NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
JAMES JOHNS, III, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D17-420
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed April 13, 2018.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
County; Reinaldo Ojeda, Judge.
Terry P. Roberts of Law Office of Terry P.
Roberts, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee; Dawn A. Tiffin and Bilah
Ahmed Faruqui, Assistant Attorneys
General, Tampa, for Appellee.
LUCAS, Judge.
A mysterious parcel package was intercepted while en route to be
delivered. It contained approximately ten pounds of marijuana. Someone sent the
package. Someone was presumably going to pick it up. The principal question this
appeal presents is whether investigating detectives had a reasonable suspicion that
James Johns, III, was somehow involved with this contraband when they detained him
in the driveway of the package's destination. We hold they did not.
I.
In early December 2012, a detective monitoring shipments in a UPS
facility discovered a suspicious looking package from "The Party Animal" addressed to
a fictitious person named "Raymond Maven" that was on its way to be delivered to an
address on West Dossey Road in Lakeland. He obtained a search warrant, opened it,
and found about ten pounds of marijuana in heat-sealed bags.1 Polk County Sheriff's
detectives then began surveilling the package's listed address, which turned out to be a
fairly nondescript duplex in a residential neighborhood. They could only maintain
intermittent visual contact with the duplex (without risking being detected). This is what
they saw.
At approximately 9:00 a.m. on December 4, 2012, Detective John Ripke
observed a white male drive up to the duplex driveway in a tan Buick. This man would
eventually be identified as Donald Mason—Mr. Johns' brother. Detective Ripke saw the
residents of the duplex unit, Maurice Whitaker and his girlfriend, Tiffany Douglas, come
outside to speak with Mr. Mason. While milling about together in the driveway, Mr.
Mason made a call on his cell phone and engaged in some kind of conversation as he
paced up and down, but the detective, who was still parked in his automobile some
distance away, could not hear any details of what was said. After approximately fifteen
minutes, Mr. Mason left, passing Detective Ripke's vehicle as he drove by.
1The facts relayed within this opinion derive from the hearing on Mr.
Johns' motion to suppress.
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At this point, Detective Ripke had been joined by Detectives Leslie and
Edison in the surveillance. They decided to try delivering the package to see what
would happen. As the detectives watched, Detective Edison, disguised as a UPS
driver, approached the duplex, knocked on the unit door, and waited. No one ever
answered, and so the disguised detective left without leaving the package behind. A
short while later, Mr. Whitaker emerged from the unit's doorway and appeared to look
around the front door and yard before returning inside.
At two o'clock in the afternoon the detectives decided to make contact with
the duplex's residents directly. Wearing sheriff's office tactical vests, Detectives Ripke
and Leslie knocked on the door and met Mr. Whitaker who allowed them inside. Mr.
Whitaker denied that he was awaiting a package's delivery. When asked about the
individual he had been seen conversing with in the driveway, Mr. Whitaker told
Detective Ripke the man was someone he had met at a club the night before, that the
man had come to the duplex that morning because he was interested in possibly renting
a room in the unit, and that Mr. Whitaker only knew the man by the sobriquet, "Wee."
Mr. Whitaker granted the detectives consent to search the unit, and they found nothing
incriminating. Having spent much of the day watching a duplex detectives were certain
was going to be utilized as a drop-off for a package of marijuana, and having twice
unsuccessfully attempted to find a connection between the duplex unit's residents and
that package, Detectives Ripke and Leslie had nearly completed their interview (with
Detective Ripke warning Mr. Whitaker to be more careful about who he gives his
address to) when Mr. Mason a/k/a Wee returned to the duplex.
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This time, however, Mr. Mason was in a different car, a tan Hyundai
Elantra that was owned and being driven by his brother—Mr. Johns. Both detectives
approached Messrs. Mason and Johns in the driveway and commenced, what all
appear to concede was, a Terry stop2 of both brothers. The detectives obtained
Messrs. Mason and Johns' drivers licenses, which were checked for outstanding
warrants, patted both Mr. Mason and Mr. Johns down to search for weapons (none
were found), and inquired about their reasons for coming to the duplex. Mr. Mason
confirmed what Mr. Whitaker had told Detective Ripke earlier. That is, Mr. Mason
stated he was interested in renting a room at the duplex. On closer inspection, Mr.
Mason was observed to have a design cut into his hair that apparently resembled
Popeye (the famed cartoon sailor) with the pipe spray-painted green. Mr. Mason
explained to the detectives that the color green signified marijuana.3
With respect to Mr. Johns' presence, Mr. Mason told the detectives that he
had met his brother at a Subway restaurant inside of a gas station nearby, where they
had eaten lunch together and where Mr. Mason had left his car. When Detective Ripke
was later asked at the suppression hearing what prompted this investigatory stop, he
responded as follows:
THE COURT: Let me ask you this. At this point in your mind
is this a consensual encounter or is this more of a
reasonable suspicion stop, or what's going on through your
mind at this point?
2Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1 (1968).
3Mr. Johns, we may safely assume, had nothing so obtrusive in his
appearance since neither detective described him with any more particularity than as a
"white male." However, when asked whether he had ever been convicted of any
offenses before, Mr. Johns answered truthfully that he had.
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THE WITNESS: It was more of a reasonable suspicion stop
on Donald Mason.
THE COURT: Uh-huh.
THE WITNESS: And on James Johns it was a wonder why
you're here.
Detective Ripke went on to explain that when a package of illegal drugs is trafficked
through a delivery service, "[i]t is not uncommon for someone to arrive prior to the
package arriving and position themselves in a place where they can monitor where the
drop is." He further opined that his observations of Mr. Mason earlier that day in the
driveway—pacing back and forth, looking around the area, conversing on a cell
phone—as well as Mr. Mason's arrival at a drop-off point in a different vehicle were
actions consistent with a drug dealer awaiting the arrival of a delivery of illegal drugs.
Notably, neither detective could explain how their suspicion of Mr. Mason's actions
extended to Mr. Johns beyond the fact that he was in Mr. Mason's company and driving
his own car rather than his brother's.
Our record is not entirely clear about the precise chronology of what
transpired during this investigatory stop. At some point, Detective Ripke asked Mr.
Johns if he could search Mr. Johns' Hyundai. Mr. Johns declined the detective's
request, upon which Detective Ripke, in Mr. Johns' presence, radioed for a K9 unit to
join them at the duplex. After hearing the mention of an approaching K9 unit, Mr. Johns
vacillated in his refusal to consent to his car's search; Detective Ripke responded that
he would not search the vehicle because of Mr. Johns' prior refusal, but that he was
"well within [his] right of contacting for a K-9." At some point, Mr. Johns asked whether
he was under arrest; Detective Ripke replied that he was not. At another point, Mr.
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Johns entered his car and started the vehicle as if to leave. Detective Ripke recounted
what he then did:
I go over there, I open his door, and I tell him, "What do you
think you're doing?" He said, "I'm leaving. You told me I'm
not under arrest." I said, "You're being detained" and I
asked him to exit the vehicle – shut the vehicle off, exit the
vehicle. He handed me the car keys. I placed them on top
[of the car]. And he exited the vehicle and I said, "Don't do
that again."
Eventually, another officer joined them at the duplex, who, in response to
Mr. Johns' repeated requests to allow a search of his vehicle so that he could leave,
helpfully provided a consent waiver. Mr. Johns executed the form, his car was
searched, and Detective Ripke found a cigar laced with marijuana and shake4 inside
near the center console.
We need not recount the lengthy trail of warrants and evidence that
proceeded from the arrest of Messrs. Mason and Johns. Suffice it to say that there
were more illegal drugs found in Mr. Mason's car at the gas station, more incriminating
evidence found on Mr. Mason's cell phone, and, pertinent here, the entirety of the
evidence the State would use against Mr. Johns in the case at bar.5
Mr. Johns filed a motion to suppress this incriminating evidence. After
hearing the evidence described above, the circuit court denied the motion. Pertinent to
4DetectiveRipke explained that "shake . . . is pretty much leaves of
marijuana – loose leaves."
5At the suppression hearing, the State was hesitant to concede this point.
However, at oral argument, the State agreed with the trial court's determination
announced on the record: all of the evidence the State could muster against Mr. Johns
in his criminal prosecution would be "fruit of the poisonous tree" if there was not
reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop of Mr. Johns.
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Mr. Johns, the court concluded that the detectives had a reasonable suspicion that he
had arrived at the duplex to look for the package of marijuana because: (1) Mr. Johns
had arrived at a home that was under police surveillance; (2) he had arrived with Mr.
Mason, who had been seen at the same duplex earlier and whose pot-smoking sailor
hair design and furtive actions at the duplex (pacing in the driveway, talking on his cell
phone, looking around) were "consistent with someone that is looking for a package of
cannabis as opposed to someone that is looking to rent a room"; (3) Mr. Johns had no
known reason to arrive at the duplex in "a recently switched out car," which the
testifying detectives indicated was a "known drug dealer counter surveillance measure";
and (4) that working in tandem in twos was "not unusual for drug dealers that are
surveilling a drug drop location." The court further found that Mr. Johns did not
acquiesce to police authority but, rather, gave his consent to search his vehicle freely,
intelligently, and voluntarily. Mr. Johns then entered into a plea agreement on the
charges of possession of alprazolam, possession of drug paraphernalia, possession of
a structure used for trafficking, sale or manufacture of controlled substances, and
possession of a firearm by a felon, reserving the right to bring the appeal now before us.
II.
Mr. Johns raises several issues challenging various aspects of his
investigatory stop and search of his vehicle. Because we find merit in his arguments
that there was no reasonable suspicion justifying his investigatory stop and that his
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consent was invalidated by his illegal detention and a show of police authority, we do
not address the remainder of his points.6
Our review of a circuit court's suppression order was summarized in
Crawford v. State,
980 So. 2d 521, 523 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007):
Appellate review of a motion to suppress is a mixed
question of law and fact. Bautista v. State,
902 So. 2d 312,
314 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005). Deference is given to the trial
court's factual findings if they are supported by competent
and substantial evidence.
Id. (citing Cillo v.
State,
849 So. 2d 353, 354 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003)). However,
this court has an "independent obligation to review the
ultimate question of probable cause and reasonable
suspicion" under a de novo standard to make certain law
enforcement practices remain within constitutional
parameters. Connor v. State,
803 So. 2d 598, 606 (Fla.
2001).
With respect to the issue of Mr. Johns' purported consent to search his car, we have
held that "[c]onsent given after an unlawful detention, or other illegal police conduct is
closely scrutinized because such conduct 'presumptively taints and renders involuntary
any consent subsequently obtained.' " DeLeon v. State,
700 So. 2d 718, 720 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1997) (quoting Alvarez v. State,
515 So. 2d 286, 288 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987)).
The first issue, the sufficiency of Mr. Johns' investigatory stop, can be
decided fairly easily. A law enforcement officer may detain an individual "under
circumstances which reasonably indicate that such person has committed, is
committing, or is about to commit a violation of the criminal laws of this state or the
criminal ordinances of any municipality or county." § 901.151(2), Fla. Stat. (2012); see
also Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 38 (1968). There is no question that Mr. Johns was
6Our opinion, moreover, is confined solely to these issues as they pertain
to Mr. Johns, not any of his codefendants.
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detained for investigation by the detectives. Unfortunately, there was no reasonable
suspicion to support his detention.
The only connections the circuit court could draw between the package of
marijuana that precipitated this investigation and Mr. Johns at the time he was detained
were his arrival at a duplex where marijuana was to be delivered and the prior actions of
a person Mr. Johns accompanied. But it is well settled that one's mere presence in a
place of potential criminal activity does not, by itself, furnish reasonable suspicion to
justify an investigatory stop. See Illinois v. Wardlow,
528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000) ("An
individual's presence in an area of expected criminal activity, standing alone, is not
enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that the person is committing a
crime." (citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47 (1979))); Julian v. State,
528 So. 2d 427,
429 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988) (holding that defendant's presence on premises subject to
search warrant was insufficient to establish suspicion of defendant's participation in
criminal activity); see also Batson v. State,
847 So. 2d 1149, 1151 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003)
("The vehicle's mere presence near the scene is insufficient to give rise to a reasonable
suspicion that its occupants were connected to the recent burglary." (first citing H.H. v.
State, 775 So. 2d 397 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000); then citing Moore v. State,
584 So. 2d 1122
(Fla. 4th DCA 1991))).
And to the extent Mr. Mason's actions could be said to have generated a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity (an issue we do not reach here), Mr. Mason's
appearance and activities that morning would not supply a reasonable suspicion that
Mr. Johns was connected with those activities, absent some evidence of an actual
connection. See Brown v. State,
224 So. 3d 806, 809 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017) (holding that
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for reasonable suspicion to exist, "the detaining officer [ ] must have a particularized and
objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity"
(alteration in original) (quoting B.G. v. State,
213 So. 3d 1016, 1018 (Fla. 2d DCA
2017))). We held in B.G. that an officer who witnessed a cloud of marijuana smoke
emanating from a group of four juveniles (all of whom "smelled equally" of marijuana,
id.
at 1017) did not have a reasonable suspicion to detain an individual in that group since
the officer could not see which of the four were smoking the marijuana,
id. at 1018-19.
See also Calhoun v. State,
627 So. 2d 60 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993) ("A visitor's mere
presence on the premises authorized to be searched is insufficient evidence of criminal
conduct to justify a search of his person." (citing Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85 (1979))).
The detectives who initiated the Terry stop of Mr. Johns had even less reason to
suspect Mr. Johns of a personal involvement with this package of marijuana than the
police officer had to suspect B.G.'s involvement with a marijuana cigarette. B.G.,
213
So. 3d at 1018-19. Indeed, on this point, Detective Ripke candidly conceded that the
only suspicion he had that pertained to Mr. Johns individually was one of "wonder why
you're here." That is practically synonymous with "a mere hunch" that Mr. Johns had
some part to play with the interdicted package of marijuana. See Reza v. State,
163
So. 3d 572, 577 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) ("In order not to violate a citizen's Fourth
Amendment rights, an investigatory stop requires a well-founded, articulable suspicion
of criminal activity. A mere hunch is not enough to support a stop." (first citing Popple v.
State, 626 So. 2d 185, 186 (Fla. 1993); then citing State v. Taylor,
826 So. 2d 399, 405
(Fla. 3d DCA 2002); and then citing Carter v. State,
454 So. 2d 739 (Fla. 2d DCA
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1984))). Because there was no reasonable, particularized suspicion of Mr. Johns at the
point in time he was detained, the detectives' investigatory stop of him was unlawful.
Having determined he was illegally stopped, we readily agree with Mr.
Johns that the consent he gave to search his vehicle was invalidated by his unlawful
detention. We have previously explained:
If a person has been illegally seized by police and
subsequently consents to a search, "the State bears the
burden of showing by clear and convincing proof that there
was an unequivocal break in the chain of illegality sufficient
to dissipate the taint of the law enforcement's prior illegal
activity."
Villanueva v. State,
189 So. 3d 982, 985 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) (quoting Kutzorik v. State,
891 So. 2d 645, 648-49 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005)). The State has not articulated, and the
record does not reveal, any break in the "chain of illegality" of Mr. Johns' detention—
which, here, includes not only the initial detention, but a subsequent show of police
authority in calling a K9 unit to search Mr. Johns' car, commands to Mr. Johns to
surrender his identification and car keys, and a warning that he was not free to leave the
duplex. Cf. State v. Hall,
201 So. 3d 66, 68 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (affirming trial court's
finding that consent was not freely given during investigatory stop where "[d]espite the
fact that, in this instance, the police were polite and did not draw their weapons, there
was nevertheless the appearance of police authority and the circumstances were
coercive in nature: the police arrived in three to four vehicles, blocked the driveway,
frisked both parties, took their ID and car keys, and searched the vehicle three times
before finding the small taser"); Cooper v. State,
654 So. 2d 229, 231 (Fla. 1st DCA
1995) (finding that "[t]he request to search the vehicle, after any reasonable suspicion of
wrongdoing had been dispelled, coupled with the threat to prevent appellant's departure
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until dogs could be brought to the scene, amounted to an illegal detention").
Considering the totality of the circumstances before us, we can only conclude that
whatever consent Mr. Johns gave was involuntary.
Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court's denial of the motion to suppress
as it pertains to Mr. Johns, as well as the judgments and sentences that were entered
based upon his plea agreement.
Reversed.
NORTHCUTT and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.
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