State v. Barrett ( 2016 )

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE, )
) I.D. Nos. 1502014659 and
) 1502014656
v. )
) Cr. A. Nos. IN15-03-1828, etc.
)
DARIUS BARRETT, )
AKEEM COSTON, )
Defendants. )
Submitted: July 14, 2016
Decided: July 25, 2016
_()RDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS FOR
_JUDGMENT OF AC UITTAL
This 25th day of July, 2015, having considered Defendant Darius
Barrett’s Motion for Judgment of Acquittal (D.I. 30); Defendant Alid. at § l448(a)(9) (illegal
possession of a firearm includes "[a]ny person, if the deadly weapon is a semi-automatic
or automatic firearm, or a handgun, who, at the same time, possesses a controlled
substance" as defined by statute).
2 See id. at tit. l6, § 4753(2) (drug dealing); id. at tit. ll, § l447A (possession ofa
firearm during the commission of a felony).
3 See Def. Akeem Coston’s Opening Mem. Of Law in Support of Mot. for J. of
Acquittal ("Coston Mot."); Def. Darius Barrett’s Mot. for J. of Acquittal ("Barrett Mot.").
At the close of the State’s case on February 3, 2()16, Barrett made an oral motion
for judgment of acquittal on the gun charges. The Court denied his motion. See Feb. 3,
2016 Trial Tr. at l6l.
Coston argued for acquittal as to charges made against him related to drug
dealing. The State entered a nolle prosequi on these charges. But Coston did not make
any arguments for judgment of acquittal for the carrying a concealed deadly weapon or
the possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance charges, stating
that "l understand what the standard is and l think that there is, arguably - the State could
make the argument and l think that would be denied." Feb. 3, 2016 Trial Tr.' at l50.
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dominion and control,’ and ‘intended to exercise dominion and control’ over
them."% To prove constructive possession of a firearm, the State must show
that the defendant "(l) knew the location of the gun; (2) had the ability to
exercise dominion and control over the gun; and (3) intended to exercise
dominion and control over the gun."47 "It is well-settled that circumstantial
evidence may prove constructive possession."48 And again, it is common for
a jury to infer one’s knowledge or intention from all the circumstances
surrounding a charged act.49
(15) When viewing all of the evidence and all reasonable inferences
drawn thereon, in the light most favorable to the State, it is clear that a
reasonable jury could find Barrett and Coston knowingly possessed the
firearm for purposes of their respective charges. That evidence includes:
Coston’s status as keyholder and driver, as well as his and Barrett’s joint
exclusive control over the van at the time; the otherwise inexplicable delay
46 wm v. sra¢e, 101 A.zd 970, 971 (Del. 2014) (qu@ring Leca¢es v_ smze, 987 A.zd
413, 425 (Del. 2009) and State v. Clayfon, 988 A.2d 935, 936 (Del. 201())).
47 Elmore v. State, 2015 WL 3613557, *2 (Del. June 9, 2015) (quoting Triplett v.
State, 2014 WL 1888414, at *2 (Del. May 9, 2014).
48 Trzpze¢¢, 2014 WL 1883414 ar *2; Leca¢es v. sm¢e, 987 A.zd 413, 425-26 (1)@1.
2009y
49 See Plass v. State, 457 A.Zd 363, 365 (Del. 1983) ("As a matter of common sense,
in judging the sufficiency of the evidence as to state of mind, the jury must be able to
weigh the conduct of the defendant. Otherwise, in most situations, the only evidence
would be the defendant’s own self-interested testimony.").
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in the minivan’s pullover after officers activated their emergency lights; that
the bacl975 A.2d 772, 775 (Del. 2009) ("the jury is the sole judge of
the credibility of witnesses and is responsible for resolving any conflicts in the
testimony") (quoting Chao v. Stale, 604 A.2d 1351, 1363 (Del. 1992)).
_13_
Weapon, Coston argues that the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence
to prove that he "carried" the firearm "about his person."4 As to the charge
for Possession of a Firearm While in Possession of a Controlled Substance,
he argues that the State failed to prove that Coston "knowingly exercised
dominion or control over a firearm" to establish possession.§ Essentially, he
argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that Coston knew
of the gun’s presence.
(4) Barrett also moves for a judgment of acquittal on the charges
related to firearm possession.6 Similar to Coston, he asserts that "there
simply was no evidence tying Mr. Barrett to the gun or establishing an intent
to exercise dominion or control . . . for constructive possession."7
(5) The State argues ~that the evidence, both direct and
circumstantial, when viewed in the light most favorable to its case, was
sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to convict the defendants.g
(6) A brief recounting of the evidence relevant to these motions
follows. Gn February 24, 2015, Detective Antonio Tiberi and his partner
" coston Mot. ar 7-8 (iabeled [4]-[5]),
*~*= 1¢1. ar4-7(1ab@1ed [1]-[4]).
Barrett Mot. at 2l.
7 Id. at 5.
8 State’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for J. of Acquittal ("State’s Resp.").
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~o
Officer Kate Sweeney, while driving an unmarked police car, observed a
black Hyundai Entourage (a minivan) fail to completely stop at a traffic
signal.g The officers activated their emergency lights, but the minivan
continued to drive - though there was ample opportunity to pullover - for
two city blocks before stopping.m Detective Tiberi approached the vehicle
and requested identification from both the minivan’s driver, Coston, and
passenger, Barrett.“ He learned that Coston’s license was suspended
because of a missed traffic court hearing.lz He also smelled marijuana
coming from inside the van.l3 At this point, Detective Tiberi removed both
occupants, placing Coston in handcuffs and frisking Barrett for weapons.m
Barrett’s frisk revealed $180 cash, a cell phone, and fourteen bags of
Fei>.§oie rmi Tr. iii 132-35. see also DEL. cone ANN. iii 21, § 4108 (3),.
‘° Feb_ 2, 2016 Triai Tr. ar 135-36§_..
" Id. ar i39i
'2 Id. ar 157§:
13 1a ar 140,
"‘ ld€_._
"5 ld. ar 140-4_1.
marijuana of varying weights that totaled approximately 38 grams.l§ At this
point, Barrett and Coston were arrested.m
(7) Incident to arrest, Detective Tiberi searched the minivan.w The
passenger compartment was pristine with only one foreign object within it: 18
a lone closed backpack, located in the middle of the floor just behind the
driver and passenger seat.w The backpack was well within arm’s length of
both Coston and Barrett.zo And it contained a .22 caliber Mossberg firearm
with thirteen rounds of ammunition in a magazine, 46 rounds of loose
_ammunition, and two boxes of .22 caliber ammunition.zl The van was
otherwise ernpty, save for a stroller behind the third row in the luggage
area.zz At this point, Officer Sweeney drove the minivan with the backpack
16 1a ar 1421
" ida
18 See Feb. 3, 2016 at 160; see also State’s Trial Ex. 3 (picture of van’s passenger
compartment).
19 Feb. 2, 2016 Trial Tr. ar 142, 169-a
20 1a ar 145-_,-_..
21 Id. at 142. Detective Tiberi misspoke at one point when he said the firearm was a
"rifle." See z``a’. In fact, it was a ".22-caliber semiautomatic pistol." See Feb. 3, 2016
Trial. Tr. at IOO-Ol; see also State’s Trial Ex. 9 (the flrearm).
22 Feb. 2, 2016 Trial rr. ar 161-62.
and gun to the Evidence Detection Unit.23 The van was not registered to
either Defendant.m
(8) At the wilmington Police Station, Detective Matthew Rosario
searched Coston and discovered eighteen bags of heroin, one Endocet pill
(an opioid), and one bag of marijuana on his person.25
(9) The State presented witnesses and experts who testified
regarding the (lack of) physical evidence as to the Defendants’ ownership or
possession of the firearm. Detective Tiberi testified that the gun was not
reported as stolen on either state or federal databases.% Corporal Richard
Evans testified that no fingerprint evidence was recovered from the gun,27
but that this was expected given the difficulty in obtaining prints off of the
firearm’s particular material.zg DNA analyst Paul Gilbert of the Delaware
Division of Forensic Sciences testified that none of the DNA samples
523 1a ar 145&
24 Id. at 180 (Detective Tiberi testified that the minivan was registered to a Shakira
Romeo. That person never contacted the police regarding her vehicle).
25 1a ar 164-67,,_
26 1a ar 182-83.;.;,
27 1a ar 201-02.
28 Id. at 195 ("This gun is like a plasticky material that’s a bit rough, and is not a
very good surface, I would say, to actually acquire any latent lifts. The best things are,
like a gloss, metal, like really smooth plastics. Stunff like this, like parkerization or
plasticky, it is very hard to actually obtain a latent lift off that.").
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recovered from the firearm matched the Defendants’ DNA.ZQ But he also
testified that a negative result in this type of case was very common and was
not dispositive as to whether Defendants actually handled the gun.30
(l0) Defendants face a high bar on a motion for judgment of
acquittal under Superior Court Criminal Procedural Rule 29.31 The Court
may only order entry of judgment of acquittal if "the evidence is insufficient
29 Feb. 3, 2016-natl Tr._at 100_07._.-..
30 Ia'. at 96-97 ("With swabs taken from firearms, they can be difficult, in a sense, to
work with. Often you get very little DNA to work with, which leads to poor DNA
profiles, or you get the other end, the other extreme, where you have DNA from multiple
individuals, which gives mixed DNA profiles, which are very difficult to compare with
reference DNA samples.").
31 See generally Jacks0n v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (explaining that
the inquiry on review of a motion for sufficiency of the evidence
does not require a court to ‘ask itself whether it believes that the
evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’ lnstead,
the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. This
familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact
fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Once a
defendant has been found guilty of the crime charged, the factf``inder’s role
as weigher of the evidence is preserved through a legal conclusion that
upon judicial review all of the evidence is to be considered in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. The criterion thus impinges upon
"jury" discretion only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental
protection of due process of law.") (citations omitted) (emphasis in
original).
See also Yoang v. State, 407 A.Zd 5l7, 524 (Del. 1979) (adopting Jackson standard).
_7_
to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses."” When evaluating the
motion, the Court considers the evidence, "together with all legitimate
inferences therefrom from the point of view most favorable to the State."”
"[T]he standard of review is ‘whether any rational trier of fact, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of all the elements of the crime."’34 "For
purposes of reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence there is no distinction
between direct and circumstantial evidence."35
(l l) As to all charges, the issue in contention is knowing possession.
(12) To prove Barrett’s charge of Possession of a Firearm During
the Commission of Felony, the State was required to demonstrate that
Barrett "(l) committed an underlying felony (2) while possessing a firearm,
1036
and (3) acted knowingly. As correctly stated to the jury, the relevant
33 superior Cr. crim. R. 29(3); V@ums v. s¢a¢e, 452 A.zd 1165, 1169 (1)@1. 1982).
33 sane v. Bner, 119 A_zd 894, 898 (1)@1. sup@r. cr. 1955);8¢¢11@ v_ C@unczz, 2016
WL 3880781,@1*1 (Del. super. cr. Ju1y 12, 2016)_
34 Brown v. State, 967 A.2d 125(), 1252 (Del. 2009) (emphasis in original) (quoting
Priest v. Sfate, 879 A.2d 575, 577 (Del. 20()5)). See also Wz'llz``amson v. Srate, ll3 A.3d
155, 158 (Del. 2015).
33 D@sm@nd, 654 A.zd ar 829 wang shipley v. Sm¢e, 570 A.zd 1159, 1170 (Del.
1990)). See also Council, 2016 WL 3880781, at *l ("It is irrelevant if most of the State’s
evidence is circumstantial since the Court does not distinguish between direct and
circumstantial evidence.").
36 Peterson v. State, 81 A.3d 1244, 1248 (Del. 2013).
_g_
question was whether the Defendants knowingly possessed the firearm under
certain circumstances.w The weapon was not required to be physically on
Barrett’s person at the time of his arrest; rather "possession" occurs when
the weapon "is physically available or accessible to him during the
commission of the crime."38 Accordingly, a jury may infer from a weapon’s
proximity to a quantity of drugs sufficient to constitute a felony "that the gun
was accessible to the defendant at some point during the transaction for
purposes of [section] l447A."39 And too, a "defendant’s intention . . .
knowledge or belief at the time of the offense for which the defendant is
charged may be inferred by the jury from the circumstances surrounding the
37 See Feb. 3, 2016 Trial Tr. at 235-37 (jury instruction on charge for Possession of a
Firearm During Commission of a Felony), z``a'. at 237-38 (jury instruction on charge for'
Carrying a Concealed Weapon); id at 240-43 (jury instruction on charge for Possession of
a Firearm While in Possession of a Controlled Substance). See also ll Del. C. § 231(0)
("A person acts knowingly with respect to an element of an offense when: (l) If the
element involves the nature of the person’s conduct or the attendant circumstances, the
person is aware that the conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances exist . . . ").
38 Maddrey v. State, 975 A.Zd 772, 776 (Del. 2009). See also Lecates v. State, 987
A.2d 413, 419 (Del. 2009) (agreeing that this is the test for possession of a deadly
weapon while committing a felony).
39 Maddrey, 975 A.Zd at 776 (alteration in original) (quoting Childress v. Srate, 721
A.2d 929, 931 (Del. l998).
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act the defendant is alleged to have done."40 Barrett and Coston’s jury knew
rhis_”"
(13) As to Coston’s charge for Carrying a Concealed Deadly
Weapon,@ the State was required to prove that Coston carried the firearm
"about the person" which is "determined by considering whether the weapon
was immediately available and accessible to the person."“
(14) His conviction for Possession of a Firearm by a Person
Prohibited required proof that the he was a prohibited person and that he
knowingly possessed or controlled a deadly weapon.M There is no dispute
that the heroin, pills, and marijuana tucked in his pocket and rectum45
qualifies Coston as a "person prohibited." As to the firearm, Coston’s
possession could be "actual or constructive: actual possession requires
‘direct physical control’ that "amounts to a conscious dominion, control and
authority.’ Constructive possession requires the State to show that the
defendant ‘knew the location’ of the objects, ‘had the ability to exercise
‘*° DEL. coma ANN. m. 16, § 307 (2015).
41 Feb. 3, 2016 Trial Tr. at 244-45 (jury instruction on state-of-mind).
42 11 Del. C. § 1442.
43 Smith v. State, 2015 WL 1422427, at *2 (Del. Mar. 26, 2015).
44 11 Dei_ c. § 1448(1>).
45 see Feb. 3, 2016 Trial Tr. ar 29-30.
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