DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
MARTIN O’BOYLE,
Appellant,
v.
TOWN OF GULF STREAM,
Appellee.
No. 4D21-972
[June 1, 2022]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm
Beach County; Glenn Kelley, Judge; L.T. Case No. 502014CA008076.
Jonathan R. O’Boyle of The O’Boyle Law Firm, P.C., Deerfield Beach,
for appellant.
Jeffrey L. Hochman and Hudson C. Gill of Johnson, Anselmo, Murdoch,
Burke, Piper & Hochman, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellee.
GROSS, J.
Section 119.12, Florida Statutes (2014), 1 provides that in a civil action
where a court determines that an agency has “unlawfully refused to permit
a public record to be inspected or copied, the court shall assess and award,
against the agency responsible, the reasonable costs of enforcement
including reasonable attorneys’ fees.”
This case addresses the scope of the phrase “reasonable costs of
enforcement.” We hold that the statute does not provide for (1) an award
1 In their briefs, the parties quote language from the current version of section
119.12, but the civil action in this case originated under the 2014 version of the
statute. The amended version of section 119.12 applies only to public records
requests made on or after May 23, 2017. See Ch. 2017-21, § 2, Laws of Fla., eff.
May 23, 2017.
of attorney’s fees for litigating the amount of fees or (2) an award of fees
attributable to the non-testifying associates of an attorney fee expert. 2
The Pleadings and Entry of a Final Judgment
Appellant Martin O’Boyle sent a public records request to the Town of
Gulf Stream on June 17, 2014. Two days later, the Town produced three
documents in response to the request.
On July 3, 2014, appellant filed a pro se complaint alleging that the
Town had unlawfully withheld public records. The O’Boyle Law Firm
entered an appearance as counsel of record for appellant a few weeks later.
On January 13, 2017, the Town produced additional public records in
response to a discovery request.
Ultimately, the circuit court entered a Consent Final Judgment on
December 18, 2018, finding that the Town’s initial response to the public
records request was incomplete, “thereby entitling [appellant] to recover
from the Town [his] reasonable costs of enforcement, including reasonable
attorneys’ fees” under section 119.12 of the Public Records Act.
The Attorney’s Fee Hearing
Appellant moved for an award of his reasonable costs of enforcement,
including attorney’s fees and costs.
The Town sought a substantial reduction in fees, arguing in part that
because appellant “received all of the responsive records by January 13,
2017,” no attorney’s fees should be awarded for work performed after that
date.
At the fee hearing, appellant’s expert witness, attorney Eugene Pettis,
testified to the reasonableness of the fees and costs for enforcing
appellant’s rights under the Public Records Act. After reviewing the billing
records and making some reductions, Mr. Pettis opined that the total fees
reasonably incurred for representing appellant in this matter through
January 2019 totaled $92,489.90.
2We do not reach the issue of whether the trial court erred in failing to make
specific findings regarding the court’s decision not to apply a multiplier to the fee
award. Our examination of the record reveals that this argument was not
adequately preserved below.
2
The Town’s expert witness, Matthew Mandel, presented two models for
the reasonable cost of enforcement. Under the first model, fees would be
cut off as of January 13, 2017, the date by which all the responsive public
records had been produced, resulting in $4,923.94 as the amount for the
reasonable costs of enforcement. Mandel opined that appellant was “not
entitled to any fees after the production of the documents,” reasoning that
“the costs of enforcement after production is not awardable.” Under the
second model, Mandel’s alternative opinion, fees would be recoverable
until the date of the consent judgment.
The Attorney’s Fee Award
The court rejected the Town’s argument that the cutoff date for
recoverable fees was when the last responsive documents were turned over
to appellant. The court ruled that appellant was “entitled to costs of
enforcement (attorney’s fees) through the conclusion of the case.”
Given that demarcation for recoverable attorney’s fees, the court
awarded appellant $64,552.65, together with $110 in costs. The court
declined to award a fee multiplier. Later, the court entered an Agreed
Judgment awarding appellant an additional $6,897 in attorney’s fees plus
interest, bringing the total fee award to $76,328.68.
In this judgment, the court reserved jurisdiction to determine the
reasonable costs to be awarded for the services of appellant’s expert
witness.
The Award of Expert Costs
At the hearing on expert costs, Pettis testified that his rate in the
retainer agreement was $600 an hour. He was assisted by two experienced
associates at $495 an hour and a paralegal at $150 an hour. To be cost
efficient, he delegated document review tasks to the individuals with a
lower hourly rate.
Following the hearing, the trial court entered its Order on Expert Fees.
The court awarded appellant “all fees for time personally spent by Pettis in
rendering an opinion in this case.” Because the Town did not “contest the
fee sought by Pettis for the time that he spent personally working on this
case,” the discrete issue before the court was “whether time spent by
associate attorneys working for Pettis can be charged, or taxed, to the
[Town].”
3
The court ruled that appellant could not recover fees for the time spent
by Pettis’s non-testifying associates.
Under Section 119.12, Florida Statutes (2014),
Appellant is Not Entitled to Recover Attorney’s Fees for
Litigating the Amount of the Fee Award
Appellant argues that he should have been awarded fees for the post-
judgment litigation directed at the amount of fees to be awarded.
We conclude that section 119.12 does not authorize an award of fees
for litigating the amount of the fee award.
A claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to a statute has three potential
components: (1) time spent litigating the case on the merits; (2) time spent
litigating entitlement to attorney’s fees; and (3) time spent litigating the
amount of attorney’s fees. See Mallas v. Mallas,
326 So. 3d 704, 705 (Fla.
4th DCA 2021). The term “fees for fees” is shorthand for time spent
litigating the amount of attorney’s fees.
Id.
The operative fee statute in this case, section 119.12, Florida Statutes
(2014), mandates an award of the reasonable costs of enforcement,
including attorney’s fees, if a party brings a civil action against an agency
“to enforce the provisions of this chapter” and if the court determines that
the agency unlawfully refused to permit a public record to be inspected or
copied. The statute provides:
If a civil action is filed against an agency to enforce the
provisions of this chapter and if the court determines that
such agency unlawfully refused to permit a public record to
be inspected or copied, the court shall assess and award,
against the agency responsible, the reasonable costs of
enforcement including reasonable attorneys’ fees.
§ 119.12, Fla. Stat. (2014).
In construing section 119.12 we have tacked closely to the statutory
language. Thus, in News & Sun-Sentinel Co. v. Palm Beach County,
517
So. 2d 743 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), we held that attorney’s fees are
recoverable under section 119.12 where access to public records is denied
based upon a good faith but mistaken belief that the documents involved
4
are exempt from disclosure. 3 In refusing to engraft a “good faith” exception
onto the statute, we reasoned:
Clarification of particular applications of the public records
law accrues to the benefit of the agency and the public. It is
appropriate that a member of the public commencing
litigation to enforce disclosure and whose right to disclosure
is ultimately vindicated by court order at least have his
attorney’s fees reimbursed for that endeavor. The public
should not be required to underwrite clarification of a law
passed for its special benefit.
Id. at 744.
In considering different but similar statutory language providing for an
award of attorney’s fees, the Florida Supreme Court did not stretch the
statute to include an award of “fees for fees.”
Thus, in State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Palma,
629 So. 2d 830, 833
(Fla. 1993), the court held that attorney’s fees may properly be awarded
under section 627.428 for litigating the issue of entitlement to attorney’s
fees, but not for litigating the amount of attorney’s fees. The court
reasoned that such work “inures solely to the attorney’s benefit.”
Id. The
court distinguished section 627.428 from statutory fee authorizations
designed to encourage attorneys to represent indigent clients, emphasizing
that both the language and the purpose of section 627.428 supported its
conclusion. The court observed that “[i]f the scope of section 627.428 is
to be expanded to include fees for time spent litigating the amount of
attorney’s fees, then the Legislature, rather than this Court, is the proper
party to do so.”
Id.
Florida courts have broadly applied Palma to bar “fees for fees” in many
contexts other than section 627.428. See, e.g., Mediplex Constr. of Fla.,
Inc. v. Schaub,
856 So. 2d 13, 14–15 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003); N. Dade Church
of God, Inc. v. JM Statewide, Inc.,
851 So. 2d 194, 196 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003);
Oruga Corp. v. AT&T Wireless of Fla., Inc.,
712 So. 2d 1141, 1145 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1998).
3 The Florida Supreme Court later disapproved of News & Sun-Sentinel to the
extent that the decision “would permit the award of attorney’s fees under section
119.12(1) without a determination that the refusal was unlawful.” N.Y. Times Co.
v. PHH Mental Health Servs., Inc.,
616 So. 2d 27, 30 (Fla. 1993).
5
We have distinguished Palma and authorized awards of “fees for fees”
only in limited contexts, including: (1) when fees are awarded under
section 61.16, which affords trial courts wide discretion to fashion a fee
award in family law cases, see Schneider v. Schneider,
32 So. 3d 151, 158
(Fla. 4th DCA 2010); (2) when a contract is broad enough to encompass
such an award, see Waverly at Las Olas Condo. Ass’n v. Waverly Las Olas,
LLC,
88 So. 3d 386, 389 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012); and (3) when the fees are
awarded as a sanction under the “inequitable conduct doctrine,” see
Bennett v. Berges,
50 So. 3d 1154, 1161 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010).
In Mallas, we emphasized that an award of “fees for fees” is an exception
to the general rule refusing to allow “fees for fees” under general statutory
language. 326 So. 3d at 706–07. There, we held that the fee provision in
the civil theft statute cannot support an award of “fees for fees” because
the statute’s language “is not as broad as the contractual language in
Waverly and does not afford the court as much discretion as the statutory
language in Schnieder.” Id. at 707. We reasoned that “[a]ny extension of
that statute to provide for the award of those litigation fees should come
from the legislature, and not this court.” Id.
One appellate case, construing an earlier version of section 119.12,
declined to award “fees for fees.” In Downs v. Austin,
559 So. 2d 246 (Fla.
1st DCA 1990), a pre-Palma case, the court construed section 119.12(1),
Florida Statutes (1985), which is nearly identical to the 2014 version of
section 119.12. One of the holdings of Downs is that “[n]o fee is authorized
for efforts expended to obtain the statutory fee.” Id. at 248.
Although Downs is arguably inconsistent with Palma’s reasoning to the
extent that Downs disallows fees for efforts expended to establish
entitlement to the statutory fee under section 119.12, Downs clearly bars
an award of fees expended to litigate the amount of the statutory fee.
In the years following Downs, the legislature has amended section
119.12 twice; neither amendment addressed the issue of “fees for fees.”
See Ch. 2004-335, § 13, Laws of Fla. (deleting the following language from
the statute: “(2) Whenever an agency appeals a court order requiring it to
permit inspection of records pursuant to this chapter and such order is
affirmed, the court shall assess a reasonable attorney’s fee for the appeal
against such agency.”); Ch. 2017-21, § 1, Laws of Fla., (amending the fee
statute to include, among other things, a pre-suit notice requirement and
a prohibition on an award of attorney’s fees to the complainant if the court
determines the request was for an improper purpose).
6
We thus approach the 2014 version of section 119.12 against a legal
backdrop that limits those situations where a statute is read to allow fees
for litigating the amount of attorney’s fees. The general rule in Florida is
that attorney’s fees may not be awarded for litigating the amount of the
fees. Nothing in the text of section 119.12 suggests that we should deviate
from the general rule.
We reject appellant’s textual argument that “fees for fees” are
authorized because section 119.12 mandates attorney’s fees for enforcing
the “provisions” of Chapter 119, and 119.12 is one such “provision.” We
do not read the use of the plural word “provisions” as reflecting a legislative
intent to allow “fees for fees.”
Section 119.12 states that in a civil action “to enforce the provisions of
this chapter,” the “reasonable costs of enforcement” shall be assessed
against an agency if the court determines that the agency unlawfully
refused a public records request. § 119.12, Fla. Stat. (2014) (emphasis
added). Black’s Law Dictionary defines “enforce” as “[t]o give force or effect
to (a law, etc.); to compel obedience to.” Enforce, Black’s Law Dictionary
(11th ed. 2019). And “enforcement” is defined as “[t]he act or process of
compelling compliance with a law, mandate, command, decree, or
agreement.” Enforcement, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
The statutory reference to an action “to enforce the provisions of this
chapter” means an action to compel the agency’s compliance with the
provisions of Chapter 119. Chapter 119 concerns the disclosure of public
records. An action under Chapter 119 does not seek to compel the
agency’s compliance with section 119.12 itself. Section 119.12 is not a
mandate directed to the agency; it is a fee-shifting provision that applies
when an agency violates another provision in Chapter 119. Unlike other
provisions of Chapter 119, an agency cannot “violate” section 119.12.
The word “provisions” in section 119.12 is best understood as a generic
plural term with no added significance regarding “fees for fees.” As the
Town points out, the identical plural language is used elsewhere in another
portion of the statute that has nothing to do with attorney’s fees. See §
119.11(1), Fla. Stat. (2014) (“Whenever an action is filed to enforce the
provisions of this chapter, the court shall set an immediate hearing . . . .”).
Significantly, the legislature has not acted since Downs or Palma to
address the issue of “fees for fees” under section 119.12. This long-term
legislative inaction weighs against construing the statute as authorizing
“fees for fees.” See Goldenberg v. Sawczak,
791 So. 2d 1078, 1081 (Fla.
2001) (“Long-term legislative inaction after a court construes a statute
7
amounts to legislative acceptance or approval of that judicial
construction.”).
Section 119.12 is a sufficient deterrent to noncompliance with public
records requests without interpreting it as authorizing an award of “fees
for fees.” As the Palma court reasoned, litigating the amount of attorney’s
fees inures solely to the attorney’s benefit.
629 So. 2d at 833. Injecting a
“fees for fees” component into the statute would increase needless
litigation, rather than deter it.
Finally, we reject appellant’s argument that the dispute over the cutoff
date for attorney’s fees should be deemed litigation over the entitlement to
fees rather than litigation over the amount of fees. 4 We see the dispute
over the time frame for the fee award as a dispute over the amount of fees,
for which additional attorney’s fees are not recoverable. The consent
judgment had already determined that appellant was entitled to the
“reasonable costs of enforcement.”
The Trial Court Properly Limited Expert Witness Costs
to Those Attributable to the Testifying Expert
Appellant next argues that the trial court erred in refusing to award the
costs incurred for associates and paralegals who assisted the testifying fee
expert in preparing his testimony for the fee hearing.
We hold that no authority permits awarding an expert witness fee for
time spent by the fee expert’s non-testifying assistants to prepare the
expert to testify.
“Costs are taxable only where authorized by statute or rule.” Junkas v.
Union Sun Homes, Inc.,
412 So. 2d 52, 53 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982).
Section 92.231(2), Florida Statutes (2020), governs expert witness fees
and provides that “[a]ny expert or skilled witness who shall have
testified in any cause shall be allowed a witness fee . . . and the same
shall be taxed as costs.” (Emphasis added). Additionally, under Florida
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.390(c), “[a]n expert or skilled witness whose
deposition is taken shall be allowed a witness fee,” which “may be taxed
as costs.”
4 Similarly, we reject appellant’s argument that he should receive fees for
obtaining a clarification of Chapter 119 with respect to the cutoff date for the
reasonable costs of enforcement.
8
Although “some courts had modified [section 92.231] by judicial fiat to
allow expert witness fees only when the expert testifies as to the main
issues as opposed to collateral issues in a case,” the Florida Supreme
Court ultimately rejected this approach. Travieso v. Travieso,
474 So. 2d
1184, 1185 (Fla. 1985). In Travieso, our supreme court held that
“pursuant to section 92.231, expert witness fees, at the discretion of the
trial court, may be taxed as costs for a lawyer who testifies as an expert as
to reasonable attorney’s fees.”
Id. at 1186. Still, Travieso makes clear that
such a discretionary award is limited to a lawyer “who testifies as an
expert.”
Id.
Similarly, the advisory Statewide Uniform Guidelines for Taxation of
Costs in Civil Actions draws a distinction between testifying and non-
testifying experts. See Fla. R. Civ. P. App. II. Under the Guidelines,
litigation costs for an expert witness should be taxed for “[a] reasonable
fee for deposition and/or trial testimony, and the costs of preparation of
any court ordered report.” Fla. R. Civ. P. App. II, § I.C.1. By contrast, the
Guidelines provide that any expenses relating to consulting but non-
testifying experts should not be taxed as costs. Fla. R. Civ. P. App. II, §
III.B.
Consistent with section 92.231(2) and the Guidelines, the general rule
in Florida is that “[i]t is not appropriate to tax as costs the fees of witnesses
who are neither qualified as experts by the court nor testify at trial.”
Thellman v. Tropical Acres Steakhouse, Inc.,
557 So. 2d 683, 684 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1990); see also Universal Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Deshpande,
314 So.
3d 416, 422 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020) (reversing the costs awarded to the
“[p]laintiff’s experts who never testified at trial and who were never
deposed”); In re Est. of Assimakopoulos,
228 So. 3d 709, 716 (Fla. 2d DCA
2017) (“[S]ection 92.231(2) permits an award of an expert witness fee only
to an expert who ‘shall have testified in any cause,’ and it is undisputed
that neither Baskin nor Fernald testified at the sanctions hearing.”);
Woodbridge Holdings, LLC v. Prescott Grp. Aggressive Small Cap Master
Fund,
193 So. 3d 2, 4 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (reversing an award of fees for
an expert who did not testify at trial); KMS of Fla. Corp. v. Magna Props.,
Inc.,
464 So. 2d 234, 235 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985) (reversing an expert witness
fee where “no expert witness testified for appellee,” as section 92.231
allows an expert witness fee only for an expert who shall have testified).
Appellant cites case law for the generic proposition that “[a]n expert
witness is permitted to use assistants in formulating his expert opinion.”
Dura Auto. Sys. of Ind., Inc. v. CTS Corp.,
285 F.3d 609, 612 (7th Cir. 2002).
However, appellant has cited no Florida cases that allowed an expert
9
witness fee to include time spent by others to assist the expert in preparing
to testify.
In fact, we recently addressed a similar issue and held that a trial court
“could not tax costs for the time expended by the two attorneys who
prepared the expert for deposition because neither attorney testified by
deposition nor qualified as an expert.” Fischer as Tr. of Dorothy L. Fischer
Tr. v. Fischer as Co-Tr. of Dorothy L. Fischer Tr.,
332 So. 3d 516, 521 (Fla.
4th DCA 2021).
We have found no statute or rule which authorizes costs associated
with a fee expert’s non-testifying assistants to be taxed as costs. Section
92.231(2) authorizes an award of an expert witness fee to an expert who
“shall have testified in any cause.” The express language of the statute
does not extend to the expert’s non-testifying assistants. We do not read
the general language of section 119.12—“reasonable costs of
enforcement”—as expanding upon the specific language in section
92.231(2). Rather, reading the two statutes together, we conclude that
only an expert witness fee authorized under section 92.231(2) qualifies as
a reasonable cost of enforcement under section 119.12.
Finally, we reject appellant’s argument that the fees attributable to the
expert’s assistants are recoverable under section 57.104, Florida Statutes
(2020). Section 57.104 provides that the court shall consider the “time
and labor of any legal assistants” in computing an award of attorney’s fees.
Id. Appellant bases his argument upon the characterization of Pettis’s
testimony as being “in the nature of an attorney’s fee.” We agree with the
Second District that “the fee charged by a lawyer to appear as an expert
witness is considered a cost, not an attorney’s fee, and it is awardable only
when costs are properly awarded.” Assimakopoulos,
228 So. 3d at 713.
We affirm the trial court’s conclusion that it would be improper to tax
as costs the fee of assistants who were not qualified by the court as experts
and who did not testify.
Affirmed.
GERBER and ARTAU, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
10
