Crown Castle Fiber LLC v. City of Wilmington ( 2021 )

COURT OF CHANCERY
OF THE
STATE OF DELAWARE
MORGAN T. ZURN LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
VICE CHANCELLOR 500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 11400
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801-3734
July 8, 2021
Geoffrey G. Grivner, Esquire Tara L. Lattomus, Esquire
Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney P.C. Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC
919 North Market Street, Suite 1500 222 Delaware Avenue, 7th Floor
Wilmington, DE 19801 Wilmington, DE 19801
RE: Crown Castle Fiber LLC v. City of Wilmington,
Civil Action No. 2019-0656-MTZ
Dear Counsel,
This case stems from a wireless telecommunications company’s years-long
endeavor to install wireless network equipment in the City of Wilmington. The city
has countered the company’s efforts, requiring, among other things, that the
company enter into a license agreement with the city as a precondition to moving
forward with its proposal. The parties’ dispute is fueled by their competing views
of the city’s wireless regulations and their interplay with federal telecommunications
law. In this action, the company seeks several declaratory judgments confirming its
view of the applicable law, and two corresponding injunctions. But as I will explain,
these injunctions are unavailable to the company because it has adequate remedies
at law.
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The Court of Chancery is proudly a court of limited subject matter
jurisdiction. The Court defends that boundary and has a duty to examine issues of
subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte. In view of this mandate, I begin and end with
a question the parties did not raise: whether this Court has subject matter jurisdiction
to hear the plaintiff’s claims. I conclude that it does not. For the reasons that follow,
the case is dismissed, and the company may transfer the matter to Superior Court
under 10 Del. C. § 1902 within sixty days. If the company elects to transfer, the
remaining issues presented by the fully briefed motion for summary judgment
should be transferred as well, so a court of competent jurisdiction can pass on their
merits.
I. BACKGROUND1
Plaintiff Crown Castle Fiber LLC (“Crown Castle”) operates and installs
wireless telecommunications equipment. Its customers, major wireless service
1
Because I conclude that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute, I
limit my discussion of the facts to only those necessary to resolve that issue. Though this
dispute was presented on summary judgment, I evaluate subject matter jurisdiction, as I
must, from the face of the amended complaint, available at Docket Item (“D.I.”) 11
[hereinafter “Am. Compl.”]. See Wilm. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge #1 v. Bostrom,
1999 WL 39546, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 1999) (“Subject matter jurisdiction is determined
from the face of the complaint as of the time it was filed, with all material factual
allegations assumed to be true.” (citing Diebold Comput. Leasing, Inc. v. Com. Credit
Corp., 267 A.2d 586, 590 (Del. 1970), and W. Airlines, Inc. v. Allegheny Airlines, Inc., 313
A.2d 145, 149 (Del. Ch. 1973)).
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retailers, use Crown Castle’s infrastructure to densify their networks and provide
service to consumers. Starting in 2016, Crown Castle began a project to expand its
infrastructure in the City of Wilmington (the “City”). Crown Castle seeks to install
thirty-three sets of wireless antennas and associated equipment (“Nodes”) onto new
and existing utility poles. It also seeks to install attendant underground ground rings
(“Grounding Rings”) for each Node under the utility poles for safety.
Crown Castle has sought various approvals from the City. The City has
withheld approval on many issues, including building permits for the Grounding
Rings (the “Building Permits”). The City has required that Crown Castle enter into
a license agreement in connection with the project, which the City contends is
supported by local ordinances (the “City Wireless Regulations”). Crown Castle
contends the City’s fees and conditions on installation are excessive. Crown
Castle’s approach has three prongs, distilled into three declaratory judgments and
two injunctions.
First, Crown Castle contends the City is improperly intruding on the
jurisdiction of the Delaware Department of Transportation (“DelDOT”) by requiring
and withholding building permits for Crown Castle to complete installations
allegedly on DelDOT rights of way. Crown Castle seeks a declaratory judgment
that no additional approvals or permits are required to complete those installations
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pursuant to the “Advanced Wireless Infrastructure Investment Act,” 17 Del. C.
§§ 1601 et seq.2 Crown Castle also seeks an injunction: “To the extent City permits
may be required because purportedly City-maintained sidewalks in the DelDOT
rights-of-way must be removed and replaced, Crown Castle is further entitled to a
permanent injunction requiring the City to immediately issue the Building Permits”
for completing installations on DelDOT rights-of-way (the “Building Permit
Injunction”).3 The parties agree that issuing the Building Permits is a routine,
ministerial task; counsel for Crown Castle repeatedly referred to them as “$20, over-
the-counter permits.”4
Second, Crown Castle contends the City’s handling of its requests, negotiation
tactics, and regulations as enacted and applied violate and are preempted by
2
Am. Compl. ¶ 125(A)–(F) (“As a result of the City’s action and inaction, Crown Castle
is entitled to a declaration that: (A) DelDOT approval of the Small Wireless Permits under
the State Wireless Act is the only approval required for installation of the DelDOT Nodes,
including the work necessary to install the Grounding Rings; (B) the DelDOT Nodes are
not subject to the City Wireless Regulations; (C) Crown Castle is permitted to immediately
proceed with all work necessary to install the Grounding Rings for the DelDOT Nodes and
bring the DelDOT Nodes online; (D) no license or other similar agreement is required for
Crown Castle to install Nodes in the DelDOT rights of way where DelDOT has issued
Small Wireless Permits for such facilities under the Wireless Act; (E) Crown Castle has
obtained all necessary authorizations to occupy the DelDOT rights of way under Section
42-706(a) of the City Code; and (F) a Grounding Ring is not a ‘wireless
telecommunications facility’ under WTC Code § 42-704(gg).”).
3
Id. ¶ 126.
4
See, e.g., D.I. 32 6:13, 17:22, 20:11 [hereinafter “Hr’g Tr.”].
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47 U.S.C. § 253(a), which allegedly “prohibits local entities from erecting barriers
that may prohibit or may have the effect of prohibiting the ability of any entity to
provide telecommunications services, including taking actions or inactions that
result in an unreasonable delay in the deployment of the provider’s facilities and
provision of telecommunications services.”5 Crown Castle seeks a declaration that,
among other things, the City Wireless Regulations are invalid; the City may not
require license agreements for facilities not located on City property; and the City
may not require Crown Castle to obtain any further permits or approvals beyond
those required in the City code.6 It also seeks an injunction: “To the extent an
agreement may be required for the City Nodes, Crown Castle is further entitled to a
5
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18, 129.
6
Id. ¶ 138(A)–(F) (“As a result of the City’s actions and inaction, Crown Castle is entitled
to a declaration that: (A) the City’s actions and inactions in refusing to permit Crown
Castle’s proposed telecommunications network in the public rights of way in the City
effectively prohibit Crown Castle from providing telecommunications service and are in
violation of and preempted by 47 U.S.C. § 253(a); (B) the breadth and vagueness of the
City Wireless Regulations renders the same invalid; (C) the City may not impose a
franchise or license agreement for facilities that are not located on City-owned facilities;
(D) Crown Castle’s certificate of public convenience is an authorization within the
meaning of City Code § 42-706(a) that permits Crown Castle’s facilities in the City’s rights
of way; (E) Declare that the City may not require Crown Castle to obtain City Wireless
Permits or any other permits or approvals beyond building and encroachment permits
required for other utilities under the City Code; and (F) Award Crown Castle’s attorneys’
fees and costs incurred as a result of this action, as such may be allowed by contract, law
or statute.”).
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permanent injunction requiring the City to negotiate terms in good faith” (the “Good
Faith Injunction”).7
Finally, Crown Castle contends the fees the City seeks exceed what is
permitted under 47 U.S.C. § 253(a). Crown Castle seeks a declaration as to what
fees the City may impose, but no injunctive relief.8
After the City answered the operative complaint and the parties conducted
some discovery, Crown Castle moved for summary judgment on all its claims (the
“Motion”). The Motion is the Court’s first formal opportunity to weigh in on the
Amended Complaint’s merits and whether it properly invokes the Court’s subject
matter jurisdiction. The parties briefed the Motion and I heard oral argument on
April 14, 2021.
II. ANALYSIS
“The Court of Chancery is proudly a court of limited jurisdiction.”9
“Equitable jurisdiction is a predicate issue for every matter in this court of limited
7
Id. ¶ 139.
8
Id. ¶ 146 (A)–(E).
9
Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., 2019 WL 2647520, at *4 (Del. Ch. June 27, 2019); see also
Pike Creek Recreational Servs., LLC v. New Castle Cty., 238 A.3d 208, 212 (Del. Super.
Ct. 2020) (“Delaware proudly guards the historic and important distinction between legal
and equitable jurisdiction.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Weston Invs., Inc.
v. Domtar Indus., Inc., 2002 WL 31011141, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 4, 2002))).
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jurisdiction.”10 The Court has a duty to determine whether it has subject matter
jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s claims and can raise the issue sua sponte.11 “The Court
of Chancery can exercise subject matter jurisdiction only when a case falls into one
of three buckets.”12 Those buckets contain cases in which (i) “a plaintiff states an
equitable claim,” (ii) “a plaintiff requests equitable relief and there is no adequate
remedy at law,” and (iii) “jurisdiction exists by statute.”13 Crown Castle seeks to
invoke this Court’s limited jurisdiction through the second bucket, requesting
10
Preston Hollow Cap., LLC v. Nuveen, LLC, 2019 WL 3801471, at *4 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 13, 2019) (citing Athene Life & Annuity Co. v. Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 2019 WL
3451376 (Del. Ch. July 31, 2019)).
11
See, e.g., Ct. Ch. R. 12(h)(3) (“Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or
otherwise that the Court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the Court shall dismiss the
action.”); Envo, Inc. v. Walters, 2009 WL 5173807, at *4 n.10 (Del. Ch. Dec. 30, 2009)
(“The issue of subject matter jurisdiction is so crucial that it may be raised at any time
before final judgment and by the court sua sponte.”), aff’d, 2013 WL 1283533 (Del.
Mar. 28, 2013) (TABLE); Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 77 n.5
(Del. Ch. 1991) (“[U]nlike many jurisdictions, judges in the Delaware Court of Chancery
are obligated to decide whether a matter comes within the equitable jurisdiction of this
Court regardless of whether the issue has been raised by the parties.”).
12
Delawareans for Educ. Opportunity v. Carney, 2018 WL 4849935, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct.
5, 2018); see also Candlewood Timber Gp., LLC v. Pan Am. Energy, LLC, 859 A.2d 989,
997 (Del. 2004) (identifying the three ways the “Court of Chancery can acquire subject
matter jurisdiction”).
13
Delawareans for Educ. Opportunity, 2018 WL 4849935, at *5.
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equitable relief in the form of the Building Permit Injunction and the Good Faith
Injunction.14
Equitable relief is unavailable, and so cannot anchor subject matter
jurisdiction, where a “sufficient remedy may be had by common law, or statute,
before any other court or jurisdiction of this State.”15 “The question is whether the
remedy available at law will afford the plaintiff[s] full, fair[,] and complete relief.”16
In evaluating whether an adequate remedy at law exists, the Court looks beyond the
relief stated in the complaint and focuses instead on “what relief is actually
sought.”17 In other words, “[t]his jurisdictional inquiry is a serious one involving a
14
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 124–125. Crown Castle’s requests for declaratory judgment cannot
themselves confer subject matter jurisdiction. Heathergreen Commons Condo. Ass’n v.
Paul, 503 A.2d 636, 642 (Del. Ch. 1985) (“[T]he Court of Chancery has jurisdiction over
a declaratory judgment action only if there exists an underlying basis for equity jurisdiction
measured by traditional standards.”).
15
10 Del. C. § 342.
16
Delawareans for Educ. Opportunity, 2018 WL 4849935, at *5 (quoting Hughes Tool Co.
v. Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc., 315 A.2d 577, 579 (Del. 1974)); see also J.W. Childs Equity P’rs,
L.P. v. Paragon Steakhouse Rests., Inc., 1998 WL 812405, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 6, 1998)
(“I will not repeat myself here, except to state that where a remedy provided by a law court
of the state would be sufficient, that is, complete, practical and efficient, this Court is
without jurisdiction.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Int’l Bus. Machs., 602
A.2d at 78, and citing In re Wife K., 297 A.2d 424 (Del. Ch. 1972)).
17
See Rapposelli v. Elder, 1977 WL 23821, at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 1977); see also
Levinson v. Cont’l Ins. Servs., Inc., 1991 WL 50145, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 1991) (“This
Court must make a realistic assessment of the nature of an alleged wrong and the relief
available to determine if equity jurisdiction exists.” (citing Hughes Tool Co. v. Fawcett
Publ’ns, Inc., 297 A.2d 428 (Del. Ch. 1972), rev’d on other grounds, 315 A.2d 577 (Del.
1974))); Gladney v. City of Wilm., 2011 WL 6016048, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2011) (“It
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close examination of the plaintiff’s claims and desired relief, not a perfunctory
verification of the plaintiff’s ‘incantation of magic words’ sounding in equity.”18 As
Chancellor Allen put it:
Neither the artful use nor the wholesale invocation of familiar chancery
terms in a complaint will itself excuse the court . . . from a realistic
assessment of the nature of the wrong alleged and the remedy available
in order to determine whether a legal remedy is available and fully
adequate. If a realistic evaluation leads to the conclusion that an
adequate legal remedy is available this court, in conformity with the
command of [10 Del. C. § 342] will not accept jurisdiction over the
matter.19
If, after such a practical assessment of the plaintiff’s claims, it appears that an
adequate remedy at law exists, equitable relief is unavailable. That is the outcome
here.
is the practice of this Court in determining its jurisdiction, to go behind the facade of
prayers to determine the true reason for which the plaintiff has brought suit.” (alterations
and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Int’l Bus. Machs., 602 A.2d at 78)).
18
Savage v. Savage, 920 A.2d 403, 408 (Del. Ch. 2006) (quoting McMahon v. New Castle
Assocs., 532 A.2d 601, 603 (Del. Ch. 1987)); see Christiana Town Ctr., LLC v. New Castle
Ctr., 2003 WL 21314499, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 6, 2003) (“In this regard, the Court of
Chancery will not exercise subject matter jurisdiction where a complete remedy otherwise
exists but where plaintiff has prayed for some type of traditional equitable relief as a kind
of formulaic ‘open sesame’ to the Court of Chancery.” (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Int’l Bus. Machs., 602 A.2d at 78)), aff’d, 841 A.2d 307 (TABLE) (Del. 2004).
19
McMahon v. New Castle Assocs., 532 A.2d 601, 603 (Del. Ch. 1987).
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A. The Building Permit Injunction
In the Building Permit Injunction, Crown Castle asks for an injunction to
compel the City to follow the law as stated in its requested declaratory judgment,
and for a writ of mandamus to issue a routine, nondiscretionary building permit. The
former is not available against a government agency, and the latter is only available
in Superior Court.
“An injunction against future wrongdoing is not generally available. For
forward-looking relief to be warranted, the plaintiff must establish a reasonable
apprehension of a future wrong.”20 Prospective injunctive relief is generally
unavailable where the plaintiff’s proposed injunction merely seeks to prospectively
compel a government to conform with the interpretation of the law reflected in the
proposed declaratory judgment.
20
Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102, 114–15 (Del. Ch. 2017) (footnotes
and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McMahon, 532 A.2d at 606); see also
Preston Hollow, 2019 WL 3801471, at *6.
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[T]o the extent the requested injunction merely would require the City
to follow the law in the manner urged in [plaintiff’s] declaratory
judgment claim, such preemptive relief is unwarranted. The Courts of
this State understandably presume that governmental agencies and
actors will follow the law. . . . It would be anathema to our form of
government to believe, as a baseline principle, that after a court renders
a declaratory judgment another governmental agency would not follow
that decision. It may actually be the case that a particular agency does
not follow such a judgment, but a party should only seek injunctive
relief if that agency actually refuses to comply with the judicial
declaration.21
In other words, the Court cannot assume noncompliance by a government agency as
the basis for a reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.
Crown Castle admits that the Building Permit Injunction amounts to an
injunction ordering compliance with the law.22 The City allegedly denied Crown
Castle’s application for the Building Permits because of Crown Castle’s failure to
enter into a license agreement.23 The City contends the law allows conditioning the
permits on such an agreement. Crown Castle argues that it does not, and seeks a
declaratory judgment to that effect. Resolution of that legal claim will determine the
validity of the parties’ positions and will resolve Crown Castle’s entitlement to the
21
Gladney, 2011 WL 6016048, at *4 (quoting Christiana Town Ctr., 2003 WL 21314499,
at *4 n.19; accord Del. Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council v. Univ. of Del., 2014 WL 2218730,
at *2–3 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2014).
22
D.I. 19 at 16.
23
See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 72–73.
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Building Permits. At this stage, Crown Castle has not pled any reasonable
apprehension of future harm that would make the declaratory judgment an
inadequate or incomplete remedy.
The City argues Crown Castle’s request for the Building Permit Injunction
sounds in mandamus, which affords Crown Castle an adequate remedy at law.
In basic terms, a mandamus is a writ issued by a court to compel
performance of a particular act by a lower court or a governmental
officer or body. A mandamus is an exceptional remedy that is not
available as a matter of right, and it may be directed only at certain
entities or individuals: a lower court, agency, or public official. This
flows naturally from the writ’s status at common law in England as a
command issuing in the king’s name from the court of king’s bench,
and directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court of judicature
within the king’s dominions. Just as such a writ of mandamus at
common law in England could be directed only to some person, entity,
or inferior court within the king’s dominions, the Delaware Superior
Court can direct a mandamus only to a lower court, agency, or public
official over which the Superior Court has power.24
Writs of mandamus require a government officer to perform a ministerial or
nondiscretionary duty. “For a duty to be ministerial and thus enforceable by
mandamus, the duty must be prescribed with such precision and certainty that
24
State ex rel. Abbott v. Aaronson, 206 A.3d 260 (Del. 2019) (TABLE) (alterations,
citations, footnotes, and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Mandamus, Black’s
Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), and then quoting Brittingham v. Town of Georgetown,
113 A.3d 519, 524 (Del. 2015), and then quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 168
(1803)).
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nothing is left to discretion or judgment.”25 Generally speaking, “[t]he issuance of
a building permit is a ministerial duty of the building inspector.”26 Thus, an
injunction seeking to compel the performance of the “purely ministerial and non-
discretionary duty of issuing . . . a building permit” in fact calls for “a common law
writ of mandamus” and thus, an applicant has “an adequate remedy at law.”27
To the extent injunctive relief would be necessary to enforce Crown Castle’s
proposed declaration, the Building Permit Injunction sounds in mandamus. Crown
Castle does not meaningfully dispute this point; it does not argue that the City’s
decision was based on any “discretionary authority to choose the manner in which it
25
State ex rel. Abbott v. Calio, 860 A.2d 811 (Del. 2004) (quoting Guy v. Greenhouse, 637
A.2d 827 (Del. 1993)); see also Darby v. New Castle Gunning Bedford Ed. Ass’n, 336 A.2d
209, 211 (Del. 1975).
26
Vivari v. Francis, 1988 WL 62787, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 15, 1988) (citing Sgromolo v.
City of Asbury Park, 46 A.2d 661, 661 (N.J. Sup. Ct. 1946), and Coyne v. Prichard, 116
A. 315, 315 (Pa. 1922)). On reargument, the Vivari Court found that while the plaintiff’s
claim to revoke a building permit sounded in mandamus, the interests of judicial economy
counseled in favor of maintaining jurisdiction over the mandamus claim under the cleanup
doctrine to avoid duplicative trials on the same facts. Vivari v. Francis, 1988 WL 72808,
at *1–2 (Del. Ch. July 12, 1988). The Court acknowledged that “had mandamus been the
only remedy requested, this Court would not have jurisdiction to compel performance of a
duty imposed by law.” Id. at *1 (citing Harden v. E. States Pub. Serv. Co., 122 A. 705(Del. Ch. 1923)).
27
New Castle Cty. v. Mitchell, 1980 WL 268066, at *1–2 (Del. Ch. Nov. 10, 1980); see
also New Castle Cty. v. Mitchell, 1980 WL 268101, at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 21, 1980). To be
sure, there are situations where the government’s discretionary authority regarding land
use, zoning, and building codes could render a writ of mandamus unavailable. E.g.,
Remedio v. City of Newark, 337 A.2d 317, 318 (Del. 1975); Potter v. City of Wilm., 201
A.3d 1161 (Del. 2019). The Building Permits do not implicate those concerns.
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will enforce its building code.”28 Rather, Crown Castle repeatedly characterized the
Building Permits as “$20, over-the-counter” permits that ought to have been issued
routinely.29
Crown Castle’s request for equitable relief regarding the Building Permits
both asks for too much, in the form of a “follow-the-law” injunction, and asks for
what is already available at law, in the form of mandamus. It appears that Crown
Castle’s proposed declaratory judgment will resolve its entitlement to the Building
Permits. But if it does not, and Crown Castle seeks to compel a government officer
to perform her ministerial duty to issue them, the legal remedy of mandamus will
afford relief. In either case, Crown Castle has an adequate remedy at law, and so the
Building Permit Injunction cannot anchor subject matter jurisdiction in this Court.
28
Potter, 201 A.3d at 1161; see D.I. 19 at 16–17.
29
See Hr’g Tr. 6:13, 17:22, 20:11.
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B. The Good Faith Injunction
Count II deals with the interplay between the Telecommunications Act of
1996 and the City Wireless Regulations. Crown Castle primarily seeks a declaration
that the City Wireless Regulations conflict with the Telecommunications Act both
facially and as applied, and so are invalid.30 With the City Wireless Regulations so
nullified, Crown Castle seeks a declaration that “the City may not require Crown
Castle to obtain City Wireless Permits or any other permits or approvals beyond
building and encroachment permits required for other utilities under the City
Code.”31 While Crown Castle submits that no further agreement is required, it seeks
an injunction ordering the City to negotiate with it in good faith.32
Crown Castle’s declaratory judgment provides it with an adequate remedy at
law. If Crown Castle’s view of the law is confirmed, the need for a license
agreement in the first instance would be obviated. To the extent Crown Castle’s
proposed declaration would leave open the possibility of a further agreement, a
forward-looking injunction to negotiate in good faith is unnecessary. As I have
explained, injunctions against future misconduct are generally unavailable absent a
30
See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 128–35.
31
Id. ¶ 11.
32
Id. ¶ 139.
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showing of a “reasonable apprehension of a future wrong.”33 The parties’
negotiation disputes appear to be borne from their divergent views of the applicable
law and the City’s authority. Nothing in the Amended Complaint suggests that if
faced with a judgment affirming Crown Castle’s view of the law, the City would
ignore the Court’s declaration or continue to take a contrary position.34 Legal
remedies will therefore provide Crown Castle with complete relief.
III. CONCLUSION
Having determined that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear
Crown Castle’s claims, the case is dismissed, pursuant to Crown Castle’s right to
transfer the matter to Superior Court under 10 Del. C. § 1902. That election must
be made within sixty days.
Sincerely,
/s/ Morgan T. Zurn
Vice Chancellor
MTZ/ms
cc: All Counsel of Record, via File & ServeXpress
33
Organovo, 162 A.3d at 114–15 (footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
McMahon, 532 A.2d at 606); see also Preston Hollow, 2019 WL 3801471, at *6.
34
At oral argument, Crown Castle’s counsel suggested that a favorable declaratory
judgment would likely resolve the parties’ dispute in its entirety. See Hr’g Tr. 27:16–22.