STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTO INS. CO v. CARE WELLNESS CENTER, LLC, a/a/o VIRGINIA BARDON-DIAZ , 240 So. 3d 22 ( 2018 )


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  •        DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
    FOURTH DISTRICT
    STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY,
    Appellant,
    v.
    CARE WELLNESS CENTER, LLC a/a/o VIRGINIA BARDON-DIAZ,
    Appellee.
    No. 4D16-2254
    [March 14, 2018]
    Appeal from the County Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
    Broward County; John D. Fry, Judge; L.T. Case No. CONO 14-7576 (70).
    Nancy W. Gregoire of Birnbaum, Lippman & Gregoire, PLLC, Fort
    Lauderdale, and Scott E. Danner of Kirwan, Spellacy & Danner, P.A., Fort
    Lauderdale, for appellant.
    Marlene S. Reiss of Law Offices of Marlene S. Reiss, Esq., P.A., Miami,
    Thomas J. Wenzel of Cindy A. Goldstein, P.A., Coral Springs, and Stuart
    L. Koenigsberg of A Able Advocates–Stuart L. Koenigsberg, P.A., Miami, for
    appellee.
    Peter J. Valeta of Cozen O’Connor, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus Curiae,
    Florida Justice Reform Institute.
    Matthew C. Scarfone of Colodny Fass, P.A., Sunrise, for Amicus Curiae,
    Property Casualty Insurers Association of America.
    Mac S. Phillips of Phillips|Tadros, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, and David M.
    Caldevilla of de laParte & Gilbert, P.A., Tampa, for Amicus Curiae,
    Floridians For Fair Insurance, Inc.
    KUNTZ, J.
    Application of the deductible when an insured seeks benefits under a
    personal injury protection (PIP) policy of vehicle insurance is an issue the
    circuit and county courts have inconsistently resolved. In each case, the
    healthcare provider argues the deductible must be applied to the total
    billed charges, before reducing the charges under section 627.736(5)(a)1.,
    Florida Statutes (2013), a statutory fee schedule the legislature has found
    to be reasonable. On the other hand, the insurer argues the billed amount
    must be reduced to the amount in the approved fee schedule before
    applying the deductible and issuing payment.
    Here, the county court agreed with the provider, granted the provider’s
    motion for summary judgment, and certified the following question to be
    of great public importance:
    PURSUANT TO FLA. STAT. § 627.739, IS AN INSURER
    REQUIRED TO APPLY THE DEDUCTIBLE TO 100% OF AN
    INSURED’S EXPENSES AND LOSSES PRIOR TO APPLYING
    ANY PERMISSIVE FEE SCHEDULE PAYMENT LIMITATION
    FOUND IN § 627.736(5)(A)(1), FLA. STAT. (2013)?
    We previously exercised our discretionary jurisdiction under Florida Rule
    of Appellate Procedure 9.030(b)(4)(A) to answer the certified question,
    which we rephrase as follows: 1
    PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 627.736 AND 627.739, FLORIDA
    STATUTES (2013), IS AN INSURER REQUIRED TO APPLY A
    POLICY DEDUCTIBLE TO THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF A
    PROVIDER’S INVOICES TO AN INSURED PRIOR TO
    APPLYING ANY FEE SCHEDULE FOUND IN § 627.736, FLA.
    STAT.?
    For these reasons, we answer the rephrased certified question in the
    negative. In the context of PIP benefits, the legislature mandates a
    provider that has treated an injured party charge the “insurer and injured
    party only a reasonable amount.” § 627.736(5)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013). The
    legislature also established two methods of determining reasonableness;
    one being the fee schedule. To apply the fee schedule to the billed charges
    only after applying the deductible, as the provider argues, would allow the
    provider to recover different amounts depending on the amount of the
    deductible. It would also allow the provider to recover more than the
    amount found to be reasonable in the fee schedule. This would render
    meaningless the portion of the statute precluding a provider from charging
    more than a reasonable amount.
    1We address the same issue in two other cases decided today. See also USAA
    Gen. Indem. Co. v. Gogan, M.D. a/a/o Tara Ricks, No. 4D16-3313 (Fla. 4th DCA
    Mar. 14, 2018); Progressive Select Ins. Co. v. Blum, M.D., P.A. a/a/o Vanesso
    Moreno, No. 4D16-4311 (Fla. 4th DCA Mar. 14, 2018).
    2
    To ensure the statute is applied as written, we hold that an insurer
    must reduce the provider’s charges to the statutorily-approved permissive
    fee schedule before applying the deductible. As a result, we reverse the
    decision of the county court and remand for further proceedings consistent
    with this opinion. We also certify conflict with the Fifth District in
    Progressive Select Insurance Co. v. Florida Hospital Medical Center a/a/o
    Jonathan Parent, 43 Fla. L. Weekly D318 (Fla. 5th DCA Feb. 9, 2018). We
    now turn to a more in-depth discussion of the case before us.
    Background
    State Farm, the insurer, issued a PIP policy to Ms. Bardon-Diaz, the
    insured, who elected a $1,000 policy deductible. Following an automobile
    accident, the insured received medical treatment at Care Wellness Center,
    the provider, for injuries related to the accident. At that time, the insured
    executed an assignment of benefits, assigning “any rights or benefits
    under my policy of insurance with State Farm, for any service and/or
    charges provided by the above-named medical provider.” The assignment
    also specifically referenced the “status of PIP payments that are due to”
    the provider.
    The insurer received bills for services from all providers totaling $1,812,
    an amount reduced to $825.96 after the insurer applied the fee schedule.
    The provider in this appeal submitted three bills to the insurer for the
    insured’s treatment, but the deductible was applied to only two. The total
    amount billed for the two bills was $385.00 and, after the insurer applied
    the fee schedule, the two bills were reduced to $258.60. The policy
    deductible consumed all $258.60. 2
    The provider filed a complaint for breach of contract in county court,
    alleging that the insured was covered by the vehicle insurance policy and
    received treatment from the provider. The provider further alleged that the
    insured “gave notice of covered losses and made demand for PIP benefits
    from [insurer] for reasonable, necessary, and related medical,
    rehabilitative and/or remedial treatment.” Later, the provider amended
    its complaint and alleged that the insurer “reduced [the provider’s] bill and
    subsequently applied the reduced amounts to the deductible.” The
    provider’s amended complaint stated that the provider “does not dispute
    that [the insurer’s] policy clearly and unambiguously puts its insured on
    notice of its election to limit reimbursements to the ‘permissive’ fee
    2The provider also submitted additional invoices for other treatment. State Farm
    applied the fee schedule to those invoices and, because the deductible had been
    satisfied, paid the invoices.
    3
    schedule rate.” The provider also acknowledged the existence of the policy
    deductible.
    The provider challenged the insurer’s application of the deductible,
    alleging “the reduction of [provider’s] bills prior to applying said bills to the
    deductible resulted in an underpayment of [provider’s] bills.” More
    specifically, the provider alleged that it “believe[s] that [the insurer] is
    permitted to limit only reimbursed charges to the ‘permissive fee schedule’
    rate pursuant to the subject policy of insurance” and that the provider
    “believe[s] that bills that are applied to a deductible are not ‘reimbursed’
    or ‘paid.’”
    Both parties moved for summary judgment on applying the deductible.
    After holding a hearing, the court granted the provider’s motion for
    summary judgment. The court later amended the summary judgment
    order, finding for the provider and certifying the issue as presenting an
    issue of great public importance.
    Analysis
    At issue is the proper application of a PIP-claim deductible. Because
    this involves the interpretation of both a statute and an insurance policy,
    we have de novo review. See Geico Gen. Ins. Co. v. Virtual Imaging Servs.,
    Inc., 
    141 So. 3d 147
    , 152 (Fla. 2013) (citations omitted).
    First, we discuss the Florida Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law, see §§
    627.730–.7405, Fla. Stat. (2013)—specifically, the PIP statute. Next, we
    focus on the cornerstone of the PIP statute: reasonableness. Then, we
    discuss the Fifth District’s recent opinion interpreting the same provisions
    of the statute at issue in this case. Finally, we offer our interpretation of
    the statute and apply it to this case.
    a. The PIP Statute
    Florida enacted the PIP statute in 1971. Since its inception, the statute
    “has required insurers to provide coverage for reasonable expenses for
    necessary medical services.” Virtual Imaging, 141 So. 3d at 153. The
    legislature has amended the statute several times, and these amendments
    “were designed to regulate the amount providers could charge PIP insurers
    and policyholders for the medically necessary services PIP insurers are
    required to reimburse.” Id.
    One of these amendments added a provision that allowed an insurer to
    limit reimbursements for medical services to a statutory fee schedule,
    4
    which the legislature has found to be reasonable.               Id. (citing §
    627.736(5)(a)2., Fla. Stat. (2008) (stating that an “insurer may limit
    reimbursement to 80 percent of the following schedule of maximum
    charges,” and various categories of service follow with a designated
    schedule)). 3 For example, the amendment included a provision allowing
    the insurer to limit reimbursements to “200 percent of the allowable
    amount under the participating physician’s schedule of Medicare Part B.”
    Id. at 156 (citing § 627.736(5)(a)2.f., Fla. Stat. (2008)). To use this fee
    schedule, the insurer must provide notice to the insured within the policy
    of insurance. See id. (citing § 627.736(5)(a)5., Fla. Stat. (2008)).
    The parties agree that the insurer properly put the insured on notice of
    its intent to apply the fee schedule. They also agree on the amount of the
    applicable deductible. So our issue is narrow. We must determine the
    proper application of a PIP policy deductible, governed by section 627.739,
    Florida Statutes, and the PIP benefit statutory section, or section 627.736,
    Florida Statutes.
    To accomplish this task, we first look to the plain language of the PIP
    deductible statute. The relevant subsection allows the insurer to provide
    a deductible, and provides the terms of its application:
    Insurers shall offer to each applicant and to each policyholder,
    upon the renewal of an existing policy, deductibles, in
    amounts of $250, $500, and $1,000. The deductible amount
    must be applied to 100 percent of the expenses and losses
    described in s. 627.736. After the deductible is met, each
    insured is eligible to receive up to $10,000 in total benefits
    described in s. 627.736(1). However, this subsection shall not
    be applied to reduce the amount of any benefits received in
    accordance with s. 627.736(1)(c).
    § 627.739(2), Fla. Stat. (2013). The dispositive issue in this appeal is to
    determine what the following phrase means: “the deductible amount must
    be applied to 100 percent of the expenses and losses described in s.
    627.736.” To determine the meaning of the phrase “expenses and losses,”
    section 627.739(2) must be read along with section 627.736.
    Section 627.736 contains several references to “expenses,” and each
    section includes, directly or indirectly, a requirement that the expenses be
    3The relevant provisions cited by our supreme court in Virtual Imaging have since
    been renumbered to section 627.736(5)(a)1. See Ch. 2012-197, § 10, Laws of Fla.
    5
    reasonable. See, e.g., § 627.736(1)(a), (1)(b), (4), (4)(f), (6)(b), (6)(c), Fla.
    Stat. To highlight two of those provisions, section 627.736(1)(a) references
    “reasonable expenses for medical services,” and section 627.736(6)(b)
    requires a provider to furnish a written report stating why the items
    charged were medically necessary and why the amount charged is
    reasonable.
    b. Reasonableness
    Reasonableness is the key throughout these provisions. Yet the
    providers effectively argue that their charges need to be reasonable only to
    the insurer, not the insured. We disagree. The requirement that charges
    be reasonable applies to the totality of the charges. The statute states that
    the provider “may charge the insurer and injured party only a reasonable
    amount pursuant to this section for the services and supplies rendered.”
    § 627.736(5)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013). We think the plain language of the
    statute is clear. The legislature unambiguously emphasized a requirement
    that expenses be reasonable. We cannot minimize the importance of this
    reasonableness requirement. Indeed, our supreme court found that “this
    provision—the reasonable medical expense coverage mandate—is the
    heart of the PIP statute’s coverage requirements.” Allstate Ins. Co. v.
    Orthopedic Specialists, 
    212 So. 3d 973
    , 976 (Fla. 2017) (internal quotation
    omitted).
    With reasonableness in mind, courts have stated that a PIP insurer is
    an “indemnitor against liability for reasonable and necessary medical
    expenses incurred by persons the PIP or medpay provisions cover.”
    Kaklamanos v. Allstate Ins. Co., 
    796 So. 2d 555
    , 561 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001),
    approved, 
    843 So. 2d 885
     (Fla. 2003). The court in Kaklamanos defined
    expense as “the same as a debt,” and the expense “has been incurred when
    liability for payment attaches.” 
    Id.
     (citation omitted). So a “reasonable
    expense” is the amount the insurer must pay, see, e.g., Tri-Cty. Diagnostic
    & Imaging Ctrs., LLC v. Windhaven Ins. Co., 25 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 114a
    (Fla. Palm Beach Cty. Ct. Mar. 14, 2017), and it is the limit a medical
    provider is entitled to charge, Northwoods Sports Med. & Physical Rehab.,
    Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 
    137 So. 3d 1049
    , 1057 (Fla. 4th DCA
    2014).
    As PIP benefits are established only for reasonable charges, we must
    next review how to determine reasonableness. Our supreme court has
    explained that there are two different methods to calculate
    reasonableness. Orthopedic Specialists, 212 So. 3d at 976. Under the first
    method—found within section 627.736(5)(a)—reasonableness is a fact-
    dependent inquiry determined by considering various factors. Orthopedic
    6
    Specialists, 212 So. 3d at 976 (citing Virtual Imaging, 141 So. 3d at 155–
    56). Under the second method—found within section 627.736(5)(a)1.—an
    insurer may limit reimbursement to eighty percent of a schedule of
    maximum charges set forth in the PIP statute. § 627.736(5)(a)2., Fla. Stat.
    (2013). “Reimbursements made under section 627.736(5)(a)2. satisfy the
    PIP statute’s reasonable medical expenses coverage mandate.” Orthopedic
    Specialists, 212 So. 3d at 976 (citing Virtual Imaging, 141 So. 3d at 150,
    156–57).
    Now, returning to the PIP deductible statute, we first note our sister
    district’s interpretation of this section. Then, we offer our interpretation.
    Again, that section states “the deductible amount must be applied to 100
    percent of the expenses and losses described in s. 627.736.” § 627.739(2),
    Fla. Stat. (2013).
    c. The Fifth District’s Interpretation of the PIP Deductible Statute
    A divided panel of the Fifth District recently interpreted this same
    provision of this statute. Parent, 43 Fla. L. Weekly at D318. 4 Judge
    Sawaya’s majority opinion agreed with the circuit court’s conclusion that
    “when calculating the amount of PIP benefits due to the insured, section
    627.739(2) requires the deductible to be subtracted from the total medical
    care charges before applying the statutory reimbursement limitations
    provided in section 627.736(5)(a)1.b., Florida Statutes (2014).” Parent, 43
    Fla. L. Weekly at D318. As the provider argues here, the majority opinion
    explained that the current version of the statute distinguishes between
    “expenses and losses” and “benefits,” stating:
    4Prior to our issuance of this opinion, the Fifth District issued this February 9,
    2018 opinion on a motion for rehearing and for certification to the Florida
    Supreme Court. The opinion on rehearing certifies the following question to the
    Florida Supreme Court:
    WHEN CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF PIP BENEFITS DUE AN
    INSURED, DOES SECTION 627.739(2), FLORIDA STATUTES,
    REQUIRE THAT THE DEDUCTIBLE BE SUBTRACTED FROM THE
    TOTAL AMOUNT OF MEDICAL CHARGES BEFORE APPLYING THE
    REIMBURSEMENT           LIMITATION   UNDER     SECTION
    627.736(5)(a)1.b., OR MUST THE REIMBURSEMENT LIMITATION
    BE APPLIED FIRST AND THE DEDUCTIBLE SUBTRACTED FROM
    THE REMAINING AMOUNT?
    Parent, 43 Fla. L. Weekly at D322. On the same day it issued the opinion on
    rehearing in Parent, the Fifth District also released an opinion on rehearing in a
    7
    [Section 627.739(2)] distinguishes between “expenses and
    losses” and “benefits.” The second sentence states that the
    deductible “must be applied to 100 percent of the expenses
    and losses.” In the very next sentence, the statute provides
    that “[a]fter the deductible is met, each insured is eligible to
    receive up to $10,000 in total benefits.” Thus, the statute
    indicates that the deductible applies to “100 percent of the
    expenses and losses” whereas “benefits” refers to the
    calculated amount after the deductible has been applied to
    the total expenses and losses and after application of the
    statutory reimbursement limitations found in section
    627.736.
    Id. at D319.
    The majority opinion also cited as persuasive authority a proposed
    amendment to the statute the legislature did not approve in 2016. Id. at
    320-21. The majority opinion asserted the proposed amendment would
    have changed the statute to reflect the view of the insurer. Id. We find it
    unnecessary to consider whether the Fifth District majority or dissent
    correctly interpreted the language of the proposed amendment. Legislative
    inaction on a proposed bill “lacks ‘persuasive significance’ because ‘several
    equally tenable inferences’ may be drawn from such inaction, ‘including
    the inference that the existing legislation already incorporated the offered
    change.’” Pension Ben. Guar. Corp. v. LTV Corp., 
    496 U.S. 633
    , 650 (1990)
    (quoting United States v. Wise, 
    370 U.S. 405
    , 411 (1962)). Similarly, the
    Seventh Circuit explained the insignificance of proposed legislation:
    [p]roposed legislation can fail for many reasons. Some
    Members of Congress may oppose the proposal on the merits;
    others may think it unnecessary and therefore not worth the
    political capital needed to write the ‘clarification’ into the
    statute over opposition; still others may be indifferent, or seek
    to use the bill as a vehicle for some unrelated change.
    Congress may run out of time, as a noncontroversial bill sits
    in a queue while a contentious proposal is debated. No
    surprise, therefore, that the Supreme Court repeatedly
    reminds us that unsuccessful proposals to amend a law, in
    the years following its passage, carry no significance.
    second case and certified the same question of great public importance. See
    Progressive Select Ins. Co. v. Fla. Hosp. Med. Ctr. a/a/o Louis Pena, 43 Fla. L.
    Weekly D322a (Fla. 5th DCA Feb. 9, 2018).
    8
    N.A.A.C.P. v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 
    978 F.2d 287
    , 299 (7th Cir. 1992)
    (internal citations omitted). Whatever the reason the legislature declined
    to enact the proposed amendment to the statute has no bearing on our
    interpretation of the statute that it did enact.
    Ultimately, the Fifth District concluded “that Section 627.739(2)
    currently requires that the deductible be applied to 100% of the expenses
    and losses” and only then may an insurer reduce the billed amount to the
    amount the legislature has found reasonable. 
    Id. at 321
    .
    Judge Palmer dissented, finding the majority incorrectly concluded that
    “medical expenses” are different than “medical benefits” under the PIP
    statute. 
    Id. at 322
     (Palmer, J., dissenting). He found the majority’s
    conclusion that the deductible must be first applied to the billed charge,
    no matter if the PIP policy covers the charge, “fundamentally
    unreasonable.” 
    Id.
     We find Judge Palmer’s position to be more persuasive.
    d. Our Interpretation of the PIP Deductible Statute and its
    Application to This Case
    Reading section 627.739(2) along with section 627.736, as the statute
    expressly requires, the deductible must be applied to 100% of the
    reasonable and necessary expenses. Consistent with this conclusion, in
    Northwoods Sports, we explained that “in order to activate the right to
    claim PIP payments . . . the provider’s bills must be compensable under
    the statute in that they have been determined to be reasonable and
    necessary” and “[u]ntil the necessity of the services and reasonableness of
    the charges is settled, their compensability under PIP is not established.”
    
    137 So. 3d at 1057
    . In other words, there is no PIP claim until the
    provider’s bill is reduced, if necessary, to the amount set forth in section
    627.736(5)(a)1. If there is no PIP claim until the amount is reduced to the
    amount found to be reasonable by the legislature, then there is nothing to
    apply the deductible to until the amount is reduced. Because the
    deductible applies to expenses as described in section 627.736, the
    deductible is applied to the amounts after the reduction.
    This interpretation is also consistent with a general understanding of
    insurance deductibles. Logically, “the deductible only applies to losses
    covered under the policy of insurance, not simply the total bills
    submitted.” Better Chiropractic & Rehab Ctr. LLC v. Geico Indem. Co., 22
    Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 378b (Fla. Miami-Dade Cty. Ct. Sept. 25, 2014) (citing
    Gen. Star Indem. Co. v. W. Fla. Vill. Inn, Inc., 
    874 So. 2d 26
    , 33–34 (Fla. 2d
    DCA 2004)). As the Second District held in West Florida Villages, “[t]he
    9
    notion that a deductible could be applied to loss that is not covered by the
    policy is fundamentally unreasonable.” 
    874 So. 2d at 33
    .
    To apply the deductible to the billed charge irrespective of whether the
    charge was reasonable—or even covered—would effectively render the
    deductible meaningless. The insurer offers the PIP coverage at different
    premiums depending on the amount of the deductible selected by the
    insured. If the policy coverage were not relevant to the deductible, then
    the insurer would have no reason to offer reduced premiums in exchange
    for a higher deductible. Such a system cannot be what the legislature
    intended when it enacted a law that requires a provider charge the “insurer
    and injured party only a reasonable amount.” § 627.736(5)(a), Fla. Stat.
    (2013). The legislature established what is reasonable through the
    adoption of predetermined fee schedule limitations. 5
    To take the fee schedule out of the abstract, we apply it to the
    hypothetical scenario shown below:
    In this example, applying the deductible to the billed charge, before
    reducing the charge to the amount on the fee schedule, allows a provider
    to charge the insurer and injured party an amount more than a
    “reasonable fee.” This, as we know, would be contrary to the plain
    language of the statute. The insurer’s proposed method, however, results
    5 In further support, section 627.736(9), Florida Statutes (2013) presents another
    example of the legislature recognizing the limits on the amount the insurer and
    insured may pay a provider. This subsection allows an insurer to waive the
    deductible and pay more than otherwise allowed by the statute if the insured
    elects to use the insurer’s preferred provider. To apply the deductible in the
    manner sought by the providers would allow for payment beyond the maximum
    amounts, but not in the specific situation authorized by the legislature in this
    subsection.
    10
    in the provider being paid the amount the legislature has determined to be
    reasonable.
    Shown below is the same example, but without a deductible:
    In this example, the provider receives the same payment regardless of
    which method is used. This is consistent with the plain language of the
    statute, which establishes a maximum payment to be paid by the insurer
    and insured. The legislature did not indicate that maximum payment
    could be exceeded if the insured elected a policy deductible, and we cannot
    write such an exception into the statute.
    The fact that in some circumstances, such as in this case, the insurer
    is not required to pay the provider because the deductible is unmet does
    not change the analysis. The chart below represents the dollar figures at
    issue in the present case:
    Collectively, the providers billed $1,812. After applying the fee schedule,
    the insurer reduced the amount to $825.96. Incidentally, the insured’s
    deductible was $1,000 so the insurer was not required to pay the provider.
    Nevertheless, the providers were still entitled to collect the $825.96 in the
    form of the deductible from the insured. This, as the legislature has found,
    is reasonable for the specific charges at issue. Because the legislature has
    established reasonableness as the maximum charge, the provider is
    11
    simply receiving what the legislature has permitted.       Nothing more,
    nothing less.
    For these reasons, the county court erred when it entered summary
    judgment in favor of the provider. As noted, the parties agree that the
    insurer elected to use the second methodology, which allows for
    application of the statutory fee schedule. The insurer was thus entitled to
    reduce the billed charges to those considered reasonable by the legislature
    and under the insurance policy. Here, the insurer reduced the billed
    charges in a manner consistent with section 627.736(5)(a)(1). That
    amount represents the maximum the provider can charge the insurer and
    injured party, and is the limit the insurer and injured party must pay. It
    is also the amount to which the policy deductible logically applies.
    Conclusion
    The PIP statute allows insurers to offer policies with varying
    deductibles. § 627.739(2), Fla. Stat. The statute instructs that the
    deductible is to be applied to 100% of the expenses and losses described
    in section 627.736, Florida Statutes. The expenses and losses described
    in section 627.736 require that all expenses be reasonable, and the statute
    provides that the amount charged to both the “insurer and injured party”
    must be reasonable. The statute also determines what is reasonable—a
    predetermined fee schedule. To apply the deductible to the total amount
    billed, even if the amount exceeds the statutory fee schedule, would render
    portions of the legislation meaningless.
    Instead, we must apply the statute in the manner that the legislature
    intended. A provider may not bill the insurer and injured party more than
    is reasonable. The insurer may reduce the amount of the provider’s bill to
    a reasonable amount, as provided on the fee schedule. Then, after
    determining the reasonable amount, the insurer may apply the deductible.
    We answer the rephrased certified question in the negative, reverse the
    judgment in favor of the provider, and remand for further proceedings not
    inconsistent with this opinion.
    Reversed and remanded; conflict certified.
    FORST, J., concurs.
    GROSS, J., dissents with opinion.
    12
    GROSS, J., dissenting.
    I dissent for the reasons set forth in my dissent to the Court’s opinion
    in USAA Gen. Indem. Co. v. Gogan a/a/o Tara Ricks, No. 4D16-3313 (Mar.
    14, 2018).
    *         *        *
    Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
    13