DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY and PHILIP MORRIS USA, INC.,
Appellants,
v.
RICHARD MAHFUZ,
Appellee.
No. 4D19-2236
[June 30, 2021]
Appeal and cross appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth
Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Sandra Perlman, Judge; L.T. Case No.
CACE 07-036743.
Val Leppert and William L. Durham II, of King & Spalding LLP, Atlanta,
Georgia, for appellant R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington,
D.C., and Jennifer M. Voss of Shook, Hardy & Bacon L.L.P., Tampa, for
appellant Philip Morris USA Inc.
Shea T. Moxon and Celene H. Humphries of Brannock Humphries &
Berman, Tampa, and Scott Schlesinger, Steven Hammer, Jonathan R.
Gdanski and Brittany C. Barron of Schlesinger Law Offices, P.A., Fort
Lauderdale, for appellee.
KUNTZ, J.
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. and Philip Morris USA, Inc. appeal the
circuit court’s final judgment for Richard Mahfuz, as Personal
Representative of the Estate of Rita Mahfuz. Mahfuz filed a conditional
cross-appeal. We address one of the issues raised by the parties. We agree
with the Tobacco Companies that statements Mahfuz’s counsel made
during closing argument require reversal. Accordingly, resolution of the
remaining issues on appeal and cross-appeal is unnecessary.
The Tobacco Companies challenge multiple comments made by
Mahfuz’s counsel. Some of the comments we do not specifically address
because we either do not find them to be reversible error or, in other
instances, the Tobacco Companies failed to contemporaneously object to
the comments.
Other comments were predicted and the subject of a pretrial motion in
limine and an objection at trial. For example, Mahfuz’s counsel called
Philip Morris a “soulless enterprise of death.” The court overruled the
Tobacco Companies’ objection. But that comment was intended to achieve
the same result as the comment we disapproved of in R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Co. v. Calloway,
201 So. 3d 753, 761 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016). In that
case, plaintiff’s counsel noted “the recklessness towards human life, the
indifference towards human life. That which though, not criminal,
virtually is criminal. And if you kill somebody for money . . . that’s
criminal.”
Id. Here, describing the Tobacco Companies as a “soulless
enterprise of death” was done to inflame the jury.
Later during closing argument, counsel for Mahfuz read from George
Orwell’s novel 1984. Mahfuz’s counsel compared the Tobacco Companies
to Big Brother as the “totalitarian state” that “can monitor everybody.”
Mahfuz’s counsel described Mahfuz as “the good guy . . . trying to
overcome Big Brother.” Mahfuz’s counsel read a passage from the novel
to the jury:
And above all, we do not allow the dead to rise up against us.
You must stop imagining that posterity will vindicate you,
Winston. Posterity will never hear you. You’ll be lifted clean
out of the stream of history. We shall turn you into a gas and
pour you into the stratosphere. Nothing will remain of you,
not a name in a register, not a memory in a living brain. You
will have been annihilated in the past as well as in the future.
You will have never existed.
After reading the passage, Mahfuz’s counsel concluded that “through this
process, through your verdict, we ask you to please ensure that Rita
Mahfuz, their victim, is remembered; she’s not forgotten.”
We agree with the Tobacco Companies that Mahfuz’s counsel presented
this 1984 passage to equate the Tobacco Companies with Big Brother, and
that the jury needed to save the decedent’s memory with a large verdict.
But the passage had no connection to the evidence. We recently addressed
the same issue—the identical passage read—by the same attorney, and
concluded it was improper. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Kaplan, No.
4D18-2880 (Fla. 4th DCA June 23, 2021) (on rehearing). In Kaplan, after
reading from 1984, counsel concluded that the jury should “make this
right” during deliberations. Kaplan, slip op. at *6. Here, Mahfuz’s counsel
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asked the jury to ensure through a verdict that the decedent is not
forgotten. For the reasons we stated in Kaplan, the comments here were
improper.
There were other improper comments too. 1 Mahfuz’s counsel also
compared the Tobacco Companies to Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray. Counsel
stated that “Oscar Wilde was an author. . . writing about this period of
time in Victorian England and this character, Dorian Gray.” He told the
jury that “Dorian Gray in the book is a playboy in Victorian England . . .
[He] has this mirror, and when he looks in the mirror, he sees things for
what they really are, right. He sees them for what they really are. He sees
that he’s rotten. He’s able to see inside his own self, and he sees that he’s
rotten.” He asked that the jury see the Tobacco Companies in the same
light. He said that “we ask that you see this industry for what they really
are, right, because they are rotten inside.”
The Tobacco Companies objected to the comments but the circuit court
overruled the objections. After the court overruled the objection, Mahfuz’s
counsel again stated that the Tobacco Companies are “rotten to the core.” 2
As with the other comments discussed above, the comments had no
purpose but to inflame the jury. 3
Later, Mahfuz’s counsel told the jury not to “lose sight” of “the evil that
men do.” He continued by stating that “[t]he conduct of these individuals
lives on . . . Horrors leave shadows, especially carcinogenic horrors.”4
Later, counsel told the jury that the punishment of the verdict has to hurt.
He stated that “[y]ou can’t plunge the spear all the way straight through
their heart. They have to feel it though.” But on this comment, the court
sustained the Tobacco Companies’ objection. 5
1Mahfuz’s counsel made improper comments during Phase I and Phase II closing
argument.
2 The Tobacco Companies again objected, and the court overruled the objection.
3We do not hold that every metaphor or literary reference is improper. We simply
hold that they were improper as used in this case.
4The Tobacco Companies objected to these comments. The court did not rule on
the objection. The Tobacco Companies tried to obtain a ruling by specifically
asking for a ruling on the objections before counsel continued. But the court
merely stated that Mahfuz’s counsel could move on.
5 After the court sustained the objection, counsel for the Tobacco Companies
asked to make a motion. The court told Mahfuz’s counsel to continue without
hearing the motion.
3
The comments by counsel during closing argument are similar to those
made in Kaplan. See also R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Calloway,
201 So.
3d 753 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016); Cohen v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.,
203 So. 3d
942 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016); Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Tullo,
121 So. 3d 595
(Fla. 4th DCA 2013). They were improper in Kaplan and they are improper
here.
However, we affirmed the judgment in Kaplan as “the verdict returned
by the jury in each phase was far less than requested by Plaintiff’s
counsel.” Kaplan, slip op. at *10. Unlike in Kaplan, in this case, Mahfuz’s
counsel intent to inflame the jury succeeded. Mahfuz’s counsel requested
$12 million in compensatory damages in Phase I plus funeral expenses,
and the jury awarded compensatory damages of $12,005,500.00, which
included funeral expenses. In Phase II, Mahfuz’s counsel requested
punitive damages of $15 million against each of the Tobacco Companies.
The jury returned a punitive damages award of $15 million against
Reynolds and $10 million against Philip Morris. Mahfuz received almost
exactly what was requested.
We reverse the court’s judgment against the Tobacco Companies and
remand for a new trial. The remaining issues raised on appeal and cross-
appeal are unnecessary because of our reversal of the judgment. So, we
dismiss the rest of the appeal and the cross-appeal as moot.
Reversed and remanded in part; dismissed as moot in part.
ARTAU, J., concurs.
GROSS, J., concurs specially with opinion.
GROSS, J. specially concurring.
I concur with the majority’s reversal of the judgment in this case
because it is required by our body of closing argument case law that has
emerged since R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Calloway,
201 So. 3d 753 (Fla.
2016) (en banc).
I write only to state my belief that our cases inappropriately deter
metaphorical speech, which, as George Orwell has written, “assists
thought by evoking a visual image.” George Orwell, Politics and the English
Language, 13 Horizon 76 (1946). In the Engle cases, this court has lost
sight of the fact that the cases involve punitive damages and facts
egregious enough to justify their imposition. Described as “quasi
criminal,” punitive damages
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operate as “private fines” intended to punish the defendant
and to deter future wrongdoing. A jury’s assessment of the
extent of a plaintiff’s injury is essentially a factual
determination, whereas its imposition of punitive damages is
an expression of its moral condemnation.
Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc.,
532 U.S. 424, 432 (2001).
While I agree that certain themes are inappropriate in a closing argument,
such as comparisons to Nazis or slavery, a plaintiff’s attorney should be
permitted to use vivid speech to describe the enormity of a wrong that
justifies punitive damages. Our post-Calloway case law encourages
“euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness” with
imprecise words that “fall[] upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the
outlines and covering up all the details.” George Orwell, Politics and the
English Language, 13 Horizon 76 (1946).
George Orwell would appreciate the irony of the majority’s
condemnation of the plaintiff’s use of the novel 1984 in closing. Still, we
are required to hold that the 1984 argument is improper under R.J.
Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Kaplan, 4D18-2880,
2021 WL 2559664 (Fla. 4th
DCA June 23, 2021). This argument, when combined with the other
improper comments in closing, requires us to reverse.
For what it is worth, I find the 1984 literary reference to be weak and
convoluted, hardly the type of argument that would inflame the jurors and
cause them to abandon all reason in returning a verdict. Our recent
closing argument jurisprudence disrespects the common sense and
intelligence of juries, which is the bedrock of the jury system. As Judge
Learned Hand wrote almost a century ago, “[j]uries are not leaves swayed
by every breath.” United States v. Garsson,
291 F. 646, 649 (S.D.N.Y.
1923).
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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