DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
GCTC HOLDINGS, LLC,
Petitioner,
v.
TAG QSR, LLC; GULF COAST PITA, LLC d/b/a PITA PIT; RALPH C.
ANZIVINO; and MARY JO ANZIVINO,
Respondents.
No. 2D21-3457
September 9, 2022
Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit Court for Lee County;
James Shenko, Judge.
Julia Kapusta and Courtney L. Fernald of Englander Fischer, St.
Petersburg, for Petitioner.
Kelli A. Edson, Julia M. Wischmeier, and Gabriela N. Timis of
Quarles & Brady, LLP, Tampa, for Respondents.
MORRIS, Chief Judge.
GCTC Holdings, LLC, seeks a writ of certiorari to quash the
trial court's order granting Tag QSR, LLC; Gulf Coast Pita LLC
d/b/a Pita Pit; and Ralph C. and Mary Jo Anzivino's (the
Respondents) motion for reconsideration of an order sustaining
GCTC's objection to a request for production. We conclude that in
granting the motion, the trial court departed from the essential
requirements of law resulting in material injury that cannot be
remedied on appeal. Therefore we grant the petition.
BACKGROUND
GCTC is the owner of a commercial shopping center. The
Respondents Tag QSR, LLC, and Gulf Coast Pita LLC d/b/a Pita Pit
LLC had a commercial lease with GCTC, and the Anzivinos were the
guarantors of the lease. The underlying dispute involved GCTC's
complaint for eviction and monetary damages, including claims
against the Anzivinos, after the Respondents defaulted on their
lease. The Respondents raised several affirmative defenses
including that GCTC was required to ensure that the shopping
center remained fully leased. The Respondents also filed a
counterclaim seeking damages for constructive eviction and breach
of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. During discovery, the
Respondents sought, among other things, GCTC's monthly rent
2
rolls as they related to the other tenants of the shopping center.
Specifically, request for production #15 sought
[m]onthly rent rolls of Gulf Coast Town Center from the
inception of GCTC's ownership to February 1, 2020,
identifying the specific leased units by tenant name,
location, square footage, and amounts billed and monies
collected for each unit by month, and identifying the
vacant units, including square footage of each vacant
unit.
GCTC objected to this request, arguing that it was overbroad,
irrelevant, and not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence and further arguing that "it calls for privileged
and confidential trade secret information." The Respondents then
filed a motion to compel, which was denied after a hearing on the
basis of overbreadth. The trial court made no finding related to
GCTC's assertion of trade secret privilege.
Thereafter, the Respondents filed a motion for reconsideration
as to request #15, arguing that the information they sought was
readily available to GCTC because it was contained in all of the
various leases between GCTC and the other tenants. Aside from
the request for the leases, the Respondents asked for "any records
showing when tenants vacated leased premises during the few
years' time span." The Respondents maintained that the
3
information was critical to their defense and counterclaim and that
without it they would be unable to present relevant evidence of the
vacancy rate change in the shopping center during their tenancy.
The Respondents asked the court to order production of the leases
"with appropriate redactions to preserve privacy," along with "any
records showing when a tenant vacated leased premises, again,
with appropriate privacy redactions." Without holding a hearing,
the trial court granted the motion, requiring GCTC to provide the
leases with redactions to protect the tenants' privacy. No provision
was included permitting GCTC to make redactions to protect its
own privacy. This certiorari proceeding follows.
ANALYSIS
"[C]ertiorari is appropriate when a discovery order departs
from the essential requirements of law, causing material injury to a
petitioner throughout the remainder of the proceedings below and
effectively leaving no adequate remedy on appeal." Allstate Ins. Co.
v. Langston,
655 So. 2d 91, 94 (Fla. 1995) (citing Martin-Johnson,
Inc. v. Savage,
509 So. 2d 1097, 1099 (Fla. 1987)). And discovery of
certain kinds of information, like material protected by privilege
such as trade secrets, can result in irreparable harm. Id.; see also
4
Brinkmann v. Petro Welt Trading Ges.M.B.H.,
324 So. 3d 574, 577-
78 (Fla. 2d DCA 2021).
Trade secrets are privileged pursuant to section 90.506,
Florida Statutes (2019). "To ensure that this privilege is properly
protected, courts have set forth a three-step analysis for trial courts
to undertake when faced with a claim that a discovery request
seeks the production of protected trade secret information." Lewis
Tree Serv., Inc. v. Asplundh Tree Expert, LLC,
311 So. 3d 206, 210
(Fla. 2d DCA 2020). "In the first step, the trial court must
determine whether the information requested constitutes or
contains trade secret information."
Id. "This step will usually—but
not always—require the court to conduct an in camera review of the
documents to determine whether, in fact, they contain trade secret
information."
Id. at 210-11 (citing Ameritrust Ins. Corp. v. O'Donnell
Landscapes, Inc.,
899 So. 2d 1205, 1207 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005)); see
also Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d at 578 ("When parties dispute that
documents are protected under certain statutory provisions, the
proper course is for the trial court to conduct an in-camera
inspection to determine if the requested documents are
discoverable." (quoting E. Bay NC, LLC v. Estate of Djadjich, 273 So.
5
3d 1141, 1144 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019))); Bright House Networks, LLC v.
Cassidy,
129 So. 3d 501, 505 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (noting that
determination of whether requested information contains trade
secrets usually requires an in camera review). If the trial court
determines that the information is a trade secret, then it must
determine "whether the party seeking production can show
reasonable necessity for the requested information." Lewis Tree
Serv., Inc., 311 So. 3d at 211 (quoting O'Donnell Landscapes, Inc.,
899 So. 2d at 1207); see also Cassidy,
129 So. 3d at 505. This
includes consideration of whether the requesting party's need for
the documents outweighs the other's party's interest in maintaining
the confidentiality of the documents; this is a fact-specific inquiry.
Lewis Tree Serv., Inc., 311 So. 3d at 211. "Finally, if the court
determines that there is a reasonable necessity for production of
trade secret information, the third step requires the court to
determine what safeguards, such as a confidentiality order, should
be put in place to properly protect that information." Id.; see also
Cassidy,
129 So. 3d at 506.
"If the trial court orders disclosure, it must make findings to
support its determination." Cassidy,
129 So. 3d at 506 (citing
6
O'Donnell Landscapes, Inc.,
899 So. 2d at 1207). "A trial court 'may
. . . depart from the essential requirements of law when it "requires
production of documents—without explanation—despite objections
that statutory protections apply." ' " Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d at 578
(quoting E. Bay NC, LLC, 273 So. 3d at 1144); see also Harborside
Healthcare, LLC v. Jacobson,
222 So. 3d 612, 616 (Fla. 2d DCA
2017). "That is, where the trial court fails to specifically address
whether claimed statutory privileges apply, leaving this court 'to
guess at the basis for the discovery of each document' and as to
whether the trial court even considered the objection, certiorari
relief may be warranted." Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d at 578 (quoting E.
Bay NC, LLC, 273 So. 3d at 1144); see also Jacobson, 222 So. 3d at
616. "This is because detailed findings on the issue of privilege 'are
necessary for meaningful appellate review.' " Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d
at 578 (quoting Nemours Found. v. Arroyo,
262 So. 3d 208, 211 (Fla.
5th DCA 2018)).
This court has repeatedly granted petitions for writ of
certiorari where a trial court skips the first step—conducting the in
camera review—and fails to make findings in its order regarding
whether the requested information constitutes a trade secret or
7
whether the requesting party has demonstrated a necessity to
overcome the claim of privilege. See, e.g., Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d at
578-80; Cassidy,
129 So. 3d at 506; Summitbridge Nat'l Invs. LLC v.
1221 Palm Harbor, L.L.C.,
67 So. 3d 448, 450-51 (Fla. 2d DCA
2011); O'Donnell Landscapes, Inc.,
899 So. 2d at 1207-08.1
Here, no in camera review was ever conducted, the trial court
never determined whether the requested information constituted
trade secrets or whether the Respondents had demonstrated a
sufficient necessity for the documents, and the trial court's order
contained no findings relating to GCTC's claim of trade secret
privilege. GCTC has clearly established a departure from the
essential requirements of the law.
Turning to the issue of irreparable harm, the Respondents
suggest that this court may determine, as a matter of law, whether
1 Other districts likewise recognize that ordinarily an in camera
review or evidentiary hearing must be conducted in order to
determine whether the requested information constitutes a trade
secret. See Sea Coast Fire, Inc. v. Triangle Fire, Inc.,
170 So. 3d
804, 808 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014); Salick Health Care, Inc. v. Spunberg,
722 So. 2d 944, 946 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998). Other districts also
acknowledge the necessity for a trial court to make findings in
orders of production following assertions of privilege. See Sea Coast
Fire, Inc.,
170 So. 3d at 809; Rare Coin-It, Inc. v. I.J.E., Inc.,
625 So.
2d 1277, 1279 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993).
8
the requested documents constitute a trade secret. Were this court
to determine that the trade secret privilege did not apply, then there
would be no irreparable harm. However, the issue of whether
requested information constitutes a trade secret generally "can be
determined only after an in camera review," Lewis Tree Serv., Inc.,
311 So. 3d at 212, and it "must be decided by the trial court in the
first instance," Brinkmann, 324 So. 3d at 579 n.4. Thus the
irreparable harm component of our certiorari analysis cannot be
resolved on this basis.
Furthermore, the fact that the trial court's order permits
GCTC to redact information does not preclude us from determining
that GCTC established irreparable harm. Notably, the order only
permits redactions to protect tenants' privacy. The order says
nothing about allowing GCTC to make redactions to protect any
privileged confidential business information, that is, trade secrets.
This is undoubtedly the result of the trial court's failure to conduct
an in camera review and failure to rule on GCTC's assertion of the
trade secret privilege. By requiring GCTC to produce the leases
without first conducting an in camera review, without making any
findings related to the issue of trade secret privilege and the
9
respondent's necessity for the documents, and without including
any safeguards to ensure protection of any trade secrets contained
in the leases, the trial court departed from the essential
requirements of the law resulting in material harm to GCTC that
cannot be remedied on appeal. Certiorari is therefore appropriate.2
Petition granted; order quashed.
KHOUZAM and ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, JJ., Concur.
Opinion subject to revision prior to official publication.
2 We note that the Respondents' request for copies of the
leases was made for the first time in the motion for reconsideration,
and contrary to their assertion, that request is potentially broader
in scope than their initial request for the monthly rent rolls.
Arguably, GCTC was not afforded due process because it was not
provided with the opportunity to present argument about the new,
potentially broader request prior to the trial court's granting of the
respondent's motion. Cf. Moody v. Dorsett,
149 So. 3d 1182, 1184
(Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (noting that if a trial court's ruling is "found to
be erroneous, litigants must be granted an opportunity to present
their case under the corrected ruling" (quoting John Hancock Mut.
Life Ins. Co. v. Zalay,
522 So. 2d 944, 946 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988)));
Willson v. Big Lake Partners, LLC,
211 So. 3d 360, 365 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2017) (concluding that where a trial court changes its ruling
during or after a trial without offering the party affected the
opportunity to present its own evidence on the issue, an abuse of
discretion occurs).
10
