Kendle v. State , 255 So. 3d 400 ( 2018 )

Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed August 15, 2018.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
________________
No. 3D16-243
Lower Tribunal No. 12-14320
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Lukace Kendle,
Appellant,
vs.
The State of Florida,
Appellee.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Dava Tunis,
Judge.
Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Andrew Stanton and Harvey J.
Sepler, Assistant Public Defenders, for appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and G. Raemy Charest-Turken,
Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and SUAREZ and LINDSEY, J.J.
ROTHENBERG, C.J.
Lukace Kendle (“Kendle”) appeals from a final judgment of conviction and
sentence for second-degree murder and attempted second-degree murder. Kendle
contends that the trial court failed to conduct a sufficient Faretta1 inquiry, and that
the trial court and the State made inappropriate comments on his exercise of his
fundamental rights to remain silent and to represent himself. Upon review of the
lengthy record in this case, including the multiple Faretta inquiries conducted by
the trial court, we reject both arguments and, therefore, affirm.
BACKGROUND
Kendle was charged with shooting two men in the parking lot of Club Lexx
a/k/a Club Ro-lexx, a strip club where Kendle was employed as a security guard
on, or about, June 1, 2012. Kijuan Lamar Byrd died from his injuries. Michael
Smathers survived, but is paralyzed from the waist down. At all relevant times,
Kendle claimed that the shooting was justified under Florida’s Stand Your Ground
Law, section 776.032, Florida Statutes (2011).
At the outset, Kendle was represented by privately retained counsel, Simon
Steckel. At Kendle’s request, however, attorney Steckel was allowed to withdraw
on April 23, 2013. Thereafter, Kendle’s family notified Kendle and the trial court
that they wished to retain Abe Bailey to represent Kendle. Although Kendle
expressed a desire to represent himself, he agreed to meet with Mr. Bailey.
1 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).
2
However, two days later, another attorney, Carlos Gonzalez, entered an appearance
on Kendle’s behalf. A few months later, on June 21, 2013, during a status
conference, Kendle indicated that he wished to discharge Mr. Gonzalez and
represent himself.
At the hearing, Mr. Gonzalez raised concerns regarding Kendle’s
competency. Kendle objected to being evaluated for competency, stated that he
would not participate in any competency evaluations, and advised the trial court
that he had an associate’s degree in electronics engineering and, as such, he was
more than capable of representing himself. Nevertheless, the trial court ordered
that Kendle be evaluated. Kendle refused to cooperate, and his refusal delayed the
proceedings for several months.
On November 20, 2013, the trial court conducted a hearing to address
Kendle’s competency. At the hearing, the trial court reviewed the evaluating
doctors’ reports. Specifically, the trial court noted that Dr. Ralph Richardson was
unable to render an opinion because Kendle had refused to participate in the
evaluation, and that Dr. Rebecca Diaz Quintana had opined that even though
Kendle had refused to cooperate, in her opinion, Kendle was incompetent to
proceed. At the hearing, the trial court explained to Kendle that in order to make
an informed finding as to his competency and Kendle’s ability to represent himself,
Kendle would need to cooperate with the two doctors so that he could be properly
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evaluated. Kendle agreed to cooperate and to undergo the competency evaluations.
At a status conference held on December 5, 2013, Kendle’s counsel
informed the trial court that Dr. Richardson had conducted a lengthy interview
with Kendle and was now prepared to find that Kendle was competent. However,
before Kendle could be evaluated by Dr. Quintana, he began threatening
correctional officers, and as a result, he was moved to a restricted section of the jail
and Dr. Quintana was not permitted to see him. Although the trial court expressed
concerns that Kendle might be attempting to manipulate the system, the trial court
adjudicated Kendle incompetent on December 12, 2013.
After a period of hospitalization, and without being medicated, Kendle was
found competent. Thereafter, the trial court conducted multiple Faretta inquiries
during various stages of the proceedings. After each inquiry, the trial court found
that Kendle was competent to proceed and granted Kendle’s request to represent
himself. Despite Kendle’s objection, the trial court appointed stand-by counsel and
stand-by counsel was present during all phases of the proceedings. Kendle,
however, never sought guidance from stand-by counsel despite the trial court’s
constant reminders of his presence and willingness to assist. At the conclusion of
the trial, the jury returned a verdict of guilty as to both counts. Kendle was
sentenced to life imprisonment with a twenty-five-year minimum mandatory term
for the second-degree murder of Mr. Byrd, and thirty years with a twenty-five-year
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minimum mandatory term for the attempted second-degree murder of Mr.
Smathers.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A trial court’s decision regarding the withdrawal or discharge of counsel is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Guardado v. State, 965 So. 2d 108, 113 (Fla.
2007). Where a defendant seeks to represent himself or herself, the trial court’s
decision turns on “an assessment of demeanor and credibility.” Morgan v. State,
991 So. 2d 984, 987 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (quoting Potts v. State, 718 So. 2d 757,
759 (Fla. 1988)). A trial court’s decision regarding self-representation is entitled to
great weight and must be affirmed on review if supported by competent substantial
evidence. Potts, 718 So. 2d at 759.
Unpreserved challenges regarding comments made during voir dire, on the
other hand, are reviewed for fundamental error. Bell v. State, 108 So. 3d 639, 651
(Fla. 2013). Kendle’s challenges to the comments made by the State and the trial
court were not preserved. Thus, the proper standard of review is for fundamental
error.
ANALYSIS
I. The Faretta Inquiries
Kendle contends that the trial court failed to make sufficient inquiries, as
required by Faretta, before permitting him to represent himself. We disagree. The
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record clearly reflects that the trial court diligently and painstakingly colloquied
Kendle regarding his demand to represent himself on numerous occasions and at
every critical stage of the proceedings. The record also clearly reflects that Kendle
knowingly, intelligently, and freely waived his right to counsel.
In Faretta, the United States Supreme Court held that an accused has the
right to represent himself so long as his waiver of his right to counsel is knowingly
and intelligently made. In other words, the defendant must be aware of what he or
she is doing, and his or her choice must be made with eyes open. Id. at 835 (citing
Adams v. United States, ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1943)). The Florida
Supreme Court has adopted the inquiry articulated by the Faretta Court in the
Amendment to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.111(d) (2)-(3), App. B, 719
So. 2d 873 (Fla. 1998), which states in part:
(2) A defendant shall not be deemed to have waived the assistance of
counsel until the entire process of offering counsel has been
completed and a thorough inquiry has been made into both the
accused’s comprehension of that offer and the accused’s capacity to
make a knowing and intelligent waiver. Before determining whether
the waiver is knowing and intelligent, the court shall advise the
defendant of the disadvantages and dangers of self-representation.
If the trial court determines that the defendant has made a knowing and
intelligent waiver of his right to counsel, then the trial court cannot deny the
defendant’s unequivocal request to represent himself or herself, regardless of the
defendant’s lack of legal skills or the complexity of the case. Rule 3.111(d)(3).
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The competence that is required of a defendant seeking to waive his right to
counsel is the competence to waive the right, not the competence to represent
himself. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399 (1993). In other words, the
defendant need not possess the technical legal knowledge of an attorney in order to
be permitted to proceed pro se. Hill v. State, 688 So. 2d 901, 905 (Fla. 1996).
A defendant’s demand for self-representation places the trial court in a
quandary, for the court must balance seemingly conflicting fundamental rights –
i.e., the court must weigh the right of self-representation against the rights to
counsel and to a fair trial. Potts, 718 So. 2d at 759. In order to achieve this
balance, the model colloquy published by the Florida Supreme Court suggests
that the trial court: (1) inquire as to the defendant’s age, education, his ability to
read and write, any mental or physical conditions, and whether anyone has
threatened the defendant concerning the decision to proceed without counsel; (2)
advise the defendant that a lawyer can assist him in calling witnesses and
presenting evidence, can ensure that accurate jury instructions are given, and
preserve errors for appeal; and (3) warn the defendant that he will not receive any
special treatment and will be limited by the resources available to him while in
custody. Smith v. State, 956 So. 2d 1288, 1289 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (quoting In re
Amendment to Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.111(d) (2)-(3), 719 So. 2d 873, 876-77 (Fla.
1998)).
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The trial court, however, is not required to follow the model colloquy word
for word. See Smith, 956 So. 2d at 1290. Instead, it is sufficient for the defendant
to be alerted to the general difficulties of navigating the legal system. Hill, 688 So.
2d at 905. As the Florida Supreme Court noted in Aguirre-Jarquin v. State, 90
So. 3d 593, 602 (Fla. 2009) and Porter v. State, 788 So. 2d 917, 927 (Fla. 2001),
“the essence of the colloquy is to ensure the defendant makes a knowing and
voluntary waiver of counsel.”
Importantly, the focus is not on the “specific advice rendered by the trial
court – for there are no ‘magic words’ under Faretta – but rather, on the
defendant’s general understanding of his or her rights.” Potts, 718 So. 2d at 760.
A review of the proceedings in this case, as summarized below, demonstrates that
the trial court conducted multiple inquiries that complied with both rule 3.110(d)
and Faretta.
A. The April 4, 2014 Faretta Inquiry
After determining that Kendle had been restored to competency, and upon
Kendle’s reiteration of his desire to represent himself, the trial court conducted the
following Faretta inquiry:
THE COURT: What are your complaints with your defense
counsel?
DEFENDANT: First of all my defense counsel has been – I asked
him to submit a demand in June of last year, and if he had done it in
June of last year, I would have been in trial over ten months ago. This
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way I do believe I can do it myself.
THE COURT: Do you understand that there [were] some things
that your attorney needed to do in order to be ready for trial?
DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: You have a right to have a lawyer, you know that?
DEFENDANT: I also have a right to [a] Speedy Trial Demand and
I have a right to represent myself.
THE COURT: I understand that. Do you understand [that] he is a
paid lawyer, and if you cannot afford a lawyer I can appoint one for
you?
DEFENDANT: I would like to represent myself.
THE COURT: That is not my question. My question is, do you
understand that I have the ability to appoint a lawyer for you?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you want me to appoint a lawyer for you?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Let me explain something to you. Your lawyer
can help. I have to go through this. If you don’t want to go through it
right now, I will reset this on another day.
DEFENDANT: I understand you completely.
THE COURT: A lawyer presents legal knowledge and
experience. In reference to having counsel represent you, he has the
ability to identify objections and secure favorable evidence on your
behalf [and] to be present at the time of trial. Assist in obtaining pre-
trial release. The lawyer’s legal knowledge and expertise may
favorably affect the discovery and may obtain skillful use of discovery
provided. A lawyer can protect your constitutional rights and make
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sure they are protected and take the proper steps to address them. A
lawyer will make sure [that] the speedy trial rules and statute of
limitations are enforced. A lawyer can obtain favorable evidence and
introduce them [sic] in trial on your behalf. A lawyer can file the
appropriate motions to exclude evidence, to suppress evidence and to
dismiss or reduce the charges against you. Do you understand that is
what a lawyer can do?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: A lawyer can help you decide whether to enter a
guilty plea. A lawyer can advise as to whether entering into the plea is
in your best interest. A lawyer has experience in helping you work
with the State and even bargain for different terms. A lawyer is
advanced to the [disadvantages] as to what you say to the Court
during plea, hearings, sentencing[,] or trial. Do you understand you
will not get special consideration from the Court just because you
want to represent yourself?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand how necessary a lawyer is and
how he or she could help you?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: You are currently charged with – let me see the
Information. You are currently charge[d] with one count of 2nd
degree murder. That is a life felony. You are looking at life in prison.
And one count of attempted second degree murder. That is a 1st
degree felony punishable by up to 30 years. Have you received a
copy of the charges and have you had a chance to review them?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand the serious nature of the
charges against you?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
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THE COURT: The maximum sentence that can be imposed
against you is life; do you understand that?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: If you are found guilty, you may have a permanent
criminal record and you may never get out of prison again; do you
understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: If you are not a citizen of the United State[s], you
could be deported from this country; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand [what] the consequences of
entering a plea would be?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you have questions concerning the
consequences of being found guilty or entering into a plea?
DEFENDANT: I understand completely.
THE COURT: Let me tell you some of the ways a lawyer can help
during the course of the trial. A lawyer has experience and
knowledge of the entire process. Your lawyer will argue for you
during the trial and present legal argument for your defense before a
jury. A lawyer’s knowledge and experience may give a lawyer an
advantage during the [jury] selection process on your behalf. A
lawyer can call witnesses for you, question witnesses against you and
present evidence on your behalf. A lawyer can advise you on whether
you should testify and the consequence of that decision and what you
have the right not to say; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: A lawyer that studies the rules of evidence knows
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whatever exhibits cannot come into trial. A lawyer can make
objections during trial and try to keep certain testimony and evidence
being introduced at trial from coming in. Jury qualifications and a
lawyer’s knowledge may enhance the [jury] selection process on your
behalf. A lawyer may provide assistance in charging the jury and get
the complete jury members’ information and present effective closing
arguments on your behalf and [object to] improper argument by the
prosecutors; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: A lawyer assures any errors are properly preserved
for appellate review later by a higher court; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: If you are convicted, a lawyer may prepare for
sentencing and make sure favorable facts about you are brought to my
attention for sentencing. A lawyer may make sure the Court is aware
of laws available for a favorable disposition. A lawyer can make sure
a proper Pre-sentence Investigation Report is prepared on your behalf.
A lawyer may bring witnesses to court to testify on your behalf at
sentencing. A lawyer may make sure [that] any sentence is lawfully
imposed. An attorney’s legal knowledge and experience may be
useful in fighting and seeking release on bail pending appeal; do you
understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: There are certain dangers and disadvantages in
self-representation, as it is almost [always] unwise to represent
yourself in court. Let me tell you a few of the disadvantage[s] of
representing yourself in court. Do you understand that you will not
get any special treatment from the Court just because you are
representing yourself?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand you will not be entitled to a
continuance simply because you wish to represent yourself?
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DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: You will also be limited to the legal resources
available to you while you are in custody; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: You will not be entitled to any additional library
privileges just because you are representing yourself.
DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: A lawyer would have fewer restrictions preserving
your defense or investigating your case; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: You are not required to possess [the] legal
knowledge or skills of an attorney. [But] [y]ou will be required to
abide by the Rules of Criminal Law and Courtroom Procedure; do you
understand that?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: That took lawyers years to learn and abide by. If
you demonstrate failure to abide by these rules, I may terminate your
self-representation; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand if you are disruptive in the
courtroom, the Court can terminate [your] self-representation and
remove you from the courtroom and, therefore, the trial continues
without your presence; do you understand that?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am – without my presence?
THE COURT: Yes, sir. Do you understand?
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DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand your access to the assistant
state attorney prosecuting you will be severely reduced compared to a
lawyer who could easily pick up the phone and call the attorney?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Additionally, the State will not go easier on you
and give you special treatment because you are representing yourself.
The [State] will present the case against you as if you were an
experienced lawyer; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: If you are convicted you cannot claim on appeal
[your] lack of legal knowledge or skills. In other words, you cannot
[receive] ineffective [assistance] of counsel if you represent yourself;
do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you understand these advantages and
disadvantages of representing yourself?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions on the dangers and
disadvantages?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: During the time you have been represented by
counsel in this case, did you discuss this case with your attorney?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: I need to ask you a few questions to determine if
you are
competent to make a knowing and intelligent waiver of counsel. How
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old are you?
DEFENDANT: I’m 27.
THE COURT: Can you read?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Can you write?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you have any difficulty in understanding
English?
DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: How many years in school did you complete?
DEFENDANT: Almost an associate’s degree in electronic
[engineering].
THE COURT: Are you currently under the influence of any
alcohol or drugs?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Have you been diagnosed or treated for mental
illness?
DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: May I see the evaluations? Have you seen the
evaluations?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Would you like a moment to review them?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
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THE COURT: Dr. Quintana and [Dr.] Ruiz opine [that] he is
suffering from substances [and there is a] likelihood [that] he is
suffering from the mental illness bipolar or psychotic disorder. And
Dr. Richardson could not obtain enough information to make that
finding.
MR. GONZALEZ: Is that the latest?
THE COURT: I will review them when I make my finding. Do
you have any physical problems that would hinder your self-
representation in this case like hearing, speech or poor eyesight?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Has anyone told you not to use a lawyer?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Has anyone threatened you not to hire a lawyer or
accept a lawyer appointed by the Court?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am?
THE COURT: Do you understand a lawyer appointed by the
Court will represent you for free?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: You are entitled to fire your attorney and I can
certainly appoint a different lawyer for you; do you understand?
DEFENDANT: Yes, I understand.
THE COURT: Do you wish for me to do that at this time?
DEFENDANT: No ma’am.
THE COURT: Have you ever represented yourself in a trial?
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DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions about having a lawyer
appointed to defend you?
DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.
THE COURT: Having been advised of your right to counsel and
the advantages of having counsel and the disadvantages and the
dangers without counsel, knowing those consequence[s] in the event
of a conviction, are you certain you do not want me to appoint a
lawyer for you?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
THE COURT: If I do allow you to represent yourself and you
request it, I could have the assistant public defender act as standby
counsel. He or she would be available to you if you have any
question[s] during the course of these proceedings. Would you like
standby counsel?
DEFENDANT: No ma’am.
In order to further review the evaluations and make an informed decision,
the
trial court rescheduled the matter. Thereafter, Kendle withdrew his request to
represent himself,2 and the trial court ordered additional competency evaluations.
In the interim, the trial court honored Kendle’s insistence that his privately retained
counsel be discharged, and appointed Jorge Viera from the Office of Regional
2The record reflects that Kendle withdrew his request to proceed pro se during a
hearing on April 30, 2014, while at the same time refusing to answer any of the
trial court’s questions. Instead, indicating that he would no longer participate in
the proceedings, which he called “a charade.”
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Counsel to represent Kendle.3 On November 13, 2014, the trial court concluded
that Kendle was incompetent to proceed, but a few months later, on March 3,
2015, Kendle was again restored to competency.
B. The March 6, 2015 Faretta Inquiry
Having found that Kendle was competent to proceed, the trial court
conducted another Faretta inquiry on March 6, 2015. The colloquy was very
similar to that which took place on April 4, 2014. The trial court again inquired as
to Kendle’s background, his education, and lack of legal training. The trial court
again confirmed that Kendle had no prior history of mental illness, was not
currently taking any medication, and was not under the influence of drugs or
alcohol. The trial court also confirmed that Kendle had not been threatened, or
advised against the use of an attorney. Among other things, the trial court went
over the seriousness of the charges, the potential penalties, and the consequences
of an adjudication of guilt. The trial court also reviewed with Kendle the
advantages of having an attorney, and the disadvantages of self-representation.
Specifically, the trial court emphasized that a lawyer could be of assistance
with witness preparation, direct-examination, cross-examination, raising
objections, introducing evidence, as well as providing counsel during plea hearings
and/or sentencing hearings. Upon questioning by the trial court, Kendle also
3Attorney Viera was appointed due to a conflict with the Public Defender’s Office.
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confirmed his independent knowledge and understanding of the various different
types of witnesses, i.e., fact, character, and expert witnesses.
The trial court also reminded Kendle that counsel was available to him free
of charge. Just as with the prior Faretta inquiry, Kendle confirmed his
understanding following each question posed by the trial court.
Thereafter, the trial court, with the assistance of the Assistant State
Attorney, explained to Kendle the possibility that he could receive a sentence of
life imprisonment with minimum mandatory penalties.
THE COURT: Okay. Go over those minimum mandatories.
MS. PEARSON: Well, because of the fact that a firearm was used
and discharged, and caused great bodily injury as well as death in this
case, he’s facing the 25-year minimum mandatory to life on each of
those counts.
THE COURT: Okay. And she just wanted to put on the record [the]
minimum mandatory sentences that you would be facing in the event
that you are found guilty. Do you understand that?
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
MS. PEARSON: On each count.
THE COURT: And understanding that, you still wish to proceed –
DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am.
Kendle again reiterated his request to proceed pro se; the trial court concluded that
Kendle had made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel; and
after Kendle expressed his desire to discharge attorney Viera, the trial court, over
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Kendle’s objection, appointed new stand-by counsel.
C. The May 5, 2015 Faretta Inquiry
On May 5, 2015, the trial court conducted yet another Faretta inquiry during
a hearing on the State’s motion in limine. The colloquy was similar to the ones
that took place on April 4, 2014 and March 6, 2015. Specifically, the trial court
reiterated that Kendle had the right to an appointed lawyer free of charge. The
trial court reminded Kendle that he had no legal training, that he was unfamiliar
with the rules of evidence, and that a lawyer with knowledge of case law and the
rules of evidence would be beneficial in arguing his “stand your ground” motion,
subpoenaing witnesses, and preserving errors for purposes of appeal. Kendle
responded that he understood everything that the trial court had explained, but he
still wanted to exercise his constitutional right to represent himself.
Following the colloquy, in the abundance of caution, and because the trial
court was concerned that competency evaluations had become stale over time, the
trial court ordered new evaluations. The trial court advised Kendle that any failure
to cooperate with the evaluations would result in a further delay of the
proceedings. The record reflects that Kendle cooperated with the competency
evaluations, and on May 22, 2015, the trial court found that Kendle was competent
to proceed.
D. The June 5, 2015 and August 13, 2015 Faretta Inquiries
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The trial court conducted another lengthy and detailed Faretta inquiry during
a June 5, 2015 status conference. Similar to the earlier inquires, the trial court
reviewed Kendle’s background, explained the advantages of having counsel, and
the disadvantages of self-representation. At the conclusion of the colloquy, the
trial court concluded that Kendle had again made a knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary waiver of his right to counsel.
The trial court conducted another Faretta hearing a few weeks before trial,
on August 13, 2015. The inquiry followed the same format that the trial court had
used on prior occasions. Among other things, the trial court reiterated the charges
against Kendle, the seriousness of the offenses, and the potential sentences. The
trial court also reminded Kendle that he would not be receiving any special
treatment simply because he was representing himself. During this inquiry, the
trial court questioned Kendle as to why he thought that he could do a better job
than a lawyer. In response, Kendle indicated that he felt as though he was better
suited to cross-examine witnesses because he was actually present during the
events in question. Once again, the trial court concluded that Kendle had made a
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel.
E. The August 17, 2015 Faretta Inquiry
On August 17, 2015, following an administrative transfer of the case to
another judge, the trial judge introduced herself; appointed new stand-by counsel,4
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Abe Bailey; and conducted another detailed Faretta inquiry. The trial court
colloquied Kendle on his background, his lack of legal training, the charges, the
rules of evidence, the rules of criminal procedure, preserving objections, jury
selection, the possible penalties that could be imposed, and the role of stand-by
counsel. The trial court also discussed with Kendle the advantages of having an
attorney, and strongly urged Kendle to rethink his position. During the inquiry,
Kendle noted that the trial court’s questions went further than what Faretta
requires. Specifically, he stated “I’ve taken four or five Faretta [h]earings and
none of these questions have ever been on a Faretta.” In response, the trial court
explained that it conducts very thorough inquires. In granting Kendle’s request for
self-representation, the trial court noted that Kendle was very bright and clearly
articulate.
F. The August 31, 2015 Faretta Inquiry
On August 31, 2015, the first day of trial, the trial court conducted yet
another Faretta inquiry. During the inquiry, the trial judge colloquied Kendle as it
had done in the past, confirming that he was not under the influence of drugs, and
that he understood the charges against him, as well as the potential penalties. The
trial court reiterated to Kendle again its concern that Kendle had no legal education
and that he was unfamiliar with, among other things, the Florida Rules of
4Prior stand-by counsel, Marla Levenstein, was discharged by the trial court at the
August 13, 2015 hearing at Kendle’s request.
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Evidence, the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, the jury selection process, and
raising and preserving objections. Kendle responded that he understood all that
the trial court had explained to him, but that he still wished to represent himself.
The trial court concluded that Kendle was knowingly and voluntarily waiving his
right to counsel, reminded Kendle that stand-by counsel was present in the
courtroom, and informed Kendle that the court would renew the offer of assistance
of counsel with Kendle at each critical stage of the proceedings. Kendle
represented himself during the entire trial, and he continued to refuse the assistance
of stand-by counsel throughout the proceedings. The jury returned a verdict of
guilty on both counts, as charged.
A review of the numerous Faretta inquiries, and the record as a whole,
reflects that Kendle is an intelligent and articulate young man. As the trial court
noted during post trial proceedings:
…I’d like to point out that during the course of this trial, and I am
saying this for the record, on a number of occasions, Mr. Kendle
remembered off the top of his head, without any piece of paper in
front of him on the table, which paragraph in the motion in limine that
we had addressed that [sic] he was talking about.
And, in addition, Mr. Kendle, without the assistance of [counsel] did a
cross-examination of the one inconsistency that was presented by one
witness . . . it was a lady that [worked there] as a waitress [but] she
was only there on the night of the shooting to go to the barbeque
stand. And she said she was there at 1 o’clock and [Mr. Kendle] said
this incident was at 10:45, not 1 o’clock. On his own, he did the
impeachment.
23
He represented himself and he knew what he was doing. And the
Court is satisfied with all of [its] colloquies.
The record also reflects that the trial court complied with the requirements
of
Faretta and rule 3.111(d), and that Kendle knowingly, intelligently, and freely
waived his right to be represented by counsel and exercised his right to represent
himself. At all times during the proceedings, Kendle reaffirmed his understanding
of his right to counsel after being carefully colloquied regarding the difficulties of
self-representation and the valuable services provided by counsel. Kendle knew
and understood the severity of the charges, and he insisted that his constitutional
right to self-representation be honored. Because the trial court’s determination that
Kendle made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel is
supported by competent substantial evidence, we affirm on the issue of Kendle’s
self-representation.
II. Comments by the Trial Court and the State
Kendle contends that during voir dire, the trial court improperly called
attention to the possibility that Kendle might exercise his right to remain silent
and/or to not put on a defense, and that both the State and the trial court improperly
commented on his exercise of his constitutional right to represent himself.
We address each argument in turn.
A. Comments Regarding Kendle’s Right to Remain Silent
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It is well settled that a defendant has the constitutional right to not testify
against himself in a criminal proceeding. Brown v. State, 771 So. 2d 603, 604
(Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (citing U.S. CONST. amend, V). This constitutional principle
is incorporated in Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.250, which prohibits a
prosecuting attorney from commenting on a defendant’s failure to testify.
Rodriguez v. State, 753 So. 2d 29, 37 (Fla. 2000). Thus, “any comment on, or
which is fairly susceptible of being interpreted as referring to, a defendant’s failure
to testify is error and is strongly discouraged.” State v. Marshall, 476 So. 2d 150,
153 (Fla. 1985). Such erroneous comments do not, however, require an automatic
reversal. State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 1137 (Fla. 1986).
In this case, during voir dire, the trial court advised the jury of the law
regarding Kendle’s right to remain silent during the trial, and provided prospective
jurors with a cautionary statement that if Kendle chose not to testify, they could
not hold it against him. Specifically, the trial court advised the jury as follows:
THE COURT: Okay. Also, in every criminal case the burden of
proof is on the State of Florida and it never shifts to the defendant.
Does everyone understand that?
PROSPECTIVE JURY: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay. So, it’s the State of Florida that must prove
the charges against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. They
must present the evidence. So, the defendant may choose to
participate in this trial by questioning or he may choose to not
participate. He has no burden to prove anything to you. Do you
understand that?
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PROSPECTIVE JURY: Yes.
THE COURT: The burden is on the State of Florida. So, hand-in-
hand with that goes the fact that he also has no burden to testify,
present evidence, [or] tell his side of the story. He has every right to
remain silent and just sit there at that table. Does everyone
understand that?
PROSPECTIVE JURY: Yes.
After the jury had been sworn, the trial court provided the following
cautionary instruction:
From the exercise of a defendant’s right to remain silent, you may not
draw any inference of guilt or hold it against him in any way. The
fact that a defendant does not take the witness stand must not
influence your verdict or your discussions in any manner whatsoever.
At no time during these discussions did the trial court demean or devalue
Kendle’s right to not testify. We find that the comments and cautionary
instructions given in this case, not only fall within the realm of what is permitted,
but are also necessary. Without such cautionary instructions, the jurors would be
free to infer or speculate that a defendant who does not testify must surely be
guilty, otherwise he would take the stand in his own behalf. Andrews v. State, 443
So. 2d 78, 84 (Fla. 1983). The cautionary no-inference instruction’s “very purpose
is to remove from the jury’s deliberations any influence of unspoken adverse
inferences.” Id. (quoting Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S. 333, 339 (1978)). To the
extent that Kendle argues that these comments impermissibly referred to his right
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to remain silent, we reject this claim.
B. Comments Regarding Kendle’s Right to Self-Representation
Kendle contends that the trial court and the State infringed upon and
undermined his right to represent himself by making inappropriate references to
his election to represent himself in the presence of the jury. The comments made
by the State are as follows:
So, in this particular case, as the judge has mentioned, the defendant
has chosen to represent himself. He’s what is called a pro se
defendant. The Constitution allows all of us that right and [it] is
something you can choose to do, if you found yourself to be in a
situation. Now, the judge is going to hold him to the same standards
as an attorney. Okay. And he’s going to be held to the same standard
as Mr. Winston and myself. So, knowing this, is anyone going to feel
sympathy towards him because of the fact that he’s not a trained
attorney and is being held to the same standard as we are.
* * *
Knowing that he’s pro se, we still have to prove our case beyond a
reasonable doubt. Is anyone going to hold us to a higher standard,
sort of like, so we need to level the playing field because of the fact
that he’s pro se and you’re now against an attorney, so you know, this
is different?
* * *
So, knowing that, knowing all of this, is anyone going to hold us to a
higher standard and sort of level the playing field by holding us to a
higher standard?
Kendle argues that these questions and comments impermissibly referred to
his right to represent himself. However, Kendle failed to object to this line of
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questioning by the State and, therefore, Kendle’s challenges to these comments
were not preserved for appeal and he must demonstrate fundamental error. No
such error exists here.
Counsel must have an opportunity to ascertain latent or concealed
prejudgments or predispositions by prospective jurors. Stano v. State, 473 So. 2d
1282, 1285 (Fla. 1985) (quoting Jones v. State, 378 So. 2d 797, 798 (Fla. 1st DCA
1979)). A juror’s competency is determined by identifying any predispositions,
bias, or prejudice, and determining whether that juror can “lay aside any bias or
prejudice and render his verdict solely upon the evidence presented and the
instructions on the law given to him by the court.” Davis v. State, 461 So. 2d 67,
70 (Fla. 1984) (quoting Lusk v. State, 446 So. 2d 1038, 1041 (Fla. 1984)). Here,
the prosecutor merely inquired as to whether the jurors would be able to evaluate
the evidence, follow the law, and apply the correct burden of proof, despite the fact
that Kendle was representing himself. Thus, the State’s inquiry presents no error,
let alone fundamental error.
Kendle also takes issue with the trial court’s following discussion with
Kendle in front of the jury, which Kendle claims undermined his right to self-
representation:
MR. KENDLE: Your Honor, I was gonna make a –
THE COURT: Excuse me. Just one moment. Okay. Is there an
objection that you’re raising, because there [are] no speaking
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objections allowed? Would you like to wait and discuss with me?
MR. KENDLE: No. Remember the request I suggested? The
request I said I was going to make the last time I was here about the
jury?
THE COURT: Let’s do this. Okay. Right now, Mr. Kendle –
MR. KENDLE: I was going to make the request in front of the
jury, not in front of you. That’s what I was going to say. But if you
say we have to wait until the jury is gone, then there’s no point.
THE COURT: See, here’s the situation. The way that the jury
selection works, okay, which is, again, why I strongly urged you to
have a lawyer.
MR. KENDLE: And I’m not.
THE COURT: I get it. [This] is not your time to ask questions,
but your time to ask questions, if you choose to, will be this afternoon.
This exchange took place while the trial judge was addressing the
prospective jurors. Speaking out of turn, Kendle interrupted and asked to address
the jury and make a request of the jury. Although a defendant has a constitutional
right to self-representation at trial, Faretta, 422 U.S. at 806, “[t]he right of self-
representation is not a license to abuse the dignity of the courtroom. Neither is it a
license to not comply with the relevant rules of procedural and substantive law.”
Id. (quoting Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834 n.46). Thus, the trial court “must possess the
authority to reasonably control the scope of voir dire examination if the trial is to
progress in an orderly and expeditious manner.” Allen v. Se-Go Indus., Inc., 510
So. 2d 1097, 1098 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987) (citing Mizell v. New Kingsley Beach, Inc.,
29
122 So. 2d 225, 227 (Fla. 1st DCA 1960)).
We conclude that this isolated unobjected-to comment by the trial court was
not fundamental error as it did not deprive Kendle of his right to a fair trial.
Rather, it was an attempt by the trial court to control the courtroom and the process
following Kendle’s insistence on addressing the jury during the court’s questioning
of the prospective jurors. To the extent that any error occurred, it was de minimis.
CONCLUSION
Because: (1) the record reflects that the trial court’s colloquies of Kendle at
every critical stage of the proceedings complied with Faretta and rule 3.111(d) and
sufficiently advised Kendle of the pitfalls and the difficulties associated with self-
representation; (2) the record reflects that Kendle made a knowing and voluntary
waiver of representation by counsel and election to represent himself; and (3)
neither the State, nor the trial court, committed fundamental error when advising or
questioning the jury, we affirm the judgment and sentences imposed in this case.
Affirmed.
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