royce Management, Inc., Judith
Lolli, and Charles Grinnell.
John L. Reed, Ronald N. Brown, III, Peter H. Kyle, Kelly L. Freund, DLA PIPER LLP
(US), Wilmington, Delaware; Neal J. Levitsky, E. Chaney Hall, FOX ROTHSCHILD LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Emily A. Kaller, GREENBAUM, ROWE, SMITH & DAVIS LLP,
Woodbridge, New Jersey; Counsel for Harris FRC Corporation.
William M. Kelleher, Phillip A. Giordano, Madeline Silverman, GORDON, FOURNARIS
& MAMMARELLA, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for The Mary Ellen Harris
2011 Grantor Retained Annuity Trust.
LASTER, V.C.
Harris FRC Corporation (the “Company”) is a family-owned corporation. The
plaintiffs are three of the five children of Dr. Robert M. Harris, Sr., and Mary Ellen Harris.1
The plaintiffs allege that Mary Ellen and four of her close friends and advisors schemed to
seize control of the Company in 2015 as Dr. Harris’s health was failing. Mary Ellen and
her advisors then engaged in a series of self-dealing transactions that tunneled millions of
dollars out of the Company. They also used Company funds to perpetuate their control.
In 2019, after one of the plaintiffs started asking questions, the defendants caused
the Company to merge into a newly formed New Jersey shell corporation (the “Outbound
Merger”). The Outbound Merger deprived the plaintiffs of standing to seek books and
records under Delaware law, but it opened up another route to information. One of the
plaintiffs sought appraisal and used discovery in that action to access material previously
sought in a books-and-records demand. With the benefit of that information, the plaintiffs
have asserted plenary claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Mary Ellen, as well as
claims for breach of fiduciary duty and for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty
against the advisors. The amended complaint challenges the Outbound Merger, contending
that it too was a breach of fiduciary duty and that the minority stockholders were not
1
My standard practice is to identify individuals by their last name without
honorifics. When individuals share the same last name, my standard practice is to shift to
first names. Using first names is confusing because Dr. Robert M. Harris has a son with
the same name. This decision therefore refers to the father as “Dr. Harris.” That reference
is sadly confusing as well, because one of the plaintiffs is Dr. Timothy J. Harris. This
decision refers to him as “Tim Harris.” The English language lacks a fitting collective noun
for adult children; “children” remains technically accurate but implies minor status. This
decision refers to the five adult children collectively as the “Siblings.”
provided with all material information in connection with their decision to pursue or
eschew appraisal.
Two of the advisors contend that the Outbound Merger deprived the plaintiffs of
standing to assert any derivative claims relating to conduct that predated the effective time
of that transaction. As a matter of judicially created common law, the continuous ownership
rule requires that a plaintiff who asserts derivative claims maintain stockholder status
throughout the litigation. Under controlling precedent, a stock-for-stock merger in which a
stockholder’s shares in the acquired corporation are converted into shares in the surviving
corporation deprives the stockholder of the ongoing equity interest that is necessary to
satisfy the rule. Invoking this rule, the moving defendants contend that any derivative
claims that challenge matters that preceded the Outbound Merger must be dismissed. They
claim that the plaintiffs cannot litigate—and the court cannot consider—any issues
involving the dismissed claims.
The moving defendants are correct as to the plaintiffs’ lack of standing to litigate
derivative claims about pre-merger conduct, but not as to its implications for the case. The
plaintiffs have asserted a direct claim challenging the Outbound Merger. Delaware law
permits sell-side stockholders to challenge a merger directly for failing to afford value to
derivative claims. When the extinguishment of derivative standing confers a unique benefit
on the fiduciary that effectuated the merger, the fiduciary must prove that the merger was
entirely fair, including that it provided stockholders with a fair share of the value of the
derivative claims. The plaintiffs can continue to litigate the derivative claims, not as
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derivative claims that can support relief in their own right, but as assets to be valued as part
of the plaintiffs’ challenge to the Outbound Merger.
The motion to dismiss the derivative claims about events pre-dating the Outbound
Merger is granted. The granting of that motion and the resulting focus on the Outbound
Merger has knock-on effects for other claims in the case. For present purposes, it warrants
staying the plaintiffs’ claims for breach of fiduciary duty and for aiding and abetting
breaches of fiduciary duty that are based on conduct that took place after the Outbound
Merger. If the plaintiffs prevail on their challenge to the Outbound Merger and are awarded
the remedy of quasi-appraisal, then they will receive full value for their shares as of the
effective date for the Outbound Merger (plus interest). The court would condition that relief
on the plaintiffs tendering their shares to the Company, as they would do if they had
pursued an appraisal for all of their shares. The effect of that relief would be that the
plaintiffs no longer would have an equity interest in the Company that could support claims
about post-merger conduct. The litigation as to post-merger claims is therefore stayed.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The facts are drawn from the plaintiffs’ Verified Supplemental and Third Amended
Complaint (the “Complaint”) and the documents that it incorporates by reference.2 At this
procedural stage, the plaintiffs are entitled to have the court credit their allegations and
2
Citations in the form “Ex. __” refer to documents attached to the Affidavit of
Christopher M. Foulds, which collects certain documents that are incorporated by reference
in the complaint. Dkt. 467.
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draw all reasonable inferences in their favor.
A. The Company
Before May 2016, the Company was a New Jersey corporation. From May 2016
until May 2019, the Company was a Delaware corporation. Since May 2019, the Company
has been a New Jersey corporation. It is and always has been a family-held entity.
Currently, its only stockholders are Mary Ellen, the five Siblings, and various trusts created
for their benefit. The plaintiffs in this action are three of the Siblings: Tim Harris, Kristen
Harris, and Megan Harris Loewenberg. As discussed below, another Sibling previously
sued Mary Ellen and the Company and reached a settlement.
Dr. Harris founded the Company after securing the patent rights for
an epilepsy drug. He monetized the patent rights through a license agreement with a global
biopharmaceutical company and formed the Company to hold the rights and receive royalty
payments. That revenue stream historically amounted to approximately $100 million per
year. The Company’s only significant function was to collect and distribute the payments.
In 2020, the Company sold its patent rights for $342 million in cash. The Company
currently holds a pool of cash of around $120 million. It has no operating business.
The Company has issued 1,000 shares. Originally, Dr. Harris and Mary Ellen owned
the shares jointly as tenants by the entireties. In 2002, they transferred 38 shares to each of
the Siblings, resulting in each owning a 3.8% interest. In 2011, Dr. Harris and Mary Ellen
each created a grantor retained annuity trust (a “GRAT”) and funded each GRAT with 245
shares. The GRATs had terms of seven years and would expire on December 31, 2018. At
that point, the shares would be distributed to the Siblings, with each receiving an additional
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49 shares. Through the combination of the 190 shares they received directly and the 490
shares distributed from the GRATs, the Siblings would receive a total of 680 shares. In
total, the transactions would transfer a 68% interest in the Company from the parents to the
Siblings.
B. Dr. Harris’s Illness
In October 2013, Dr. Harris was diagnosed with an aggressive form of aphasia
consistent with Alzheimer’s disease. After an MRI, two distinguished specialists at
Columbia University confirmed the diagnosis.
As Dr. Harris’s health deteriorated, Judith Lolli insinuated herself into Mary Ellen’s
financial life. Lolli and Mary Ellen are next-door neighbors in Holmdel, New Jersey. They
also own adjacent beach houses in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. They are so close that Lolli
appears to have spliced Mary Ellen Harris’s cable connection and run a cable to her own
home. Phone logs show that Mary Ellen and Lolli text many times a day.
Lolli brought Mary Ellen into contact with her own friends and advisors. Paul
Petigrow is a New Jersey lawyer who served as Lolli’s personal counsel. Petigrow
promptly became Mary Ellen’s personal counsel as well.
Charles Grinnell is a New Jersey lawyer and career prosecutor who investigated and
prosecuted the gangland murder of Lolli’s brother, then became her close friend. Michael
Schwager is Lilli’s personal accountant and another close friend. Like the Complaint, this
decision refers to Lolli, Petigrow, Grinnell, and Schwager collectively as the “Advisors.”
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C. The Takeover
With Dr. Harris’s health declining, questions arose as to who would lead the
Company. Mary Ellen had no experience or qualifications for the role. The eldest Sibling,
Robert M. Harris, Jr., had worked at the Company since 2000, held the office of Vice
President, and managed the relationship that generated the Company’s royalty stream.
A power struggle ensued with Mary Ellen and the Advisors on the one side and
Robert on the other. In April 2015, eighteen months after his Alzheimer’s diagnosis, Dr.
Harris purportedly acted by written consent to remove Robert from his position as an
officer.3 The written consent added Mary Ellen to the board of directors (the “Board”),
where Dr. Harris had been the sole director. The plaintiffs assert that Dr. Harris did not
have the capacity to execute the written consent and that Lolli pulled the strings so that
Mary Ellen gained control over the Company.
Immediately after the first consent, Dr. Harris and Mary Ellen executed a second
consent that caused the Company to enter into “an agreement with Lolli in substantially
the form submitted hereto.” Compl. ¶ 32. The consent did not attach an agreement. In June
2015, Lolli and Mary Ellen executed an employment agreement which provided for Lolli’s
compensation to be determined at an unspecified future date. The Company began
providing Lolli with benefits and paying her $15,000 as an employee. The Company
retained Grinnell as a consultant at a rate of $110 per hour. Petigrow began doing legal
3
The Complaint alleges that Robert also signed a letter of resignation. In any event,
he was out.
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work for the Company. Schwager took over as the Company’s accountant. The Advisors
had gotten their noses inside the tent.
In the second half of 2015, Lolli and Grinnell formed Royce Management, Inc.
(“Royce”) as a vehicle for providing management services to the Company. In October,
the Company began paying Royce $208,000 a month or $2,496,000 per year. The Company
and Royce subsequently entered into a management services agreement that paid Royce
$208,334 per month, or $2,500,128 per year. The agreement renewed automatically every
year and provided for an annual fee escalator of 3.5%. The Company and Royce have
amended the management services agreement twice, each time making it more favorable
to Royce. In addition to the monthly fee, Mary Ellen has approved large end of year
bonuses for Royce. In total, Royce received over $20 million from the Company between
October 2015 and December 2020.
Royce is a shell. It has no employees other than Lolli and Grinnell, and it has no
other clients. It has no assets other than its contract with the Company. It operates out of
the Company’s offices. It exists solely to channel money to Lolli and Grinnell. It has no
expenses other than their salaries, pension contributions, distributions, and two $1,000 per
month luxury car leases.
D. Dr. Harris’s GRAT
To maintain control over the Company, Mary Ellen and the Advisors had to deal
with the GRATs. If the GRATs distributed 480 shares to the Siblings, then control over the
Company would pass to them.
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Around the same time that the Company began paying Royce, Lolli served as a
witness when Dr. Harris purportedly amended his GRAT and executed a codicil to his will.
Petigrow oversaw the drafting of the documents. The principal consequence of the
amendments was to redirect the 290 shares in Dr. Harris’s GRAT from the Siblings to Dr.
Harris’s marital trust. That trust benefits Mary Ellen, and she has a power of appointment
over its corpus, enabling her to determine where the assets go when the GRAT terminates.
The transaction reduced the number of Shares that the Siblings would receive from 680 to
435, below majority control. The amendments to Dr. Harris’s GRAT and the codicil to his
will are not at issue in this litigation, but they provide important context.
The Advisors wanted a cooperative trustee to oversee Dr. Harris’s GRAT and the
marital trust, so Lolli and Grinnell turned to Dan Selcow, a wealth manager at First
Republic Bank who was also a friend of Petigrow and Schwager. After they brought some
of the Harris’s personal accounts to Selcow to manage, Selcow arranged for First Republic
Trust Company of Delaware LLC (“First Republic Delaware”) to take over as trustee.
E. The Idea For The Inbound Merger
It was readily apparent that Robert might bring litigation over his removal and the
events at the Company. New Jersey recognizes a claim for minority stockholder
oppression, and available remedies include orders dissolving the corporation or appointing
a custodian or provisional directors. A stockholder oppression lawsuit thus threatened to
deprive Mary Ellen and the Advisors of control.
Mary Ellen and the Advisors believed that Delaware law would be more protective
of their activities, so they started working on a merger that would move the Company to
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Delaware (the “Inbound Merger”). As Mary Ellen colorfully put it, “I have to work out a
billion things at the office to get things ready for Delaware. They have better laws regarding
shit like bob is pulling and we have connections there.” Ex. 1.
In November 2015, Petigrow drafted Dr. Harris’s letter of resignation from the
Board. Dr. Harris purportedly signed it on November 16, two years after his Alzheimer’s
diagnosis. His resignation left Mary Ellen as the sole director. Petigrow drafted a power of
attorney in which Dr. Harris empowered Mary Ellen to act on his behalf. Dr. Harris
purportedly signed it, and Lolli witnessed it. Petigrow also drafted two proxies that Mary
Ellen could use to vote Dr. Harris’s shares, one for Dr. Harris to sign and one for Mary
Ellen to sign using her power of attorney.
In December 2015, Mary Ellen provided an initial set of approvals for the Inbound
Merger. She also appointed herself President and began paying herself $5 million per year
for serving in that role. She continued the payments until 2019, when she resigned after the
filing of this litigation. She appointed a lawyer to succeed her and paid him 11.5% of what
she paid herself.
On December 7, 2015, Petigrow and Mary Ellen formed a Delaware corporation to
use in the Inbound Merger. Two weeks later, Robert had his attorney send a letter to the
Company that formally threatened litigation.
F. Value Extraction On A Larger Scale
In 2016, Mary Ellen and the Advisors stepped up their extraction of value from the
Company. In February 2016, Mary Ellen signed a written consent approving an
employment agreement with Petigrow. It paid him $600,000 per year to serve as Vice
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President and General Counsel for the Company. Petigrow continued to run a solo law
practice out of the Company’s offices, using the Company’s personnel and resources, and
without paying rent. Given his full-time law practice, Petigrow worked only part-time and
sporadically as General Counsel.
In March 2016, Lolli had a physician friend declare Dr. Harris incapacitated. That
same month, Mary Ellen adopted a resolution in her capacity as sole director that paid Dr.
Harris a bonus in the amount of $15 million. In light of Dr. Harris’s incapacitation, the $15
million bonus was a disguised distribution to Mary Ellen.
Schwager cashed in too. Because of the Company’s minimal operations, the services
it required for its accounting and taxes should have cost $20,000 to $30,000 per year. The
Company paid Schwager simultaneously on two parallel schedules: (i) $12,500 a month
for a total of $150,000 per year, and (ii) $25,000 quarterly for another $100,000 per year.
He also received annual “Merry Christmas” bonuses of $35,000. Schwager thus raked in
$285,000 per year, ten times what the Company should have been paying.
On May 1, 2016, the Inbound Merger became effective, and the Company emerged
as a Delaware corporation. Robert exercised dissenters’ rights and pursued an appraisal
proceeding in New Jersey state court. He also filed plenary litigation. He later settled for a
payment of $20 million from the Company.
Now firmly in control, and believing they had greater protection under Delaware
law, Mary Ellen and the Advisors used Company funds to pay for an array of personal
expenses. On the Company’s taxes, Schwager deducted the expenses as if they were
business related.
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In April 2017, Dr. Harris died. The shares in his GRAT that would have gone to the
Siblings passed to the marital trust.
G. Tim Harris Hires Counsel And Asks Questions.
The Siblings had become concerned about what Mary Ellen and the Advisors were
doing. In March 2019, the Company informed the Siblings that its majority stockholder
had acted by written consent in lieu of an annual meeting, so no annual meeting would be
held. Tim Harris objected and told Grinnell that an annual meeting was required under
Delaware law. The Company reversed course and noticed an annual meeting.
On April 10, 2019, Tim Harris’s counsel in this action attended the annual meeting
as his proxy. Petigrow and Grinnell attended for the Company. Mary Ellen did not attend.
Petigrow chaired the meeting. Grinnell refused to identify himself. Petigrow called for a
vote for the election of Mary Ellen as the Company’s sole director and exercised proxies
from Mary Ellen and First Republic Delaware in favor of her election. The proxies
represented a majority of the Company’s voting power. After tallying the vote, he called
the meeting to a close.
Before the meeting was adjourned, Tim Harris’s counsel asked for a report on the
business of the Company, then followed up with a series of specific questions. Petigrow
and Grinnell failed to provide substantive answers on numerous topics. Grinnell repeatedly
asserted that all stockholder questions needed to be put in writing.
H. The Outbound Merger
With Tim Harris having retained a Delaware lawyer who had started asking
questions, it did not take a Tiresias to foresee that a books-and-records demand could be
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coming soon, or that litigation might follow. Within a week after the annual meeting, the
Advisors started working on a plan to move the Company out of Delaware and back into
New Jersey (the “Outbound Merger”). Grinnell circulated a New Jersey Supreme Court
decision which indicated that under New Jersey law, inspection rights could be limited to
formal documents like financial statements, minutes, and a list of stockholders. The
Company did not keep meetings, and Schwager prepared the Company’s financial
statements so that they did not reveal the many self-interested transactions or the payments
to Royce. The Outbound Merger thus could be used to prevent Tim Harris from obtaining
information about what was going on at the Company. The Advisors also thought that the
Outbound Merger would cut off the Siblings’ standing to assert derivative claims regarding
events predating the merger, as they have argued in this case. It therefore seemed that they
could move the Company back to New Jersey without walking into the type of lawsuit for
stockholder oppression that they originally moved to Delaware to evade. And if someone
eventually threatened such a lawsuit, they could always move the Company again.
On May 6, 2019, Tim Harris sent the Company a written demand for documents
under Section 220. On May 13, the Company refused to produce any documents, claiming
the demand constituted “harassment.” Compl. ¶ 127.
The Outbound Merger became effective on May 17, 2019. Mary Ellen approved the
Outbound Merger as a director, and Mary Ellen and First Republic Delaware executed
written consents approving it as stockholders.
The notice disseminated in connection with the Outbound Merger provided scant
information. It offered only the following justification:
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The Delaware Reincorporation was effected with the intent of capturing
certain efficiencies that were deemed at the time to be in the best interest of
the predecessor company and its stockholders. The board of directors of
Harris Delaware has determined that the circumstances giving rise to such
potential efficiencies are no longer present. . . . Harris Delaware’s board of
directors has determined that it is advisable for Harris Delaware’s internal
affairs to be governed by New Jersey law.
Id. ¶ 131. The notice did not discuss the effect on stockholder inspection rights or derivative
claims. It did not include any information about the large payments going to Royce and to
Schwager, the plentitude of personal expenses being paid for by the Company, or the
numerous entities being run out of the Company’s offices. The financial statements
attached to the notice obscured those payments.
After the Outbound Merger, Mary Ellen and the Advisors caused the Company to
break with a decade-long practice of making quarterly distributions, even though the
Company was an S Corporation and so the stockholders had to pay taxes on imputed
income. Mary Ellen has admitted that the change was made so that the Siblings would not
have funds to pay their attorneys. The change did not affect Mary Ellen, who was having
the Company pay for her counsel while paying herself $5 million per year.
I. This Litigation
The Outbound Merger stymied Tim Harris’s attempt to use Section 220, but it
opened up another informational avenue. Tim Harris sought appraisal for one share of
Company common stock. In discovery, he sought the information that a books-and-records
inspection would have generated. Discovery did not go smoothly, and the court has
expended significant judicial resources addressing various discovery motions. After
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considerable effort, Tim Harris and his counsel were able to obtain some of the information
they had requested.
In September 2021, Tim Harris filed an amended petition and complaint that added
plenary claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Mary Ellen and claims for breach of
fiduciary duty and aiding and abetting against the Advisors.
In October 2021, Kristen Harris and Megan Harris Loewenberg joined the case as
additional plaintiffs. That same month, Mary Ellen and the Advisors recruited Robert
Pincus, a respected Delaware lawyer, to join the Board and serve as a one-person special
litigation committee (the “SLC”). The plaintiffs stood down to permit the SLC to
investigate. The plaintiffs also agreed to mediate with the SLC.
On December 29, 2021, while the SLC’s counsel was on vacation, the Company
filed an answer. The answer included numerous denials of factual allegations; claimed that
demand was required, even though the SLC had already been formed; and alleged that Tim
Harris brought the Delaware action in bad faith. The decision whether to file an answer fell
within the SLC’s authority, yet the Company filed the answer without informing the SLC
or seeking the SLC’s approval.
On January 21, 2022, Pincus resigned from the Board, disbanded the SLC, and
expressly took no position on the plaintiffs’ claims.
J. The Currently Operative Complaint
In March 2022, the plaintiffs filed the Complaint. From a big picture standpoint, the
Complaint asserts derivative claims for breach of fiduciary duty and for aiding and abetting
breaches of fiduciary duty based on acts of self-dealing by Mary Ellen, payments to the
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Advisors, and misuse of Company resources. The Complaint also asserts direct claims for
breach of fiduciary duty and aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty based on the
Outbound Merger, and Tim Harris seeks appraisal.
Count I of the Complaint asserts that Mary Ellen has breached her fiduciary duties
as President, sole director, and controlling stockholder of the Company. The Complaint
groups the breaches into six broad categories:
• approving self-interested and unfair compensation and other personal payments to
herself;
• using Company resources for personal gain, including by supporting her personal
ventures and engaging in transactions to maintain her control;
• colluding with the Advisors by providing them with exorbitant compensation and
benefits to pay them off for helping her engage in and cover up wrongdoing at the
Company;
• sequestering distributions to oppress stockholders;
• engaging in the Outbound Merger; and
• verifying knowingly incomplete and misleading discovery responses.
Skipping for the moment over Count II, Count III asserts claims for breach of
fiduciary duty against the Advisors in their capacity as officers and agents. The Complaint
alleges that Petigrow is a de jure officer, having agreed to serve as General Counsel. The
Complaint alleges that Grinnell, Lolli, and Schwager acted as de facto officers. The
Complaint alleges in the alternative that all were senior managers and agents of the
Company who owed fiduciary duties in those capacities. The substance of the claims
against the Advisors generally tracks the claims against Mary Ellen.
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Count IV alleges in the alternative that to the extent the Advisors are not accountable
for breaching their own duties as fiduciaries of the Company, both they and Royce have
aided and abetted the breaches of fiduciary duty by Mary Ellen, Petigrow, and any other
Advisor that is found to have owed fiduciary duties.
Counts II and V challenge a transaction between Mary Ellen and her GRAT. Count
VI is the claim for an appraisal. Those counts are not at issue in this decision.
Mary Ellen has not moved to dismiss the Complaint on any grounds. Petigrow does
not argue that Count III fails to state claims against him, nor does he maintain that this
court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over him for purposes of that claim. Otherwise,
the Advisors have advanced a multitude of arguments.
• Petigrow and Schwager maintain that the plaintiffs cannot assert derivative claims
on behalf of the Company because the Outbound Merger deprived them of standing.
That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal without prejudice of Counts
I, III, and IV to the extent those counts assert derivative claims, as they
predominantly do.
• Petigrow, Schwager, Lolli, Grinnell, and Royce ask the court to rely on forum non
conveniens to dismiss this action in deference to actions pending in New Jersey.
That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal without prejudice of the entire
action.
• Lolli, Grinnell, Royce, and Schwager insist that this court cannot exercise personal
jurisdiction over them. That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal
without prejudice of all claims against those defendants.
• Petigrow argues that this court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over him for
purposes of Count V. That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal without
prejudice of that count as to him.
• Lolli, Grinnell, and Royce argue that this court is an improper venue because the
management services agreement between the Company and Royce contains a forum
selection clause specifying the courts of New Jersey. That argument, if correct,
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would require the dismissal without prejudice of a subset of the claims asserted in
Counts III and IV.
• Schwager insists that he was never a fiduciary of the Company and that Count III
does not state a claim against him. That argument, if correct, would require the
dismissal with prejudice of Count III as to him.
• Petigrow and Schwager argue that Count IV does not state a claim against them.
That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal with prejudice of that count
as to them.
• Lolli, Grinnell, Petigrow, and Schwager contend that Count V does not state a claim
against them. That argument, if correct, would require the dismissal with prejudice
of Count V.
That is a barrage of arguments.
II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
Petigrow and Schwager contend that as a result of the Outbound Merger, the
plaintiffs lost standing to assert any derivative claims based on conduct pre-dating the
effective time. They conclude that the court must dismiss the derivative claims that the
plaintiffs have asserted in this action. They contend that if the plaintiffs wish to assert any
derivative claims, they must do so on behalf of the Company in its current manifestation
as a New Jersey corporation. As they envision it, all of the issues raised in Counts I, III,
and IV vanish from the case.
The moving defendants are correct that the plaintiffs lost standing to litigate
derivative claims based on conduct pre-dating the effective time, but they are incorrect
about the effect on the case. The plaintiffs have asserted a direct claim challenging the
Outbound Merger, which they maintain was the product of breaches of fiduciary duty by
Mary Ellen and the Advisors and, as to any Advisors who were not fiduciaries, conduct
17
constituting aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty. As part of that direct claim.,
they contend that the Outbound Merger failed to afford them fair value for the derivative
claims. The parties will continue to litigate that claim. This decision stays any claims based
on conduct post-dating the Outbound Merger.
A. The Continuous Ownership Rule And The Implications Of A Loss Of Standing
To Assert Derivative Claims
In Lewis v. Anderson, the Delaware Supreme Court created the continuous
ownership rule by stating expansively that “a derivative shareholder must not only be a
stockholder at the time of the alleged wrong and at [the] time of commencement of suit but
that he must also maintain shareholder status throughout the litigation.” 477 A.2d 1040,
1046 (Del. 1984). Later in the decision, the high court restated the rule as follows: “A
plaintiff who ceases to be a shareholder, whether by reason of a merger or for any other
reason, loses standing to continue a derivative suit.” Id. at 1049. Framing the rule for
purposes of a reverse triangular merger in which the stockholder plaintiffs had their shares
converted into shares of the acquiring company, the Delaware Supreme Court held that “a
corporate merger destroys derivative standing of former shareholders of the merged
corporation from instituting or pursuing derivative claims” that were the property of the
acquired company. Id. at 1047. On the specific facts of the case, the high court stated
pointedly that “plaintiff lost standing to pursue Old Conoco’s derivative claim when he
ceased to be a shareholder of Old Conoco and that his underlying claim thereby became
the exclusive property right of New Conoco . . . .” Id. at 1042. Since Lewis v. Anderson,
the Delaware Supreme Court has repeatedly reaffirmed both the continuous ownership rule
18
and its implications for derivative claims. See, e.g., El Paso Pipeline GP Co., L.L.C. v.
Brinckerhoff, 152 A.3d 1248, 1265 (Del. 2016) (reaffirming rule and extending it to limited
partnerships); Ark. Tchr. Ret. Sys. v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 75 A.3d 888, 894 (Del. 2013)
(reaffirming rule); Lewis v. Ward, 852 A.2d 896, 904 (Del. 2004) (same).
Invoking the continuous ownership rule, the moving defendants contend that the
Outbound Merger extinguished the plaintiffs’ standing to sue derivatively on behalf of the
pre-merger Delaware entity and that if the plaintiffs wish to assert derivative claims, they
must sue anew on behalf of the surviving New Jersey entity. That innocently presented
argument sets up a kill shot in the form of the contemporaneous ownership requirement,
which requires that a stockholder who seeks to sue derivatively must own shares at the time
of the wrong. See 8 Del. C. § 327; N.J. Ct. R. 4:32-3; Seidman v. Clifton Sav. Bank, S.L.A.,
2009 WL 2513797, at *14 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 19, 2009), aff’d, 14 A.3d 36(N.J. 2011). Once the plaintiffs file suit on behalf of the surviving New Jersey corporation,
the defendants can argue that they were not stockholders of that entity at the time of the
pre-merger wrongs. The moving defendants have deployed careful language to preserve
this argument. They say that the Outbound Merger “did not extinguish any pending
derivative claims and Plaintiffs can still bring derivative claims in their capacity as
shareholders in the surviving entity, if compliant with New Jersey law.” Dkt. 473 at 6.
Compliance with New Jersey law implies compliance with New Jersey’s version of the
contemporaneous ownership requirement.
Delaware law offers two answers to the one-two punch that the continuous
ownership rule and the contemporaneous ownership requirement present for sell-side
19
stockholders. The first answer is a pair of exceptions to the continuous ownership rule. See
Anderson, 477 A.2d at 1046 n.10. One applies when the transaction that otherwise would
deprive the plaintiffs of standing “is essentially a reorganization that does not affect the
plaintiff’s relative ownership in the post-merger enterprise.” Countrywide, 75 A.3d at 894;
accord Ward, 852 A.2d at 904; see Schreiber v. Carney, 447 A.2d 17, 22 (Del. Ch. 1982).
The other applies when a plaintiff loses standing based on a merger “perpetrated merely to
deprive shareholders of their standing to bring or maintain a derivative action.”
Countrywide, 75 A.3d at 894. When those exceptions apply, the plaintiffs can continue
litigating their derivative claims as derivative claims, and the case proceeds as if the merger
never happened. I will call this the “Derivative Claim Route.”
The second answer recognizes that the extinguishment of derivative standing can
confer a unique benefit on the fiduciaries that approved the merger, thereby subjecting the
merger to a direct challenge. Chancellor Allen blazed the trail in Merritt v. Colonial Foods,
Inc., 505 A.2d 757 (Del. Ch. 1986), where a controlling stockholder effectuated a merger
for the primary purpose of eliminating the minority stockholders’ ability to maintain a
derivative claim. Id. at 763. A derivative action was pending in New Jersey state court, and
the New Jersey judge dismissed that action for lack of standing. Chancellor Allen rejected
the argument that derivative standing could be eliminated without consequence, and he
required that the controlling stockholder establish the fairness of the merger price,
including the value of the derivative claims. Id. at 766. He explained that in the remedial
phase, “those derivative claims may still be litigated; now, however, by reason of the
20
merger they will not be evaluated as derivative claims but rather, indirectly, as evidence
relevant to the fairness of the cash-out price.” Id.In the years since Colonial Foods, both the Delaware Supreme Court and this court
have recognized that a stockholder whose standing to sue derivatively was extinguished by
merger can assert a direct claim challenging the fairness of the merger. 4 In Parnes, the
Delaware Supreme Court explained that “[a] stockholder who directly attacks the fairness
or validity of a merger alleges an injury to the stockholders, not the corporation, and may
pursue such a claim even after the merger at issue has been consummated.” 722 A.2d at
1245. In El Paso, the Delaware Supreme Court pointed out that “equity holders confronted
by a merger in which derivative claims will pass to the buyer have the right to challenge
the merger itself as a breach of the duties they are owed.” 152 A.3d at 1251. I will call this
the “Direct Claim Route.”
4
See, e.g., Morris v. Spectra Energy P’rs (DE) GP, LP, 246 A.3d 121, 138–39 (Del.
2021) (reversing dismissal of action challenging merger for failure to value litigation asset
belonging to entity); El Paso, 152 A.3d at 1251–52 (holding that “equity holders
confronted by a merger in which derivative claims will pass to the buyer have the right to
challenge the merger itself as a breach of the duties they are owed”); Parnes v. Bally Ent.
Corp., 722 A.2d 1243, 1244–46 (Del. 1999) (permitting direct challenge to merger where
CEO extracted side payments in connection with transaction); In re Primedia, Inc. S’holder
Litig., 67 A.3d 455, 477–90 (Del. Ch. 2013) (denying motion to dismiss secondary
challenge to merger based on extinction of standing to litigate pending derivative claim);
In re Massey Energy Co., 2011 WL 2176479, at *2–4 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2011) (recognizing
potential for secondary action in which plaintiffs challenged merger because it would
extinguish their standing to litigate pending derivative claim; denying preliminary
injunction to enjoin transaction).
21
B. The Availability Of Both Paths For Claims Based On Pre-Merger Conduct
In this case, both the Derivative Claim Route and the Direct Claim Route are
available. The question is which should apply. The plaintiffs argued both, but at oral
argument, they stressed the Direct Claim Route. The defendants contend that neither route
is available and that the plaintiffs only recourse is to sue anew on behalf of the surviving
corporation, with whatever consequences that might have.
The Derivative Claim Route is available because the court could apply either of the
exceptions to the continuous ownership rule. The court could apply the reorganization
exception because the Outbound Merger can be regarded as the epitome of a corporate
reshuffling. The only parties to the Outbound Merger were the Company in its incarnation
as a Delaware entity and a newly formed New Jersey corporation. Before the Outbound
Merger, the New Jersey corporation was a shell without any assets or operating business.
Through the Outbound Merger, the Company merged into the New Jersey corporation.
After the Outbound Merger, the surviving entity held only the assets that the Company
brought to the transaction. Each share of stock in the Delaware entity was converted on a
one-for-one basis into a share of stock in the New Jersey entity. There was no change in
the entity other than the change in domicile from Delaware to New Jersey and, going
forward, the application of New Jersey law to its internal affairs. As to matters that occurred
while the Company was a Delaware corporation, Delaware law continues to govern.
The court also could apply the fraud exception. The Complaint’s allegations support
an inference that Mary Ellen and the Advisors implemented the Outbound Merger in an
effort to deprive the Siblings of their ability to seek books and records and to pursue
22
derivative claims. Mary Ellen and the Advisors started planning the Outbound Merger
immediately after Tim Harris’s counsel appeared at the 2019 annual meeting of
stockholders and asked questions. The following week, the Advisors began communicating
about a potential merger, and Grinnell circulated a New Jersey Supreme Court decision on
the scope of access to books and records under New Jersey law. Within a month, the
Outbound Merger had closed. No one has offered any reason for engaging in the Outbound
Merger other than to affect Tim Harris’s ability to seek books and records and to pursue
derivative claims.
Both paths of the Derivative Claim Route are therefore open. And the court could
just as easily follow the Direct Claim Route. In Morris, the Delaware Supreme Court
adopted a pleading-stage framework that this court used in the Primedia decision to
evaluate whether a plaintiff had standing to challenge a merger based on the
extinguishment of derivative standing. 246 A.3d at 136 (“When the court is faced with a
post-merger claim challenging the fairness of a merger based on the defendant’s failure to
secure value for derivative claims, we think that the Primedia framework provides a
reasonable basis to conduct a pleadings-based analysis to evaluate standing on a motion to
dismiss.”). The Primedia decision described the framework as follows:
A plaintiff claiming standing to challenge a merger directly under Parnes
because of a board’s alleged failure to obtain value for an underlying
derivative claim must meet a three part test. First, the plaintiff must plead an
underlying derivative claim that has survived a motion to dismiss or
otherwise could state a claim on which relief could be granted. Second, the
value of the derivative claim must be material in the context of the merger.
Third, the complaint challenging the merger must support a pleadings-stage
inference that the acquirer would not assert the underlying derivative claim
and did not provide value for it.
23
67 A.3d at 477.
In this case, the plaintiffs can meet all of the Primedia requirements. The first
Primedia element is met because the plaintiffs have plead derivative claims that would
surviving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Mary Ellen has not argued that Count I fails
to state a claim against her for breach of fiduciary duty. Petigrow, Lolli, and Grinnell have
not argued that Count III fails to state a claim against them for breach of fiduciary duty.5
Schwager has argued that Count III fails to state a claim against him for breach of fiduciary
duty, and Petigrow and Schwager have argued that Count IV fails to state a claim against
them for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty, but it is fair to say that those counts
state viable, pleading-stage claims.
The second Primedia element is met because it is reasonably conceivable that the
value of the derivative claims was material in the context of the Outbound Merger. There
is no bright line figure for materiality. Goldstein v. Denner, 2022 WL 1797224, at *11
(Del. Ch. June 2, 2022). One place to look for pleading-stage guidance is the magnitude of
the baskets that parties agree to when a seller provides a buyer with deal-related
indemnification, because the size of those limits indicates the magnitude of loss that a buyer
is willing to swallow before it can assert a claim to recover. The second Primedia element
asks the same basic question: How much loss must sell-side stockholders swallow before
5
Based on a jurisdictional argument they make, Lolli and Grinnell implicitly
contend that they were never officers and cannot be sued for breach of duty in that capacity,
but they have not made a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and they do not contest that they owed
fiduciary duties as senior managerial personnel and as agents.
24
gaining standing to assert a claim to recover that value. Studies of basket amounts suggest
a rule of thumb of 0.5% to 1%.6
The Outbound Merger did not imply a transaction price, but in 2020, one year after
the Outbound Merger, the Company sold its sole asset for $342 million in an arm’s-length
transaction. For an entity with an operating business, valuation can change significantly
over the course of a year, but the Company simply receives and distributes cash. Other
information in the record suggests a discount rate for the Company of 13%. Applying that
6
The 2021 Private Deal Study prepared by the Mergers & Acquisitions Committee
of the American Bar Association examined 123 private deals valued at between $30 million
and $750 million, consistent with the size and private status of the Company. The vast
majority of deals have baskets of 1% of transaction value or less, a figure consistent with
prior studies dating back to 2004. The median in 2021 for deals without representations
and warranty insurance was 0.5%. The median deductible in 2021 for deals without
representations and warranty insurance was 0.5%. Other authorities point to standard
ranges below 1%. See Eric Rauch & Brian Burke, The Impact of Transaction Size on Highly
Negotiated M&A Deal Points, 71 Bus. Law. 835, 838–39 (2016) (“The average threshold
amount of a liability basket in our study was 0.83 percent of the transaction size, decreasing
slightly as the purchase price increased.”); Ana Sofia Batista, Carl-Olof E. Bouveng,
Wayne D. Gray, Abhijit Joshi, Gregory E. Ostling & Ronaldo C. Veirano, Private Mergers
and Acquisitions--Global Trends in Buyer Protection, Int’l L. Practicum, at 59, 67 (Spring
2013) (“Of the deals that included baskets, 47% and 41% of the deals analyzed in the U.S.
Study had baskets that were between 0.5% and 1% of the transaction value and less than
0.5%, respectively. Twelve per cent of the deals included a basket that was between 1%
and 2% of the transaction value.”); Michael Glassner, M&A terms: negotiating economic
uncertainty with baskets and caps, Westlaw Mergers & Acqs. Daily Briefing, Oct. 26,
2012, at 2014 WL 43689 (“Basket amounts are typically set between 0.5 to 1 percent of
the transaction value.”); Stephen Glover, Indemnification Provisions: Standard Practice
Revisited, 5 No. 9 M & A Law. 1 (Mar. 2002) (noting that for 2001 sample, “[t]he smallest
basket was 0.1% of the purchase price, the largest basket was 2.9% of the purchase price
and the average basket was 1.0%”).
25
discount rate suggests a rough estimate for the Company’s value of $297 million at the
time of the Outbound Merger.
Based solely on the Complaint, and without placing any value on the personal
expenses that plaintiffs claim the Company paid or the cost of supporting other entities that
the plaintiffs claim the Company incurred, the plaintiffs’ damages claims for Counts I, III,
and IV amount to approximately $63.54 million, or 21% of the Company’s value.7 Adding
personal expenses and other costs would increase the numerator, as would accounting for
the time-value of money through interest. The 21% figure is thus likely to be conservative.
Assuming that the outcome on liability is a 50-50 proposition, the damages still exceed
10%. Assuming the defendants were entitled to 50% of the amounts they extracted as fair
compensation, the damages still exceed 5%. It is reasonable to infer that the amount of the
derivative claims is material.
7
The rough breakdown is as follows:
Bonus to Dr. Harris in same $15 million
month he was declared
incompetent
Compensation to Mary $25 million
Ellen as President
Compensation to Lolli and $20 million
Grinnell through Royce
Compensation to Petigrow $2.4 million
Compensation to Schwager $1.14 million
Total: $63.54 million
26
Moreover, given that the Outbound Merger appears not to have resulted from a fair
process, the plaintiffs need not meet a materiality threshold for purposes of the second
Primedia element. In Parnes, the Delaware Supreme Court did not hold that a stockholder
only could assert a direct claim challenging a merger by pleading facts indicating that the
value of the diverted proceeds were so large as to render the price unfair. The Delaware
Supreme Court instead recognized more broadly that a stockholder could assert a direct
claim challenging a merger if the facts giving rise to what otherwise would constitute a
derivative claim led either to the price or to the process being unfair.8 In Primedia, the
court identified this dimension of Parnes and explained that “[t]here is a strong argument
that under Parnes, standing would exist if the complaint challenging the merger contained
adequate allegations to support a pleadings-stage inference that the merger resulted from
an unfair process due at least in part to improper treatment of the derivative claim.”
Primedia, 67 A.3d at 482 n.5. The Primedia decision did not explore that aspect of Parnes
because the value of the derivative claim in that case was so clearly material. Id. More
recently, this court noted that “[t]he weight of Delaware authority has interpreted Parnes
as recognizing that a stockholder can assert a direct claim challenging a merger based on
8
See Parnes, 722 A.2d at 1245 (explaining that Kramer v. Western Pacific
Industries 546 A.2d 348 (Del. 1988), did not support a direct claim because “[t]he
complaint did not question the fairness of the price offered in the merger or the manner in
which the merger agreement was negotiated,” and “did not allege that the merger price was
unfair or that the merger was obtained through unfair dealing” (emphasis added); id.(holding that in order to state a direct claim, a stockholder must allege facts supporting an
“unfair dealing and/or unfair price”).
27
process challenges alone.” Goldstein, 2022 WL 1797224, at *12 (collecting authorities).
The court held that “standing exists to assert a direct claim when a plaintiff alleges breaches
of fiduciary duty that resulted in either an unfair price or an unfair process.” Id.In this case, there was zero process. The Advisors started planning the Outbound
Merger immediately after Tim Harris’s counsel appeared and asked questions at the 2019
annual meeting. Within a month, Mary Ellen had implemented the transaction unilaterally.
In Colonial Foods, which also involved a unilaterally implemented merger, Chancellor
Allen granted summary judgment as to liability in favor of the plaintiffs, finding that the
merger “constituted a breach of the defendants’ duty of fair dealing” where it was
effectuated with the primary purpose of extinguishing the minority stockholders’ standing
to assert derivative claims and without any mechanisms that provided assurance that the
derivative claims were assessed fairly. 505 A.2d at 765–66. The facts of this case suggest
a similar outcome. The plaintiffs therefore can satisfy the second element of the Primedia
test irrespective of the materiality of the derivative claims.
Finally, the third element of the test is met because the pleading-stage record
supports an inference that Mary Ellen and the Advisors would never assert the underlying
derivative claims. Those claims seek to recover compensation and benefits paid to Mary
Ellen and the Advisors, making them interested in the litigation. Moreover, during the
SLC’s cameo appearance, the Company filed an answer that rejected the plaintiffs’ claims
and contended they had been filed for the purpose of harassment, despite the fact that
assessing the derivative claims and deciding whether to answer fell within the SLC’s
authority. Add in the manner in which the Company has fought discovery, and the record
28
powerfully supports the inference that Mary Ellen would never cause the successor New
Jersey entity to assert the derivative claims. The Direct Claim Route is thus an available
course for this case.
C. The Choice Between Two Routes
The choice between the Derivative Claim Route and the Direct Claim Route
presents an issue of case management. The court’s overarching goal is to provide a fair and
efficient forum for resolving disputes. Court of Chancery Rule 1 embodies that goal by
instructing that the rules “shall be construed, administered, and employed by the Court and
the parties, to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every proceeding.”
Ct. Ch. R. 1. Commenting on the sibling federal rule, a leading treatise states that “[t]here
probably is no provision in the federal rules that is more important than this mandate. It
reflects the spirit in which the rules were conceived and written, and in which they should
be interpreted.” 4 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Adam N. Steinman, Federal
Practice & Procedure § 1029 (4th ed.), Westlaw (database updated Apr. 2022). The Direct
Claim Route best implements these goals.
Both routes have advantages and disadvantages. The principal advantage of
applying an exception to the continuous ownership rule and proceeding along the
Derivative Claim Route is that the plaintiffs will continue litigating their derivative claims
as derivative claims. Counts I, III, and IV assert a mix of derivative and direct claims. The
allegations of the Complaint for self-dealing, excessive compensation and benefits, and the
misuse of Company resources are traditional derivative claims. The Company treated them
29
as derivative claims by appointing the briefly tenured SLC. In that sense, the Derivative
Claim Route would continue the status quo.
The principal disadvantage of the Derivative Claim Route is to maintain an
unnecessary level of case complexity. In addition to advancing the derivative claims in
Counts I, III, and IV, the plaintiffs have asserted a direct challenge to the Outbound Merger
for which they seek a remedy of quasi-appraisal. The Complaint easily pleads a claim for
breach of the duty of disclosure, so the prospect of a quasi-appraisal remedy is a meaningful
one. As the plaintiffs point out, to value the Company for purposes of the quasi-appraisal
remedy, the court will need to include the value of the derivative claims. Thus, the plaintiffs
currently are litigating the derivative claims both as claims that support relief in their own
right and as assets to be valued in connection with the Outbound Merger. The two tracks
create complexity for the parties and the court, because at each stage of the case, the parties
and the court must consider both manifestations of the plaintiffs’ claims.
Following the Direct Claim Route simplifies the case. The plaintiffs only will be
litigating on the Direct Claim Route, and the parties and the court only will have to consider
that framework. The Direct Claim Route also may promote settlement, because it involves
investor-level relief. That type of relief is generally more attractive to plaintiffs because it
puts cash in the investors’ pockets, rather than routing a recovery through the corporation
(where the proverbial foxes remain in charge of the henhouse). See Baker v. Sadiq, 2016
WL 4375250, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2016). An investor-level remedy also can be more
attractive to the defendants, because they need only come out of pocket for the investors’
share of the damages, rather than the full amount of the corporate harm. See id. In this case,
30
for example, a Company-level remedy would require that any defendant held jointly and
severally liable pay the full $63.54 million to the Company (using that figure for illustration
only). An investor-level remedy would equate to $63,540 per share. The plaintiffs currently
own 190 shares, so a liable defendant would have to pay $12.07 million. A smaller number
makes settlement easier.
The Direct Claim Route also attends to the ebb and flow of the law in this area,
where El Paso and Morris seem to favor direct challenges to mergers that extinguish
derivative standing over the continuing litigation of derivative claims as such. Of course,
there still will be cases when applying one of the exceptions to the continuous ownership
rule makes sense, but those cases appear decidedly rare. See Bamford v. Penfold, L.P., 2020
WL 967942, at *29 (Del. Ch. Feb. 28, 2020); Schreiber, 447 A.2d at 22 (Del. Ch. 1982);
Helfand v. Gambee, 136 A.2d 558, 562 (Del. Ch. 1957).
The Direct Claim Route achieves these benefits without affecting the substantial
rights of the parties. See Ct. Ch. R. 61. The plaintiffs have the ability to be made whole,
and the defendants can continue to assert all of their procedural and substantive defenses.
For purposes of the defendants’ motions to dismiss based on forum non conveniens, for
lack of personal jurisdiction, and for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted,
the court already would be analyzing their arguments as applied to direct claims because
of the direct challenge to the Outbound Merger. The Direct Claim Route avoids the need
to analyze those same arguments a second time as applied to derivative claims. In essence,
option for the Direct Claim Route gives the defendants a win on the pre-Outbound Merger
derivative claims.
31
If the Outbound Merger had cashed out the plaintiffs such that they had no
continuing interest in the Company, then there would be no choice to make. The case would
proceed along the Direct Claim Route. Because the Outbound Merger was a stock-for-
stock merger and exceptions to the continuous ownership rule could apply, there is a choice
to make. The course for this action that best promotes the goal of a just and (relatively)
speedy and inexpensive disposition of this proceeding is to proceed along the Direct Claim
Route.
Notably, although only Petigrow and Schwager have made this motion, the court’s
decision necessarily applies to the derivative claims as a whole. It would be
counterproductive and excessively complex to litigate along the Derivative Claim Route
for those defendants who did not join in the standing argument, while litigating along the
Direct Claim Route for Petigrow and Schwager.
D. The Litigation Over Claims Based On Post-Merger Conduct Is Stayed.
The plaintiffs have asserted claims based on post-merger conduct. The plaintiffs
contend that at least one of their post-merger theories states a direct claim. The theories
generally present derivative claims.
If the court were to follow the Derivative Claim Route, then the plaintiffs could
continue to litigate their derivative claims as if the Outbound Merger had not taken place.
That ruling would apply equally to the derivative claims based on post-merger conduct.
The merger would not affect direct claims based on post-merger conduct, other than to
raise an issue as to choice of law.
32
The Direct Claim Route again simplifies matters. If the plaintiffs prevail and receive
a quasi-appraisal award equal to the value of their shares on the effective date of the
Outbound Merger (plus interest), then that remedy will provide full relief. The award will
include a pro rata share of the value of the Company’s operating business (perhaps
$297,000 per share) plus a pro rata share of the derivative claims (perhaps $63,000 per
share). As a condition to receiving that value, the court would require the plaintiffs to tender
their shares to the Company, as if they had sought appraisal. See 8 Del. C. §§ 262(g), (l).
The plaintiffs would no longer be stockholders of the Company as of the effective time,
and they would not have any basis to assert post-merger claims.
Litigating the post-merger claims now risks wasting judicial and party resources on
claims that may never need to be litigated. “This Court possesses the inherent power to
manage its own docket, including the power to stay litigation on the basis of comity,
efficiency, or simple common sense.” Paolino v. Mace Sec. Int’l, Inc., 985 A.2d 392, 397
(Del. Ch. 2009). “Granting a stay is a discretionary enterprise and derives from a court’s
inherent power to control its docket.” Lima USA, Inc. v. Mahfouz, 2021 WL 5774394, at
*7 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 31, 2021) (citing Solow v. Aspect Res., LLC, 46 A.3d 1074, 1075
(Del. 2012)).
In this case, it makes sense to stay the claims that address post-merger conduct. If
the plaintiffs prevail on their challenge to the Outbound Merger, then it never will be
necessary to address those issues. By contrast, litigating the post-merger conduct will open
up additional areas of discovery, and it will force the parties and the court to address a
series of legal issues, including questions about choice of law. Because of the strength of
33
the plaintiffs’ challenges to the Outbound Merger, the effort expended on those issues
would likely go for naught.
Of course, it is possible that the plaintiffs may not prevail on their direct challenges
to the Outbound Merger, at which point it would become necessary to address the post-
merger claims. By that time, the plaintiffs may well have more issues to complain about.
Mary Ellen and the Advisors continue to control the Company, and the plaintiffs appear to
disagree strongly with the approach that Mary Ellen and the Advisors take to Company
affairs. If it becomes necessary to litigate post-merger claims, then the parties should
present all of the post-merger claims that they have as of that point.
Litigation over post-merger claims is stayed pending resolution of the claims
challenging the Outbound Merger. The stay does not affect the claims challenging the
transaction involving Mary Ellen’s GRAT, which were not at issue on the current motion.
III. CONCLUSION
Counts I, III, and IV assert both derivative and direct claims. The plaintiffs lack
standing to litigate derivative claims based on pre-merger conduct. The plaintiffs may
continue to pursue those issues along the Direct Claim Route. Litigation over post-merger
conduct is stayed pending resolution of the claims challenging the Outbound Merger.
34