Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed May 13, 2015.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D14-985
Lower Tribunal No. 13-24934
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John Michaluk, etc.,
Appellant,
vs.
Credorax (USA), Inc., etc., et al.,
Appellees.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jerald Bagley,
Judge.
Kravitz & Co. PA, and Adam Kravitz, for appellant.
Gunster, Yoakley & Stewart and Kenneth Bell, Raymond V. Miller, Allison
J. Cammack and Amy Brigham Boulris, for appellees.
Before WELLS, ROTHENBERG and EMAS, JJ.
EMAS, J.
John Michaluk d/b/a Nessport Consulting (“Michaluk”) appeals an order
dismissing his complaint for improper venue. We hold that the forum selection
clause at issue was permissive, and therefore reverse the order of the trial court
dismissing the complaint for improper venue.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Credorax (Malta), Ltd. (“Credorax Malta”), a Malta company, is an
acquiring bank which processes credit or debit card payments for sellers of
products and services online. On November 1, 2011, Credorax Malta entered into
an “Introducer Agreement” with Michaluk, a Canadian consultant, wherein it
agreed to pay Michaluk a transaction fee in exchange for, inter alia, his assistance
in soliciting new business and acquiring new clients.
Pursuant to paragraph 10 of the Introducer Agreement, which was titled
“Governing Law and Jurisdiction,” the parties agreed as follows:
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance
with the Laws of Malta and each party hereby submits to the
jurisdiction of the Courts of Malta as regards any claim, dispute or
matter arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, its
implementation and effect.
Following a dispute over the payment of certain transaction fees, Michaluk
filed a complaint in Miami-Dade County Circuit Court against Credorax Malta and
Credorax USA, setting forth counts for fraud in the inducement, FDUPTA
2
violations, unjust enrichment, and (against Credorax Malta only) breach of
contract.
Credorax Malta and Credorax USA moved to dismiss the complaint for,
inter alia, improper venue, asserting that the Introducer Agreement contains a
mandatory forum selection clause, and thus, the claims could be brought only in
Malta. Michaluk responded that the forum selection clause is permissive and not
mandatory and thus, did not prohibit the filing of the cause of action in Miami-
Dade. Following a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial court ruled that the language
in the forum selection clause was mandatory and not permissive, and thus, entered
a final order dismissing the complaint for improper venue.1 The parties agree that
the sole issue on appeal is whether the language of the forum selection clause in
the Introducer Agreement is “permissive” or “mandatory.” We review this issue
de novo. Espresso Disposition Corp. 1 v. Santana Sales & Mktg. Grp., Inc.,
105
So. 3d 592, 594 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013).2
1 Upon a motion for clarification filed by Michaluk as to whether the court’s order
applied to both Credorax Malta and Credorax USA, the court entered a separate
order clarifying that the order of dismissal applied to both defendants. Michaluk
appeals both orders.
2 Importantly, the parties agreed below (and maintain on appeal) that the language
of the forum selection clause is unambiguous, leaving only a legal determination of
whether this unambiguous language is mandatory or permissive. In any event,
there was no evidentiary hearing which might provide an evidentiary basis to
resolve any purported claim of ambiguity. Even the elementary question of which
party drafted the clause at issue was not submitted by the parties or determined by
the trial court.
3
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Our analysis begins with Manrique v. Fabbri,
493 So. 2d 437 (Fla. 1986), a
case in which the Florida Supreme Court considered the broader issue of whether
such contractual forum selection clauses were enforceable at all. The district
courts were in disagreement over the enforceability of such clauses. The Manrique
Court observed that although our court had “consistently held that contractual
provisions requiring that future disputes be resolved in specified foreign
jurisdictions are void as impermissible attempts to oust Florida of subject matter
jurisdiction,”
id. at 438 (citing Huntley v. Alejandre,
139 So. 2d 911 (Fla. 3d DCA
1962)), the Fourth District Court of Appeal had held that “parties to a contract may
agree to submit to the jurisdiction of a chosen forum” under certain circumstances.
Id. (citing Maritime Ltd. P’ship v. Greenman Adv. Assoc., Inc.,
455 So. 2d 1121
(Fla. 4th DCA 1984)). In resolving the conflict, the Florida Supreme Court
reviewed and relied upon federal decisions, including, most prominently, M/S
Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.,
407 U.S. 1 (1972), in which the United States
Supreme Court held that such forum selection clauses are prima facie valid and
should generally be enforced:
[I]n the light of present-day commercial realities and expanding
international trade we conclude that the forum clause should control
absent a strong showing that it should be set aside. The correct
approach [is] to enforce the forum clause specifically unless [the other
party] could clearly show that enforcement would be unreasonable
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and unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or
overreaching.
Zapata, 407 U.S. at 15.
Finding that the modern trend (and rapidly-growing majority view)
recognized the presumptive enforceability of forum selection clauses3, the Florida
Supreme Court adopted the view of Bremen, approved the Fourth District’s
decision in Maritime, and held that “forum selection clauses should be enforced in
the absence of a showing that enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust.”
Id.
at 440. However, the Manrique Court did not address whether the forum selection
clause in that case was mandatory or permissive, remanding the case to the trial
court for such a determination.
Id.
A year later, the Court revisited the issue of mandatory vs. permissive forum
selection clauses in Quinones v. Swiss Bank Corp. (Overseas), S.A.,
509 So. 2d
273, 274-75 (Fla. 1987), and reaffirmed its holding in Manrique, noting:
Permissive clauses constitute nothing more than a consent to
jurisdiction and venue in the named forum and do not exclude
jurisdiction or venue in any other forum. See Citro Florida, Inc., v.
Citrovale, S.A.,
760 F.2d 1231, 1232 (11th Cir. 1985); Keaty v.
Freeport Indonesia, Inc.,
503 F.2d 955, 956-67 (5th Cir. 1974).
Since that time, the case law in this area has crystallized, and forum
selection clauses are now routinely enforced. A forum selection clause will be
deemed mandatory where, by its terms, suit may be filed only in the forum named
3
Manrique, 493 So. 2d at 439 n. 3.
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in the clause, whereas “permissive forum selection clauses are essentially a
‘consent’ to jurisdiction or venue in the named forum and do not exclude
jurisdiction or venue in another forum.” Travel Exp. Inv. Inc. v. AT&T Corp.,
14
So. 3d 1224, 1226 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009) (quoting Shoppes Ltd. P’ship v. Conn,
820
So. 2d 356, 358 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002). “Generally, a forum selection clause is
mandatory where the plain language used by the parties indicates ‘exclusivity.’”
Espresso
Disposition, 105 So. 3d at 595 (citing Golden Palm Hospitality, Inc. v.
Stearns Bank Nat’l Ass’n,
874 So. 2d 1231, 1236 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004)). Absent
words of exclusivity, a forum selection clause will be deemed permissive. Regal
Kitchens, Inc. v. O’Connor & Taylor Condo. Constr., Inc.,
894 So. 2d 288, 291
(Fla. 3d DCA 2005).
For example, “[i]f the forum selection clause ‘states or clearly indicates that
any litigation must or shall be initiated in specified forum,’” then the clause is
mandatory and must be honored by the trial court in the absence of a showing that
the clause is unreasonable or unjust. AT&T
Corp., 14 So. 3d at 1226 (internal
quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it
provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in
New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A.
de C.V. v. Brooker,
799 So. 2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum
selection mandatory where it provided: “[B]oth parties agree and accept to be
6
subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and
Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of
Quintana Roo, Mexico, and the Federal Consumer Office, forsaking any other
jurisdiction which either party may claim by virtue of its residency.” (emphasis
added));
Bremen, 407 U.S. at 2 (construing forum selection clause to be mandatory
where it provided: “Any dispute arising must be treated before the London Court
of Justice.”(emphasis added)).
The diverse language used in forum selection clauses often prevents direct
application of or reliance on decisions in other cases. In the instant case however,
there are several cases construing nearly identical language to be a permissive,
rather than mandatory, forum selection clause. For example, and as mentioned
earlier, the Florida Supreme Court in Quinones cited with approval to Keaty v.
Freeport Indonesia, Inc.,
503 F.2d 955 (5th Cir. 1974). In that case, the parties
entered into an employment agreement containing a forum selection clause which
provided:
This agreement shall be construed and enforceable according to the
law of the State of New York and the parties submit to the jurisdiction
of the courts of New York.
Id.
When Keaty filed a breach of contract action in Louisiana, Freeport moved
to dismiss, contending the forum selection clause mandated New York as the
exclusive jurisdiction to maintain the action. The trial court agreed and dismissed
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Keaty’s action. On appeal, the fifth circuit reversed the trial court’s order, holding
that the forum selection clause was permissive rather than mandatory. The
language at issue in this case is virtually identical to that in Keaty.
Other federal cases involving nearly identical language have uniformly held
such clauses to be permissive, rather than mandatory. See e.g., Redondo Constr.
Corp. v. Banco Exterior de Espana, S.A.,
11 F.3d 3 (1st Cir. 1993) (following
language held permissive: “Borrower and the Guarantors each hereby expressly
submits to the jurisdiction of all Federal and State courts located in the State of
Florida.”); LFR Collections LLC v. Phillip H. Taylor, M.D., J.D., P.A.,
2011 WL
4736360 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (following language held permissive: “The undersigned
hereby irrevocably submits to the jurisdiction of any New York State or Federal
Court located in New York City, over any action or proceeding arising out of any
dispute between the undersigned and the Lender.”); Land-Cellular Corp. v.
Zokaites,
2006 WL 3039964 (S.D. Fla. 2006) (following language held permissive:
“The debtor irrevocably submits and consents to the jurisdiction of any court of the
State of Pennsylvania located in Allegheny, and waives any and all objections to
jurisdiction or venue that any such party may have under the laws of the State of
Florida or otherwise in those courts in any such suit, action, or proceeding.”); Wai
v. Rainbow Holdings,
315 F. Supp. 2d 1261 (S.D. Fla. 2004) (following language
held permissive: “The law for the time being in force in the Republic of Singapore
8
shall apply to this agreement. . . and parties hereby agree to submit [to] the
jurisdiction of the Courts of Singapore.”)(alteration in original); Robatech
Midwest, Inc. v. Leuthner,
2015 WL 1219642 (E.D. Wis. 2015) (following
language held permissive: “The parties agree that the Laws of the State of Georgia
have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute that may arise under, or in connection
with, the enforcement o[r] interpretation of this Agreement. Distributor waives
any objection based on inconvenience of venue and any objection to venue or
forum for such claim or cause of action, and hereby submits to jurisdiction and
venue in the Superior Court of Cobb County, Georgia.”); Beissbarth USA, Inc. v.
KW Prods., Inc.,
2005 WL 38741 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (following language held
permissive: “Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably submits to the
jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division, or the Illinois State Court in Cook County for any action, suit or
proceeding arising out of or in connection with the transactions contemplated by
the Agreement.”).
Other Florida district courts have considered forum selection clauses with
language similar to that used in the clause at issue, and have concluded that the
forum selection clause was permissive. In Shoppes Limited Partnership v. Conn,
829 So. 2d 356 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), the court determined the following language
to be permissive:
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This instrument shall be construed in accordance with the laws of
Massachusetts. The Guarantor hereby consents to the jurisdiction of
the state and federal courts of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
The court explained that because the clause lacked words of exclusivity, it
was “a classic permissive forum selection clause doing nothing more than
consenting to jurisdiction in Massachusetts but not excluding jurisdiction in
another forum.”
Id. at 358.
In Regal
Kitchens, 894 So. 2d at 291, this court found the following
language to be permissive:
Any litigation concerning this contract shall be governed by the law of
the State of Florida, with proper venue in Palm Beach County.
Specifically, we held that “although the venue clause unequivocally states that
Florida law shall apply to any litigation of the subcontract, it lacks mandatory
language or words of exclusivity to show that venue is proper only in Palm Beach
County.”
Id.
By contrast, Florida and federal cases analyzing clauses with similar
language as the instant clause—but containing additional words of exclusivity—
have been deemed mandatory. See e.g., Copacabana Records, Inc. v. WEA Latina,
Inc.,
791 So. 2d 1179 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (providing in pertinent part: “This
agreement. . . shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York. . . .
Copacabana agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the Federal or State courts in
New York City in any action which may arise out of this agreement and said courts
10
shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes between WEA Latina and
Copacabana pertaining to this Agreement. . . .” (emphasis added)); Agile Assur.
Group, Ltd. v. Palmer,
147 So. 3d 1017 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (providing in
pertinent part: “Any legal suit, action, claim, proceeding[,] or investigation arising
out of or relating to this Agreement may be instituted exclusively in the courts of
Makati City and Employee waives any objections which he may now or hereafter
have to such venue of any such suit ... and irrevocably submits to the personal and
subject matter jurisdiction of any such court.” (emphasis added)); Ware Else, Inc.,
v. Ofstein,
856 So. 2d 1079 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (providing in pertinent part:
“This agreement is accepted and entered into in Missouri and any question
regarding its validity, construction, enforcement, or performance shall be governed
by Missouri law. Any legal proceeding arising from or in any way regarding this
Agreement shall have its venue located exclusively in the Circuit Court of St.
Louis County, Missouri, and the parties hereby expressly consent and submit
themselves to the personal jurisdiction and venue of the court.” (emphasis added));
Coffee Bean Trading-Roasting, LLC v. Coffee Holding, Inc.,
510 F. Supp. 2d
1075, 1077 (S.D. Fla. 2007) (providing in pertinent part: “This Agreement shall be
governed by and construed in accordance with the law of the State of Delaware. . .
. [T]he parties hereby (i) submit to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts
located in the State of Delaware for purposes of any legal action or proceeding
11
brought under or in connection with this Agreement, (ii) agree that exclusive venue
of any such action or proceeding may be laid in the State of Delaware and (iii)
waive any claim that the same is an inconvenient forum.” (emphasis added)).
Credorax relies principally upon the decisions in Golf Scoring Sys.
Unlimited, Inc. v. Remedio,
877 So. 2d 827 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), Celistics, LLC v.
Gonzalez,
22 So. 3d 824 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009), and Sonus-USA v. Thomas W.
Lyons, Inc.,
966 So. 2d 992 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) to support its position that the
forum selection clause in the instant case is mandatory. However, those cases are
distinguishable.
In Golf Scoring, the Fourth District found the following language in a forum
selection clause mandatory:
This Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be
governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of
Florida. The parties hereto consent to Broward County, Florida as the
proper venue for all actions that may be brought pursuant
hereto.
877 So. 2d at 828 (emphasis added.) The appellate court determined that the use
of the word “the” before the words “proper venue” reflected an agreement by the
parties that Broward County was the only proper venue, to the exclusion of all
others. Our court agreed with this analysis in distinguishing the clause in Golf
Scoring from that addressed in Regal
Kitchens, 894 So. 2d at 291 (providing that
“[a]ny litigation concerning this contract shall be governed by the law of the State
of Florida, with proper venue in Palm Beach County”). The forum selection
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clause in the instant case fails to contain the necessary language of exclusivity
found in Golf Scoring, instead referring to the Courts of Malta in non-exclusive
terms, compelling a conclusion that Malta is a proper jurisdiction, rather than the
only proper jurisdiction.
In Celistics, the forum selection clause provided:
In the event of any doubt, question or conflict which may arise from
the interpretation or implementation of this agreement, the parties
agree to select the venue and jurisdiction of the Courts and Tribunals
of the city of Madrid.
Celistics,
LLC, 22 So. 3d at 825 (emphasis added).
Although we noted that the clause did not contain the “‘magic words’ ‘shall’
or must,’” the parties nevertheless employed language of exclusivity by use of the
phrase “agree to select the venue and jurisdiction of. . . .” We held that, by using
such language, the parties “agreed that if there was any litigation stemming from
the ‘interpretation or implementation’ of the Agreement, it would take place in
Madrid, to the exclusion of all other possible venues.”
Id. at 826. Such language
of exclusivity is not present in the instant forum selection clause, and cannot be
read to reflect an agreement by the parties that Malta would serve as the exclusive
forum for resolving disputes under the Agreement.
Finally, Credorax posits that the use of the words “submits to the
jurisdiction” is different in kind from “consents to the jurisdiction” and provides
the language of exclusivity necessary to render the clause mandatory. Credorax
13
relies upon
Sonus, 966 So. 2d at 993, for this proposition. In Sonus, the forum
selection clause provided:
Any controversy relating to this agreement or any modification or
extension of it and any proceeding relating thereto shall be held in
Minneapolis, Minnesota. The parties hereby submit to jurisdiction for
any enforcement of this agreement in Minnesota.
Id.
However, in concluding that the clause at issue in that case was mandatory,
the Sonus court did not rely primarily upon the distinction between “submit to” and
“consent to.” As the court explained:
[T]he language of the initial sentence of the provision unquestionably
says that contractual disputes “shall” be held in Minnesota. This is the
specific language that makes jurisdiction in Minnesota mandatory.
The following sentence in the provision only serves to confirm that
when suit is brought in Minnesota, there will not be a fight about
whether the opposing party is required to defend there.
Id. at 993-94 (emphasis supplied).
While we acknowledge that the language “submits to the jurisdiction” may
in some circumstances be construed differently than the term “consents to the
jurisdiction,” courts must consider the entire language of the forum selection
clause (and other relevant portions of the agreement) in determining whether it is
permissive or mandatory. In the instant case, the use of the word “submit” instead
of “consent”, does not by itself provide the requisite words of exclusivity to render
this forum selection clause mandatory.
14
In Cardoso v. FPB Bank,
879 So. 2d 1247, 1249 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004), this
court construed a forum selection clause which provided in pertinent part:
Any legal action. . . with respect to this Agreement. . . may be brought
in the courts of Antigua, and/or in the Courts of the city of Sao Paulo,
state of Sao Paulo, Federative Republic of Brazil, at the sole option of
the Lender, and the Borrower and Guarantor hereby accept and
irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of
any such action or proceeding.
Id. at 1249 (emphasis added).
The phrase “irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction,” juxtaposed with the
earlier phrase “may be brought in courts of. . . ”, undermines any assertion that the
forum selection clause is mandatory in nature. We held in Cardoso that an
“ordinary and customary reading of the clause in question leads to the inescapable
conclusion that the forum selection clause . . . is permissive, not mandatory.”
Id.
Notwithstanding the use of the phrase “irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction,” we
determined that, read as a whole, the forum selection clause was merely a “consent
to a lawsuit in the locations(s) mentioned therein, but does not preclude litigation
in other locations.”
Id. See also Keaty, 503 F.2d at 956 (holding forum selection
clause permissive although it provided that “the parties submit to the jurisdiction of
the courts of New York”); Renfroe & Sons, Inc. v. Renfroe Japan Co.,
515 F. Supp.
2d 1258 (M.D. Fla. 2007) (holding that, in the absence of some jurisdictional
language of exclusivity, phrases “submit to jurisdiction” and “consent to
jurisdiction” are each construed merely to be a consent to jurisdiction). Compare
15
Weisser v. PNC Bank, N.A.,
967 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (holding forum
selection clause mandatory notwithstanding use of phrase “consent to jurisdiction”,
where the remainder of the clause provided words of exclusivity: “The parties
further consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of either the United States District
Court for the District of Kansas or the District Court of Johnson County, Kansas,
for the judicial resolution of any disputes. . . . “) (emphasis added).
CONCLUSION
Having reviewed the entire forum selection clause, together with the other
provisions of the Agreement, we conclude that the clause is permissive, as it lacked
mandatory language or words of exclusivity to establish that jurisdiction was
proper only in the courts of Malta. The trial court erred in concluding that the
forum selection clause was mandatory and in dismissing the complaint on this
basis.
We reverse the order dismissing the complaint and remand for proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
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