DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
TIFFANY GRAVES,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D20-2728
[January 5, 2022]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St.
Lucie County; Robert E. Belanger, Judge; L.T. Case Nos.
562020CF002248A and 562020CF001762B.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Stacey Kime, Assistant Public
Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Jessica L.
Underwood, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
FORST, J.
Appellant Tiffany Graves appeals from the trial court’s denial of her
admission to drug court and her resulting nolo contendere plea. Appellant
argues that: (1) this Court has jurisdiction because her admission to drug
court was dispositive and because she specifically reserved the right to
appeal; (2) even if the issue was not dispositive, the trial court’s ruling is
reviewable on direct appeal due to ineffective assistance of counsel
apparent on the face of the record; and (3) the trial court erred in finding
her ineligible for drug court based upon an erroneous interpretation of
section 948.08(6)(b)2., Florida Statutes (2020). Relying on our precedent
in Pena v. State,
913 So. 2d 1203 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005), we dismiss the
appeal for lack of jurisdiction, as discussed below.
Background
Appellant was charged with a third-degree felony in case number
562020CF001762B (“Case 1”). Thereafter, while on pre-trial release,
Appellant was arrested and charged with another third-degree felony—as
well as two misdemeanors—in case number 562020CF002248A (“Case 2”).
After the second arrest, defense counsel filed a motion seeking
admission to a pre-trial intervention program (drug court) with respect to
both of Appellant’s criminal cases. The trial court granted that request for
Case 1, but it found Appellant ineligible for admission pertaining to Case
2 based on the court’s analysis of “the plain meaning” of section
948.08(6)(b)2.
Based on the court’s ruling, Appellant entered a global open nolo
contendere plea, specifically reserving the right to appeal the partial denial
of her motion requesting placement in drug court. Later, following a plea
colloquy in which the trial court acknowledged that Appellant was
reserving the right to appeal the court’s ruling, the court released
Appellant to drug court on her own recognizance in Case 1, and sentenced
her to 18 months of probation with a withhold of adjudication as to all
charges in Case 2. One of the conditions of probation was completion of
the drug court program.
At sentencing (which occurred immediately after the hearing on
Appellant’s motion for placement in pre-trial intervention), Appellant
requested that the trial court find her motion dispositive. The trial court
responded: “[I]t’s dispositive on the issue of whether or not this would go
into Drug Court as a diversion. . . . [S]o if it came back, obviously . . . it
wouldn’t be dispositive. Like if I suppressed all the evidence in the case,
it came back, it would just be dropped. Okay?” Appellant (through
defense counsel) stated that she understood, and the discussion ended.
The trial court later reduced its oral pronouncement to writing and
issued a final judgment and sentence. Appellant timely appealed.
Analysis
An appellate court reviews issues of jurisdiction under a de novo
standard of review. Williams v. State,
313 So. 3d 788, 790 (Fla. 2d DCA
2021).
Under Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.140(2)(A)(i), “[a] defendant
who pleads guilty or nolo contendere may expressly reserve the right to
appeal a prior dispositive order of the lower tribunal, identifying with
particularly the point of law being reserved.” “An issue is dispositive only
when it is clear that regardless of the outcome of the appeal, there will be
no trial.” Diaz v. State,
34 So. 3d 797, 801 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (quoting
2
Fuller v. State,
748 So. 2d 292, 294 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999)). “[W]ithout both
an express reservation of the right to appeal and a finding that the issue
is dispositive, through either a trial court’s ruling or a stipulation by the
state, a defendant who pleads guilty or nolo contendere has no right to a
direct appeal.” Pamphile v. State,
65 So. 3d 107, 108 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011).
In Pena v. State,
913 So. 2d 1203 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005), a defendant
sought admission—via motion—to a pretrial drug intervention program.
Id. at 1204. The trial court denied the motion, and the defendant “entered
a no contest plea reserving the right to appeal.”
Id. Thereafter, following
the defendant’s ensuing probation sentence, the defendant filed an appeal,
“believing [the appellate] court had jurisdiction pursuant to Florida Rule
of Appellate Procedure 9.140(b)(2)(A)(i).”
Id.
On appeal, we concluded that the trial court’s denial of the motion to
participate in drug court was “not a legally dispositive order to the extent
necessary to confer jurisdiction . . . .”
Id. We noted that “[e]ven if this
court reversed and remanded for the [trial] court to grant [the defendant’s]
entry into the program, a trial may still yet be necessary if, for some
reason, [the defendant] opts out of the program and re-enters the regular
criminal justice system.”
Id. Our opinion additionally stated there was
“no great expectation or guarantee that reversal would absolutely foreclose
the possibility of a future trial on this specific charge.”
Id.
While Pena acknowledged that “courts are not unanimous in
dismissing an appeal based upon a plea after the trial court denies
admission to a pretrial intervention program”—referencing the First
District’s decision in Gardner v. State,
709 So. 2d 612 (Fla. 1st DCA
1998)—our opinion distinguished Gardner on the basis that the First
District’s opinion “did not directly consider the jurisdictional issue even
though it ruled on the merits of the claim.” Id. at 1205. Noting the absence
of “record evidence of a stipulation between the parties that the issue was
dispositive,” Pena concluded we had no jurisdiction to consider the merits
of the case on direct appeal. Id. at 1204 (quoting Weber v. State,
492 So.
2d 1166, 1167 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986)). 1
Here, as in Pena, the defendant sought admission to drug court,
entered a nolo contendere plea once the request was denied, was
sentenced to probation by the trial court, and then appealed (instead of
1Pena acknowledged “[t]here are other methods to raise this issue,” noting “[w]e
have reviewed orders denying entry to the drug intervention program as
appropriately raised by petition for certiorari.” Pena,
913 So. 2d at 1205 (citing
Hewlett v. Stone,
661 So. 2d 112 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995)).
3
filing a writ of certiorari).
Id. Indeed, the salient facts in Pena are almost
entirely identical to those of the instant case. Thus, Pena controls.
However, we are cognizant of several applicable exceptions to the
general body of law concerning jurisdiction and the finding of
dispositiveness. One such exception applies where “a finding of
dispositiveness can be inferred from the record.” Lamb v. State,
55 So. 3d
751, 753 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (concluding a finding of dispositiveness could
be inferred from the record where the court gave the defendant “the
impression that she was preserving her right to appeal the ruling . . . .”).
Another exception can be found in Batista v. State,
951 So. 2d 1008 (Fla.
4th DCA 2007). In that case, we acknowledged that the order being
appealed was “not a dispositive order and, thus, not appealable under
Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.140(b)(2)(A)(i).”
Id. at 1009.
Nonetheless, we addressed the merits and did not dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction based on: (1) Pena’s assertion that “courts may not be in
agreement as to the jurisdiction issue”; (2) the fact that the issue “may be
reviewable by petition”; and (3) the trial court’s authorization of the
defendant’s “reservation of the right to appeal.”
Id. at 1010.
In the instant case, although the trial court’s order denying Appellant’s
admission to drug court may have been reviewable by a petition for writ of
certiorari, and although the trial court repeatedly noted that Appellant was
expressly reserving the right to appeal, we distinguish Lamb and Batista
on the basis that the trial court here specifically found the denial of
admission to drug court for the second arrest was not dispositive. In fact,
when confronted with the issue of whether the motion was dispositive, the
trial court acknowledged that if the case came back before it, “obviously .
. . it wouldn’t be dispositive.” Consequently, because the trial court
specifically found the order was not dispositive, there was no basis to infer
dispositiveness, let alone an express reservation of the right to appeal and
finding of dispositiveness vesting this Court with jurisdiction. See
Pamphile, 65 So. 2d at 108.
In addition to this distinction, we find the procedural posture of Pena
and its discussion of Gardner squarely on point. Thus, we decline
Appellant’s invitation to hold that Gardner “was correctly decided and
should govern the analysis,” and dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.
Conclusion
Pursuant to Pena, we lack jurisdiction to consider the merits of
Appellant’s claim. We dismiss the appeal, without prejudice to Appellant
4
bringing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a motion for post-
conviction relief.
Dismissed.
GROSS and KUNTZ, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
5
