DONTA D. SAMS v. STATE OF FLORIDA ( 2019 )


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  •                NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
    MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
    IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
    OF FLORIDA
    SECOND DISTRICT
    DONTA DWAYNE SAMS,                           )
    )
    Appellant,                     )
    )
    v.                                           )        Case No. 2D16-2117
    )
    STATE OF FLORIDA,                            )
    )
    Appellee.                      )
    )
    Opinion filed April 12, 2019.
    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
    County; Reinaldo Ojeda, Judge.
    Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and
    Cynthia J. Dodge, Assistant Public
    Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.
    Ashley Moody, Attorney General,
    Tallahassee, and Cerese Crawford
    Taylor, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa,
    for Appellee.
    KELLY, Judge.
    Donta Sams was tried before a jury on two charges of attempted first-
    degree murder, two counts of child abuse, and one count of shooting into a building.
    The jury found him guilty of attempted second-degree murder, child abuse, and
    shooting into a building. He appeals from the judgment and sentences entered
    pursuant to the jury's verdict. While Sams raises several issues on appeal, we need not
    address each one because we conclude his challenge to the jury instructions is
    dispositive and requires that we reverse.
    Sams argues the trial court committed fundamental error because the jury
    instruction for attempted manslaughter did not exclude justifiable and excusable
    homicide from the definition of attempted manslaughter. He also argues it was
    fundamental error to omit the introduction to the homicide instruction that defines
    justifiable and excusable homicide. Both of these omissions have been held to be
    fundamental error and not subject to a harmless error analysis where the defendant is
    convicted of manslaughter (or attempted manslaughter) or a greater offense not more
    than one step removed. See State v. Spencer, 
    216 So. 3d 481
    , 486 (Fla. 2017)
    (declining to recede from State v. Lucas, 
    645 So. 2d 425
    (Fla. 1994), "even where there
    is nothing in the evidence from which a jury could conclude that a homicide or an
    attempted homicide was excusable or justified"); 
    Lucas, 645 So. 2d at 427
    (recognizing
    that "a complete instruction on manslaughter requires an explanation that justifiable and
    excusable homicide are excluded from the crime" and that failure to give the complete
    instruction is fundamental error which is not subject to a harmless error analysis where
    the defendant has been convicted of manslaughter or a greater offense not more than
    one step removed); Armstrong v. State, 
    579 So. 2d 734
    , 735 (Fla. 1991) ("Failure to
    instruct on justifiable or excusable homicide as it relates to the definition of
    manslaughter is reversible error."); Hedges v. State, 
    172 So. 2d 824
    , 826 (Fla. 1965)
    ("[I]n order to supply a complete definition of manslaughter as a degree of unlawful
    homicide it is necessary to include also a definition of the exclusions."), receded from on
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    other grounds by Weiand v. State, 
    732 So. 2d 1044
    (Fla. 1999); Van Loan v. State, 
    736 So. 2d 803
    , 804 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) ("A trial court must read the definitions of
    excusable and justifiable homicide in all murder and manslaughter cases. A failure to
    give these instructions constitutes fundamental error." (citation omitted)).
    The supreme court has, however, articulated some exceptions to these
    general rules. In Armstrong, the court quoted Ray v. State, 
    403 So. 2d 956
    , 961 (Fla.
    1981), and explained that
    it is not fundamental error to convict a defendant under an
    erroneous lesser included charge when he had an
    opportunity to object to the charge and failed to do so if . . .
    defense counsel requested the improper charge or relied on
    that charge as evidenced by argument to the jury or other
    affirmative 
    action. 579 So. 2d at 735
    (alteration in original). Similarly, in Lucas, the court reiterated that the
    only exception it had recognized was in cases where counsel "affirmatively agreed to or
    requested the incomplete 
    instruction." 645 So. 2d at 427
    . In Spencer, the court
    recognized an additional exception where a defendant "expressly concedes that a
    homicide or an attempted homicide is not justified or 
    excusable." 216 So. 3d at 486
    .
    While this additional exception is not applicable here, the question remains as to
    whether the exception discussed in Armstrong and Lucas applies here.
    Sams' defense at trial was twofold—he acted in the heat of passion and in
    self-defense. Defense counsel actively participated in two charge conferences in which
    the trial court went over each instruction individually and discussed them with the State
    and defense counsel. At no point in the charge conference is there any discussion of
    the introduction to the homicide charge. Instead, during the charge conference,
    defense counsel asked the court to include the following language in the instruction for
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    attempted first-degree murder: "An issue in this case is whether the Defendant did not
    act with a premeditated design to kill because he acted in the heat of passion based on
    adequate provocation." The instruction then goes on to explain what the jury must find
    to conclude that Sams acted in the heat of passion. Defense counsel also asked that
    the charge for attempted second-degree murder include the same language but this
    time to explain that heat of passion negates the requirement that Sams act with a
    depraved mind regardless of human life. Defense counsel did not ask that the heat of
    passion language be added to the attempted manslaughter instruction. He agreed to
    have the instruction on the justifiable use of deadly force read at the conclusion of all
    the homicide instructions. Defense counsel did not register any objection to the
    attempted manslaughter instruction or to the instructions as a whole, although the trial
    judge diligently inquired of counsel multiple times as to whether he was satisfied with
    the instructions.
    Where counsel has merely acquiesced to jury instructions that do not
    provide a full instruction on justifiable or excusable homicide, the exception discussed in
    Lucas does not apply. 
    Spencer, 216 So. 3d at 486
    (explaining that the district courts,
    including this one, have held that where counsel has merely acquiesced to jury
    instructions that did not provide a full instruction on justifiable or excusable homicide,
    the exception is not applicable). Counsel for Sams did not merely acquiesce—he was
    actively involved in shaping the content of the instructions. Nor do we equate his
    involvement in shaping the jury instructions as being the equivalent of requesting that
    the court give incomplete instructions—at least not in the sense the supreme court has
    employed that exception. See, e.g., 
    Armstrong, 579 So. 2d at 735
    (explaining that
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    counsel requested the limited instruction in order to tailor it to the defense that the killing
    was accidental).
    Whether counsel affirmatively agreed to the erroneous instructions is a
    closer question. There is no specific discussion regarding the introduction to the
    homicide instruction; however counsel did ask the court to include the definitions for
    heat of passion and justifiable use of force in the instructions, and the court did as
    counsel requested. And while defense counsel affirmatively agreed to the attempted
    manslaughter instruction as read, he did not specifically and affirmatively agree to
    exclude the required exceptions for justifiable and excusable homicide—he merely
    failed to object. In addressing the exception for cases in which counsel affirmatively
    agrees to an omission or alteration of a jury instruction, this court stated in Van Loan,
    that "[b]efore this exception applies, defense counsel must be aware of the omission,
    alteration, or incomplete instruction and affirmatively agree to 
    it." 736 So. 2d at 804
    .
    We also stated that "[t]he trial court shoulders the responsibility to properly instruct the
    jury on the definitions of excusable and justifiable homicide." 
    Id. We believe
    that Van
    Loan dictates the conclusion that notwithstanding counsel's actions, the omissions here
    amounted to fundamental error. We find this to be the case even though defense
    counsel affirmatively agreed to place the justifiable use of force and heat of passion
    instructions elsewhere in the jury instructions.
    We acknowledge that the extent to which Armstrong, Lucas, and Spencer
    require counsel to agree to an erroneous instruction and whether the record must reflect
    that counsel knew the instruction was erroneous has been subject to debate among the
    district courts and is presently the subject of a certified question in Knight v. State, 43
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    Fla. L. Weekly D404 (Fla. 1st DCA Feb. 19, 2018), review granted, No. SC18-309, 
    2018 WL 3097727
    (Fla. June 25, 2018). Accordingly, we certify the following question:
    IS IT FUNDAMENTAL ERROR TO CONVICT A DEFENDANT
    UNDER AN ALTERED OR INCOMPLETE LESSER INCLUDED
    CHARGE WHERE COUNSEL AFFIRMATIVELY AGREES TO THE
    INSTRUCTION, BUT THE RECORD DOES NOT SHOW THAT
    COUNSEL WAS AWARE OF THE ALTERATION OR OMISSION
    AND AFFIRMATIVELY AGREED TO IT AND IS IT ALSO
    NECESSARY FOR THE RECORD TO DEMONSTRATE THAT
    COUNSEL WAS AWARE THAT THE INSTRUCTION, AS
    ALTERED, WAS ERRONEOUS?
    Reversed and remanded.
    VILLANTI and LUCAS, JJ., Concur.
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