DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
JAMES A. MACHIN,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D17-2787
[April 10, 2019]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St.
Lucie County; James W. McCann, Judge; L.T. Case No.
562015CF000434AXXXXX.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and David John McPherrin,
Assistant Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Ashley B. Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Richard Valuntas,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING EN BANC
KUNTZ, J.
The State of Florida moves for rehearing and rehearing en banc. We
grant the motion for rehearing en banc on the narrow issue of the proper
disposition of an appeal when this Court determines the circuit court failed
to hold a competency hearing or enter an order adjudicating competency
after previously finding reasonable grounds to question the defendant’s
competency. On that issue, we are bound to conclude that the proper
disposition is to remand the case for further proceedings. See Fowler v.
State,
255 So. 2d 513, 515 (Fla. 1971).
As the panel opinion explained, before trial, Machin moved for the
appointment of an expert to examine him for competency to proceed. See
Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.210(b). The circuit court granted the motion and
appointed an expert who then recommended the court find Machin
competent to proceed. But the record does not include a transcript of an
evidentiary hearing or a written order finding Machin competent to
proceed. The panel held the court erred when it failed to find Machin
competent to proceed after previously questioning his competence. The
panel vacated the court’s judgment and remanded the case for the court
to determine whether it could conduct a nunc pro tunc competency
evaluation. If so, the panel instructed the circuit court to do so and
reinstate the judgment. If a nunc pro tunc competency evaluation could
not be completed, the panel instructed the court to adjudicate Machin’s
current competency and, if found competent, proceed to a new trial. Based
on these remand instructions, the panel vacated and remanded Machin’s
conviction and sentence.
The State now moves for rehearing en banc, arguing the panel
prematurely vacated the conviction and, in so doing, conflicted with Dortch
v. State,
242 So. 3d 431, 433 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (en banc), review
granted, No. SC18-681,
2018 WL 3635017 (Fla. July 11, 2018). In Dortch,
the en banc Court provided similar instructions but reversed the
conviction and sentence as opposed to vacating it. 242 So. 3d at 433. The
State also cites other cases in which this Court simply remanded the case,
neither vacating the conviction nor reversing it. See, e.g., Charles v. State,
246 So. 3d 436, 437–38 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018); Ramsay v. State,
259 So. 3d
132, 133 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018); Pollard v. State,
254 So. 3d 984, 986 (Fla.
4th DCA 2018).
We agree that the disposition in the panel opinion is inconsistent with
the cases cited by the State and, particularly, the Court’s recent en banc
opinion in Dortch. We also believe the disposition language in Dortch is
inconsistent with controlling authority from the Florida Supreme Court.
See Fowler,
255 So. 2d at 515–16.
In Fowler, the Florida Supreme Court held that the circuit court erred
when it failed to hold a hearing before determining the defendant’s
competency.
Id. at 515. But that conclusion did “not require vacation of
the judgment and sentence entered against defendant at this time.”
Id.
(citing Knight v. State,
164 So. 2d 229 (Fla. 3d DCA 1964); United States v.
Walker,
301 F.2d 211 (6th Cir. 1962)). Instead, the Florida Supreme Court
remanded the case to the circuit court to determine whether it could make
a nunc pro tunc competency determination.
Id. If not, the circuit court
was directed to vacate the conviction.
Id. If so, the circuit court was
directed to make the nunc pro tunc competency determination and return
the case to the Florida Supreme Court.
Id.
The Florida Supreme Court itself has not strictly adhered to Fowler’s
holding. See, e.g., Tingle v. State,
536 So. 2d 202, 204 (Fla. 1988)
(“Therefore, because Tingle was entitled to a hearing on his competency to
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stand trial, we vacate the conviction and sentence and remand for retrial
after it has been determined that he is competent to stand trial.” (footnote
omitted)); Hill v. State,
473 So. 2d 1253, 1254 (Fla. 1985) (“For the reasons
expressed, we find that principles of law enunciated by the United States
Supreme Court require us to vacate Hill’s conviction and sentence and
remand with directions for the trial court to conduct a hearing on the issue
of Hill’s competency to stand trial and, if Hill is found competent, to
proceed with a new trial.”); Scott v. State,
420 So. 2d 595, 598 (Fla. 1982)
(“[T]his Court believes that a new hearing is required to ascertain
appellant’s present competency to stand trial. Accordingly, the conviction
and sentence are vacated. Upon his being found competent to stand trial,
appellant may be retried.”); Lane v. State,
388 So. 2d 1022, 1029 (Fla.
1980) (“For the reasons expressed in this opinion, we vacate the judgment
and sentence.”). 1
And while we initially adhered to Fowler, our recent decisions have, at
best, inconsistently done so.
In some cases, we remanded with instructions, as Fowler instructs us
to do. See, e.g., Ramsay v. State,
259 So. 3d 132, 133 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018);
Pollard v. State,
254 So. 3d 984, 986 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018); Williams v. State,
219 So. 3d 895, 896 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017); Parks v. State,
290 So. 2d 562,
564 (Fla. 4th DCA 1974); see also Burney v. State,
247 So. 3d 650, 652
(Fla. 5th DCA 2018).
But in other cases, we have followed the more recent decisions from the
Florida Supreme Court and vacated and remanded the defendant’s
conviction and sentence. See, e.g., D.B. v. State,
222 So. 3d 627, 628–29
(Fla. 4th DCA 2017); Hawks v. State,
226 So. 3d 892, 895 (Fla. 4th DCA
2017); Silver v. State,
193 So. 3d 991, 992 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016); Johnson
v. State,
756 So. 2d 215, 215 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000).
In another group of cases, we “reversed and remanded” the defendant’s
conviction and sentence. See, e.g., Charles v. State,
246 So. 3d 436, 438
(Fla. 4th DCA 2018); Hernandez v. State,
246 So. 3d 443, 445 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2018); Pollock v. State,
246 So. 3d 435, 436 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018);
Dortch v. State,
242 So. 3d 431, 433 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (en banc); Raithel
v. State,
226 So. 3d 1028, 1032 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017); Jackson v. State,
810
So. 2d 545, 547 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002); see also Culbreath v. State,
903 So.
2d 338, 340 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).
1In another case, the Florida Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s order and
vacated the defendant’s judgment and sentence. Jones v. State,
740 So. 2d 520,
525 (Fla. 1999).
3
Finally, the Second District has taken a fourth approach, but one
similar to Fowler. See, e.g., Moulton v. State,
230 So. 3d 934, 938–39 (Fla.
2d DCA 2017). The Second District cited Fowler and relinquished
jurisdiction to the circuit court to hold a competency hearing, id. at 939,
which closely resembles the procedure in Fowler.
These varied approaches achieve a similar result. In each, the circuit
court is required to determine whether it can make a nunc pro tunc
competency determination. But that is exactly what was at issue in
Fowler,
255 So. 2d at 515–16, and the Florida Supreme Court does not
reverse itself sub silentio, Puryear v. State,
810 So. 2d 901, 905 (Fla. 2002)
(“We take this opportunity to expressly state that this Court does not
intentionally overrule itself sub silentio.”).
As a result, we are bound to apply Fowler. In cases where the circuit
court finds reasonable grounds to question a defendant’s competency and
does not subsequently hold a hearing or make a written finding of
competency, see Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.210(b), we will temporarily remand the
case to the circuit court with specific instructions. We will direct that
within sixty days, the circuit court shall hold a hearing and issue an order
determining whether a nunc pro tunc competency evaluation is possible.
There are multiple potential paths on remand:
1) If the circuit court determines a nunc pro tunc competency
determination is not possible, the court must vacate the
defendant’s conviction and sentence. The appeal in this
Court will be dismissed as moot. In this circumstance, the
circuit court must hold a competency hearing, Fowler,
255
So. 2d at 515–16, with two possible outcomes:
a. If the court finds the defendant is presently competent,
a new trial or plea hearing must be held. Dougherty v.
State,
149 So. 3d 672, 679 (Fla. 2014) (quoting Mason
v. State,
489 So. 2d 734, 737 (Fla. 1986)).
b. If the court finds the defendant is presently
incompetent, the court must proceed in accordance
with Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.212 to 3.215
and other applicable law. See, e.g., Dougherty, 149 So.
3d at 677.
2) If the circuit court determines a nunc pro tunc competency
determination is possible:
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a. And if the court finds the defendant was competent at
time of judgment, it must (1) enter an order finding the
defendant competent at the time of judgment; and (2)
return the record to this Court. Fowler,
255 So. 2d at
515. The appeal in this Court will then proceed.
b. And if the court finds the defendant was incompetent at
the time of judgment but is now competent, it must (1)
vacate the defendant’s conviction and sentence; and (2)
hold a new trial or plea hearing. Fowler,
255 So. 2d at
515–16. The appeal in this Court will be dismissed as
moot.
c. And if the court finds that the defendant was
incompetent at the time of judgment and remains
incompetent, the court must vacate the defendant’s
conviction and sentence. Fowler,
255 So. 2d at 516.
The appeal in this Court will be dismissed as moot. The
circuit court must then proceed in accordance with
Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.212 to 3.215 and
other applicable law. See, e.g., Dougherty, 149 So. 3d
at 677.
In this case, the portion of the panel decision vacating the conviction
and sentence is withdrawn. 2 The case is temporarily remanded to the
circuit court. Within sixty days, the circuit court must hold a hearing and
make a written determination as to whether it can make a nunc pro tunc
determination of Machin’s competency. Depending on the outcome, the
circuit court shall proceed with one of the paths as outlined above. Any
order rendered on remand relating to Machin’s competency shall be filed
with this Court.
Remanded for further proceedings.
GERBER, C.J., WARNER, DAMOORGIAN, CIKLIN, LEVINE, CONNER, FORST and
KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.
MAY, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with opinion, in which GROSS
and TAYLOR, JJ., concur.
2 We do not disturb the remainder of the panel opinion.
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MAY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
The State’s motion for rehearing and rehearing en banc has caused a
great debate about the disposition language employed when a court
determines the trial court erred in not complying with Florida Rule of
Criminal Procedure 3.210(b). It has caused reflection on the meaning of
the terms: reverse, remand, relinquish, and vacate. I completely agree
with the majority that we have not been consistent in our use of the terms,
and apparently without causing much trouble over the decades. I also
agree that we should be consistent and that the issue should be addressed.
Where I part company with the majority is what we should do about it.
In my view, if the trial court has erred, then we must reverse that decision.
We then remand the case to the trial court to correct the error.
In this case, I would reverse and remand for the trial court to determine
if it can decide the competency issue nunc pro tunc. If the court decides
the defendant was competent, there is no need to vacate the judgment. If
the court decides either that it cannot make the competency determination
nunc pro tunc or that the defendant was incompetent, then the court must
vacate the conviction and proceed accordingly. There simply is no reason
for the trial court to vacate the conviction before the competency decision
is made.
I disagree that we should simply remand the case for a specified period
of time for the trial court to determine competency. This procedure keeps
the case lingering in our court, puts pressure on the trial court to hurry
the process, only for the outcome to potentially result in a dismissal of the
appeal. We could just as easily relinquish jurisdiction for that purpose.
In either event, we face the potential of motions to extend the time, the
transferring of records between the courts, and a myriad of logistical
problems that may arise.
If we simply reverse and remand the case, the record can be returned
to the trial court, which can take control of the case so that it may render
its competency decision in an orderly fashion without arbitrary time
frames dictated by us. This also avoids us from being immersed in a case
that does not need our involvement. And, there is nothing further for us
to do once we have remanded the case. This is also consistent with our
direction in Dortch v. State,
242 So. 3d 431, 433 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (en
banc), review granted, No. SC18-681,
2018 WL 3635017 (Fla. July 11,
2018).
GROSS and TAYLOR, JJ., concur.
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* * *
FINAL UPON RELEASE; NO MOTION FOR REHEARING WILL BE
ENTERTAINED; MANDATE ISSUED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH OPINION.
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