Karen Whitney v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , 157 So. 3d 309 ( 2014 )

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA
KAREN WHITNEY, NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
Appellant, DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
v. CASE NO. 1D13-3709
R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO
COMPANY and PHILIP
MORRIS USA, INC.,
Appellees.
____________________________/
Opinion filed December 5, 2014.
An appeal from the Circuit Court for Alachua County.
Toby S. Monaco, Judge.
Robert W. Kelley, Todd R. McPharlin and Eric S. Rosen of Kelley Uustal, PLC,
Fort Lauderdale; Steven L. Brannock, Celene H. Humphries, Ceci Culpepper
Berman and Tyler K. Pitchford of Brannock & Humphries, Tampa; Gregory D.
Prysock and Katherine M. Massa of Morgan & Morgan, P.A., Jacksonville; Keith
R. Mitnik of Morgan & Morgan, P.A., Orlando, for Appellant.
W. Randall Bassett and Frank T. Bayuk, William L. Durham, II, and Jennifer C.
Kane of King & Spalding, LLP, Atlanta; Ursula M. Henninger of King &
Spalding, LLP, Charlotte, NC; Jeffrey A. Yarbrough, Robert B. Parrish and David
C. Reeves of Moseley, Prichard, Parrish, Knight & Jones, Jacksonville, for
Appellee R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
Mark J. Heise, Stephen N. Zack, Shani Salama and Jason S. Zack of Boies,
Schiller & Flexner LLP, Miami; Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter LLP,
Washington, DC; Joseph H. Lang, Jr. of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., Tampa,
for Appellee/Cross-Appellant Philip Morris USA, Inc.
THOMAS, J.
In this non-Engle1 progeny tobacco case, Appellant appeals a directed
verdict in favor of Appellees on her negligence and strict liability claims, the trial
court’s denial of her request for a jury instruction addressing a claim of negligent
misrepresentation, and the final judgment in favor of Appellees on the claim for
failure to warn. As explained below, we reverse the directed verdict and affirm as
to the remaining issues without further comment.
Factual Summary
Appellant sued Appellees for negligence and strict liability, alleging that
various design defects in Appellees’ cigarettes increased the likelihood of
Appellant becoming addicted to smoking Appellees’ cigarettes and suffering
cancer. Among Appellees’ defenses was their claim that Appellant was
comparatively at fault, which Appellant conceded at trial.
Appellant presented extensive evidence in support of her claims, including
expert testimony, during the course of a lengthy trial. Appellant’s expert,
Dr. Burns, testified extensively about the various design changes and alleged
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Engle v. Liggett Group, Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246, 1256-57 (Fla. 2006).
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defects in Appellees’ cigarettes and the effect of these defects on smokers,
including making cigarettes easier to smoke, especially for beginning smokers,
thus increasing the likelihood that a person would continue to smoke and become
addicted. He also testified that Appellees’ cigarettes delivered potential
carcinogens deeper into the lungs than regular full-flavored cigarettes. Thus,
Dr. Burns opined that these defects “would increase the likelihood that [Appellant]
would get cancer from smoking [Appellees’] cigarettes” and that the design
changes “were a substantial contributing cause to [Appellant’s] lung cancer.” He
testified further that the cigarettes “did not deliver, when smoked, what was
promised in the marketing of those products. That is, a reduction of tar delivery
and a reduction of risk.”
In relevant part, during Appellees’ cross-examination of Dr. Burns, he
testified as follows:
Q. . . . Are you saying that if [Appellant] had not
switched to low-tar cigarettes, she would not have gotten
lung cancer?
A. I can't say that to a reasonable degree of medical
certainty because it's not clear that there is a doubling of
the risk produced by these design changes, which is what
would be required to make a statement of more than 50
percent or more likely or medically more likely than not.
...
Q. Well, can you say to a reasonable degree of medical
probability that if she had only smoked regular, full-
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flavored cigarettes, she would not have gotten lung
cancer? . . .
A. I can't say that in a statement that is medically more
likely than not. . . .
Q. . . . [C]an you or can you not say to a reasonable
degree of medical probability that if she had smoked only
full-flavor cigarettes, she would not have gotten lung
cancer?
...
A. I don't believe I can say that that would be
scientifically true . . . .
At the conclusion of Appellant’s case, Appellees moved for a directed
verdict, arguing, inter alia, that Appellant failed to establish legal causation
between the alleged design defects and her lung cancer. Relying on Dr. Burns’
cross-examination testimony, Appellees argued that pursuant to Gooding v.
University Hospital Building, Inc., 445 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 1984), Appellant failed to
meet her burden as to causation. Appellant countered that the defects in question
could be a legal cause of injury, if they operated in combination with other causes,
because, as Dr. Burns testified, they “substantially contribute[d]” to producing the
injury.
The court agreed with Appellees, ruling that “on cross-examination,
[Dr. Burns] explained that his definition of substantial contributing cause does not
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meet the legal test that was illustrated” in Gooding. The trial court further found
that, on cross-examination, Dr. Burns “disavowed” his earlier testimony.
The jury returned with a defense verdict on the sole remaining claim of
failure to warn before 1969. Appellant’s motion for a new trial was denied, and
this appeal ensued.
Analysis
A trial court’s ruling on a motion for directed verdict is reviewed de novo.
Williams v. Washington, 120 So. 3d 1263, 1264 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013). “[I]n
reviewing the propriety of a directed verdict, an appellate court must weigh the
facts and inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the person
against whom judgment has been granted. A directed verdict can be upheld only if
there is no evidence or inference from the evidence which will support the non-
moving party’s position. Moreover, a directed verdict in a negligence action
should only be entered if the plaintiff could not recover under any reasonable
view of the evidence.” Kowkabany v. Home Depot, Inc., 606 So. 2d 716, 719-20
(Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (emphasis added; citation omitted).
In a negligence or strict liability action in a tobacco case based on design
defect, at issue are causation, comparative fault, and damages, regardless of
whether the plaintiff is a member of the Engle class. See R.J. Reynolds Tobacco
Co. v. Martin, 53 So. 3d 1060, 1063 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (explaining that the court
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in Engle decertified the class for “Phase III” of the litigation, as class treatment
was infeasible, “‘because individualized issues such as legal causation,
comparative fault, and damages predominate . . . .’”) (quoting Engle, 945 So. 2d at
1268, 1277); see also, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Brown, 70 So. 3d 707, 715
(Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (holding that, in post-Engle cases, “the remaining elements of
the underlying claims, i.e. legal causation and damages, must be proven in the
second phase of trial.”).
In Gooding, the Florida Supreme Court stated:
In negligence actions Florida courts follow the more likely than
not standard of causation and require proof that the negligence
probably caused the plaintiff's injury. Prosser explored this standard
of proof as follows:
On the issue of the fact of causation, as on other
issues essential to his cause of action for negligence, the
plaintiff, in general, has the burden of proof. He must
introduce evidence which affords a reasonable basis for
the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the
conduct of the defendant was a substantial factor in
bringing about the result. A mere possibility of such
causation is not enough; and when the matter remains
one of pure speculation or conjecture, or the
probabilities are at best evenly balanced, it becomes the
duty of the court to direct a verdict for the defendant.
Prosser, Law of Torts § 41 (4th Ed. 1971) (footnotes omitted).
Gooding, 445 So. 2d at 1018 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). In other words,
a defendant’s conduct need not be the only cause of a plaintiff’s injuries, or even
fifty-one percent of the cause; rather, the plaintiff must present evidence that the
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defendant’s conduct was, more likely than not, a “substantial factor” in causing the
injury. Thus, the plaintiff is not required to prove that the defendant’s conduct
alone was more likely than not the sole proximate cause.
Here, in directing a verdict in Appellees’ favor on the issue of causation, the
learned trial court erred in its interpretation of Dr. Burns’ testimony and the
standard for establishing causation. Dr. Burns was essentially asked whether he
could say that Appellant would not have developed lung cancer at all, if she had
only smoked regular cigarettes rather than the cigarettes with the alleged design
defects. Dr. Burns replied that he could not say that, “because it’s not clear that
there is a doubling of the risk produced by these design changes, which is what
would be required to make a statement of more than 50 percent . . . more likely
than not.” But this was neither the ultimate issue nor the correct legal standard for
causation.
Appellant did not claim that she never would have developed lung cancer if
she had smoked non-filtered, full-flavored cigarettes instead of Appellees’
engineered cigarettes. Such a claim would have been unsupportable on the
evidence, and Appellees themselves conceded that all cigarettes can cause lung
cancer. Rather, Appellant’s claim asserted that Appellees’ cigarettes with the
defective designs increased her risk of becoming and remaining addicted to
smoking and of developing lung cancer. The design changes underlying this
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theory included filters, chemical adjustments, and flavoring. Also, despite
Appellees’ marketing which suggested the contrary, their cigarettes did not have
less tar than regular cigarettes, and thus were potentially more injurious to health
by falsely lulling smokers into a dangerous complacency.
The “more likely than not” or “but for” standard of causation did not require
Appellant to prove Appellees’ negligence or defective product doubled the risk of
injury, i.e., that it was more than fifty percent of the cause of her injury, or that it
was the only cause of her cancer. Thus, Florida Standard Jury Instruction
401.12(a) provides:2
Negligence is a legal cause of [loss] [injury] [or] [damage] if it
directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or con-
tributes substantially to producing such [loss] [injury] [or]
[damage], so that it can reasonably be said that, but for the
negligence, the [loss] [injury] [or] [damage] would not have occurred.
(Emphasis added.) The second “Notes for Use” for this instruction explains that a
“jury will properly consider instruction 401.12(a) not only in determining whether
defendant’s negligence is actionable but also in determining whether claimant’s
negligence contributed as a legal cause to claimant’s damage, thus reducing
recovery.”
In addition, Florida Standard Jury Instruction 401.12(b) provides:
In order to be regarded as a legal cause of [loss] [injury] [or] [damage]
negligence need not be the only cause. Negligence may be a legal
cause of [loss] [injury] [or] [damage] even though it operates in
combination with . . . [some other cause] if the negligence
contributes substantially to producing such [loss] [injury] [or]
2
Appellees themselves proposed using this instruction.
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[damage].
(Emphasis added.) And as the court explained in Hoffman v. Jones, the very
purpose of a comparative fault determination is “[t]o allow a jury to apportion fault
as it sees fit between negligent parties whose negligence was part of the legal and
proximate cause of any loss or injury . . . .” 280 So. 2d 431, 439 (Fla. 1973),
(emphasis added).
In the context of a tobacco case such as this, the plaintiff must typically
prove an addiction to cigarettes containing nicotine and that this addiction was a
legal cause of the illness at issue. “‘Addiction is a legal cause of death if it directly
and in a natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes substantially to
producing such death . . . so that it can reasonably be said that, but for the
addiction to cigarettes containing nicotine, the death would not have occurred.’”).
Martin, 53 So. 3d at 1065 (quoting with approval the trial court’s jury instruction)
(emphasis added). Accord Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Allen, 116 So. 3d 467, 472
(Fla. 1st DCA 2013). “Whether the addicted individual kept smoking after
learning of cigarettes’ deleterious health effects is a question of comparative fault,
and thus, of liability to be determined at trial.” Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Mrozek,
106 So. 3d 479, 481 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012). See e.g., Brown, 70 So. 3d 707 (finding
plaintiff fifty percent liable); Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Hess, 95 So. 3d 254 (Fla.
4th DCA 2012) (finding plaintiff fifty-eight percent at fault).
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In Cox v. St. Josephs Hospital, the court explained the proper application of
Gooding is as follows: “while a directed verdict is appropriate in cases where the
plaintiff has failed to provide evidence that the negligent act more likely than not
caused the injury, . . . [i]f the plaintiff has presented evidence that could support a
finding that the defendant more likely than not caused the injury, a directed verdict
is improper.” 71 So. 3d 795, 801 (Fla. 2011) (italicized emphasis supplied; bolded
emphasis added). Thus, the phrase “but for” is meant to convey the principle that a
defendant’s actions must, “more likely than not,” have been “a substantial factor”
in producing the injury. However, if the evidence supports only speculation that a
defendant’s conduct contributed substantially to causing the injury, the defendant
cannot be held liable. Gooding, 445 So. 2d at 1018.
Here, Appellant “presented evidence that could support a finding that
[Appellees] more likely than not caused” her lung cancer, making a directed
verdict improper. Cox, 71 So. 3d at 801 (emphasis added). And to the extent that
Dr. Burns’ cross-examination testimony quoted above may, as the trial court
found, have operated to “disavow” his testimony on direct, it was not a proper
ground for a directed verdict, because it would go to the weight of the evidence,
which is for the jury to consider. See, e.g., Hildwin v. State, 141 So. 3d 1178,
1187 (Fla. 2014) (holding: “Questions surrounding the materiality of the evidence
and the weight to be given such evidence are for the jury.”). Thus, we reverse the
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ruling granting Appellees’ directed verdict on the negligence and strict liability
claims. We affirm on all other issues.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
BENTON and ROBERTS, JJ., CONCUR.
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