Trans Health Management Inc. v. Nunziata , 159 So. 3d 850 ( 2014 )


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  •                NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
    MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
    IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
    OF FLORIDA
    SECOND DISTRICT
    TRANS HEALTH MANAGEMENT INC.;            )
    FUNDAMENTAL LONG TERM CARE               )
    HOLDINGS, LLC; MURRAY FORMAN;            )
    LEONARD GRUNSTEIN; ALAN M.               )
    GROCHAL; MARIA ELLENA CHAVEZ-            )
    RUARK; and FUNDAMENTAL                   )
    ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES, LLC,            )
    )
    Appellants,                 )
    )
    v.                                       )      Case No. 2D12-764
    )
    RICHARD NUNZIATA, as Personal            )
    Representative of the Estate of Elvira   )
    Nunziata, Deceased,                      )
    )
    Appellee.                   )
    )
    )
    FUNDAMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE               )
    SERVICES, LLC,                           )
    )
    Appellant,                  )
    )
    v.                                       )      Case No. 2D12-809
    )
    RICHARD NUNZIATA, as Personal            )
    Representative of the Estate of Elvira   )
    Nunziata, Deceased,                      )
    )
    Appellee.                   )
    )
    )
    FUNDAMENTAL LONG TERM CARE                    )
    HOLDINGS, LLC; MURRAY FORMAN;                 )
    and LEONARD GRUNSTEIN,                        )
    )
    Appellants,                      )
    )
    v.                                            )   Case No. 2D12-810
    )
    RICHARD NUNZIATA, as Personal                 )
    Representative of the Estate of Elvira        )
    Nunziata, Deceased,                           )
    )
    Appellee.                        )
    )
    )
    TRANS HEALTH MANAGEMENT, INC.;                )
    ALAN M. GROCHAL; MARIA ELLENA                 )
    CHAVEZ-RUARK; FUNDAMENTAL                     )
    LONG TERM CARE HOLDINGS, LLC;                 )
    and FUNDAMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE                )
    SERVICES, LLC,                                )
    )
    Appellants,                      )
    )
    v.                                            )   Case No. 2D12-2102
    )
    RICHARD NUNZIATA, as Personal                 )
    Representative of the Estate of Elvira        )     CONSOLIDATED
    Nunziata, Deceased,                           )
    )
    Appellee.                        )
    )
    Opinion filed December 19, 2014.
    Appeals from the Circuit Court for Pinellas
    County; Pamela A.M. Campbell, Judge.
    Steven M. Berman, Seth P. Traub, and
    Duane A. Daiker of Schumaker, Loop &
    Kendrick, LLP, Tampa, for Appellant
    Trans Health Management, Inc.
    Matthew Triggs, Lisa Markofsky, and Margo
    Lyon of Proskauer Rose LLP, Boca Raton,
    -2-
    for Appellants Fundamental Long Term Care
    Holdings, LLC; Murray Forman; and Leonard
    Grunstein.
    Hala Sandridge of Fowler White Boggs P.A.,
    Tampa, for Appellants Alan M. Grochal and
    Maria Ellena Chavez-Ruark.
    Gerald B. Cope, Jr., and Nancy A.
    Copperthwaite of Akerman Senterfitt, Miami;
    and Jason J. Mendro of Gibson, Dunn &
    Crutcher, LLP, Washington, D.C. (withdrew
    after briefing), for Appellant Fundamental
    Administrative Services, LLC.
    Kristin A. Norse, Stuart C. Markman, and
    Melissa N. Madsen of Kynes, Markman &
    Felman, P.A., Tampa; and Bennie Lazzara,
    Jr., Isaac R. Ruiz-Carus, and Joanna M.
    Greber of Wilkes & McHugh, P.A., Tampa,
    for Appellee.
    VILLANTI, Judge.
    In these consolidated cases arising out of the death of a nursing home
    resident, defendant Trans Health Management, Inc. (THMI), and nonparties Alan M.
    Grochal1 (the Receiver), Maria Elena Chavez-Ruark (the Receiver's counsel),
    Fundamental Long Term Care Holdings, LLC (FLTCH), Murray Forman, Leonard
    Grunstein, and Fundamental Administrative Services, LLC (FAS) seek review of the
    final judgment entered in favor of Richard Nunziata, as Personal Representative of the
    Estate of Elvira Nunziata, Deceased (the Estate). In addition, nonparties the Receiver,
    1Grochal  was involved in this litigation solely in his capacity as the court-
    appointed receiver for THMI's former parent company, Trans Healthcare, Inc. (THI). We
    refer to Grochal as "the Receiver" for convenience and because both the trial court's
    orders and our opinion apply to anyone serving in the capacity of receiver for THI.
    -3-
    the Receiver's counsel, FLTCH, Forman, Grunstein, and FAS seek review of a post-
    final-judgment injunction entered against them. Further, nonparty FAS seeks review of
    a pretrial discovery order that found that it had committed a fraud on the court. Based
    on the findings of a commissioner appointed by this court to address THMI's corporate
    status, we are compelled to dismiss the appeal of the final judgment by THMI. We also
    dismiss the appeal of the final judgment by the other Appellants because they have no
    standing to appeal that judgment, to which none of them are parties. However, the
    other Appellants do have standing to challenge the post-final-judgment injunction and
    the discovery order, and we reverse the injunction and quash the discovery order.
    Final Judgment
    In December 2005, the Estate sued seventeen defendants after Ms.
    Nunziata fell to her death in the nursing home where she was a resident. The Estate
    sought compensatory damages for both lethal and nonlethal negligence and wrongful
    death, and it requested a trial by jury. After extensive discovery, the Estate dismissed
    all of the defendants from the case except THMI.
    In early 2010, counsel for THMI moved to withdraw, allegedly at the
    request of THMI and its parent company, Trans Healthcare, Inc. (THI).2 The court
    granted the motion and gave THMI thirty days in which to retain new counsel. However,
    2Although    not entirely clear from the record, it appears that THI sold the
    assets of THMI to FLTCH before this litigation was commenced. However, it also
    appears that THI was defending THMI in this action pursuant to an indemnity
    agreement in the asset sale agreement that required it to do so. During the course of
    this litigation, THI entered court-ordered receivership in Maryland. Nonparty Grochal
    was the court-appointed receiver for THI during the time that THI was defending THMI
    in this action, and he allegedly had the authority to make litigation-related decisions on
    behalf of THMI. The parties have hotly contested the Receiver's actual authority in this
    litigation, but resolution of that dispute need not be addressed in this appeal.
    -4-
    no new counsel appeared for THMI. After THMI failed to answer the Estate's second
    amended complaint, a default was entered against THMI as to its liability to the Estate.
    Not long after THMI's counsel withdrew, the Estate obtained leave of court
    to amend its complaint to add a count for punitive damages. The Estate then engaged
    in extended financial discovery, which reached not only THMI, but also nonparties THI,
    FLTCH, FAS, and others. During this extended discovery period, THMI remained
    without counsel.
    Ultimately, a trial on the Estate's damages was set for Monday, January 9,
    2012. When the trial date was set, THMI was still unrepresented. However, on the
    Friday before trial, Marsha Rydberg, a Tampa attorney, filed a notice of appearance as
    counsel for THMI, seeking to defend it at the Monday damages trial. She also filed a
    motion to set aside the default against THMI and a motion for summary judgment, and
    she supported motions to appear pro hac vice filed by two out-of-state attorneys who
    were also seeking to defend THMI. On Monday morning, the Estate moved to strike
    Attorney Rydberg's notice of appearance and pleadings, contending that she had no
    authority to represent THMI and that, as a dissolved corporation, THMI was precluded
    from defending itself by the operation of section 607.1622(8), Florida Statutes (2011).
    After an unnoticed, nonevidentiary hearing on the Estate's motion to strike, the trial
    court granted the motion, struck Attorney Rydberg's notice of appearance and the
    pleadings she had filed, and proceeded to hold the scheduled damages trial against
    THMI as an "empty chair" defendant.3 The jury subsequently returned a verdict against
    3Presumably,  the trial court struck the motions to appear pro hac vice filed
    by out-of-state counsel as the court never otherwise ruled on them.
    -5-
    THMI of $60 million in compensatory damages and $140 million in punitive damages,
    and the trial court entered a final judgment against THMI for these damages.
    Faced with this large judgment, THMI filed a notice of appeal of the final
    judgment through new counsel. The Receiver, the Receiver's counsel, FLTCH,
    Forman, Grunstein, and FAS also filed notices of appeal. The Estate moved to dismiss
    the appeal by THMI contending, as it did in the trial court, that the attorneys purporting
    to represent THMI had no authority to do so and that, even if they did, THMI was
    precluded from defending itself by section 607.1622(8). The Estate also argued that the
    appeal of the final judgment by the Receiver, the Receiver's counsel, FLTCH, Forman,
    Grunstein, and FAS should be dismissed because those entities had no standing to
    appeal a judgment that was not entered against them. Because the record before this
    court was inadequate to determine whether THMI actually fell within the provisions of
    section 607.1622(8), we appointed a commissioner to make factual findings on this
    issue. And based on those factual findings, as well as the facts apparent from the
    voluminous record which we have extensively reviewed, we conclude that we are legally
    required to dismiss the appeal of the final judgment by both THMI and the other
    Appellants.
    As to THMI, we must dismiss the appeal because it is precluded from
    prosecuting this appeal by the provisions of section 607.1622(8). That section provides
    that a corporation that has been administratively dissolved for failing to file an annual
    report "shall not be permitted to maintain or defend any action in any court of this state"
    until the annual report is filed and the appropriate taxes are paid. While administratively
    dissolved corporations are generally permitted to wind up their affairs, see
    -6-
    § 607.1421(3), and while administrative dissolution does not generally "[p]revent
    commencement of a proceeding by or against the corporation in its corporate name,"
    § 607.1405(2)(e), these general rules do not apply to the specific circumstance of a
    corporation administratively dissolved for failing to file its annual report. Instead, for
    those corporations, the specific provisions of section 607.1622(8) control over the more
    general provisions of section 607.1405(2)(e). See, e.g., Cricket Props., LLC v. Nassau
    Pointe at Heritage Isles Homeowners Ass'n, 
    124 So. 3d 302
    , 307 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013)
    ("[A] more specific statute covering a particular subject is controlling over one covering
    the same subject in general terms." (citing Mendenhall v. State, 
    48 So. 3d 740
    , 748 (Fla.
    2010))).
    In this case, THMI admitted at the time of trial that it was a dissolved
    corporation. However, THMI did not admit to the reason for its dissolution, and the
    Estate did not present any evidence on that issue. Without evidence as to the reason
    for THMI's dissolution, the trial court had no factual basis to support a finding that THMI
    was precluded from defending itself. And without any evidence on this issue in the
    record, this court had no way to determine whether THMI was precluded from
    prosecuting this appeal. However, the commissioner appointed by this court has
    furnished a report based on stipulated evidence indicating that THMI was
    administratively dissolved for failing to file its annual report. Hence, we can only
    conclude that THMI is statutorily barred from prosecuting this appeal. Accordingly, we
    -7-
    must grant the Estate's motion to dismiss the appeal of the final judgment brought by
    THMI.4
    We must also dismiss the appeal of the final judgment by the other
    Appellants because they had no standing to bring an appeal from that judgment. "To
    have standing, a party must demonstrate a direct and articulable interest in the
    controversy . . . [and] a legally cognizable interest that would be affected by the
    outcome of the litigation." Centerstate Bank Cent. Fla., N.A. v. Krause, 
    87 So. 3d 25
    , 28
    (Fla. 5th DCA 2012) (citations omitted). "The interest cannot be conjectural or merely
    hypothetical." 
    Id. In the
    context of this case, the "controversy" at issue is not the entire
    case—it is the specific action contemplated by the notice or motion at issue.
    Inarguably, THMI as the judgment debtor had standing to appeal the final
    judgment against it. However, the remaining Appellants, who are not judgment debtors
    and who therefore have no legally cognizable interest that will be affected by a ruling on
    the validity of the final judgment, have no standing to appeal that judgment. Thus, to
    the extent that the Appellants other than THMI have attempted to appeal the final
    4In  the trial court, the court also struck Attorney Rydberg's notice of
    appearance based on its conclusion that Attorney Rydberg had no authority to
    represent THMI. However, the Estate provided no Florida case law in the trial court—
    nor does it provide any here—that would support the notion that it had standing to
    challenge the authority of an attorney who appears on behalf of the opposing party.
    Given that an attorney's time is money, we find it almost inconceivable that an attorney
    would jump into the fray of complex litigation without the authority of the client whom he
    or she claims to represent. Further, we note that an attorney's obligation of candor as
    an officer of the court would generally preclude an attorney from purporting to represent
    a party without actually having the authority to do so. In light of these financial and
    ethical restraints, we are unwilling to create precedent that would allow parties to
    challenge the authority of their opponent's counsel.
    -8-
    judgment, we must dismiss their appeals. The practical effect of these rulings on the
    motions to dismiss is that the final judgment against THMI will stand.
    Permanent Injunction
    In the first of the consolidated appeals, the Receiver, the Receiver's
    counsel, FLTCH, Foreman, Grunstein, and FAS (collectively the nonparties) challenge a
    permanent injunction that was entered almost immediately after entry of the final
    judgment and that purports to prohibit the Receiver and his "agents and assignees"
    from challenging in any court anywhere in the country any aspect of the Estate's
    entitlement to collect its judgment. Because this injunction was entered in violation of
    the due process rights of the nonparties, we reverse.
    Some additional facts are necessary to understand the context out of
    which this reversal arises. At the conclusion of the damages trial on Wednesday
    afternoon, counsel for the Estate approached the court and handed it an unverified
    motion asking the trial court to enjoin certain nonparties from making any collateral
    attacks on the judgment in any forum. The trial court permitted Attorney Rydberg, who
    had been present in the gallery throughout the trial, to speak to this issue. Attorney
    Rydberg first pointed out that she had been retained to represent only THMI—not the
    identified nonparties. Therefore, none of the nonparties against whom the injunction
    was sought were represented by counsel who was present in the courtroom. In
    addition, Attorney Rydberg correctly pointed out that the trial court had no jurisdiction to
    enjoin nonparties to the action. She also pointed out that even if the court somehow
    had jurisdiction over the nonparties, they were entitled to an evidentiary hearing before
    entry of any injunction. Despite these arguments, the trial court entered a temporary
    -9-
    injunction against the nonparties and set an evidentiary hearing for that Friday morning,
    a day and one-half later.
    Nothing in the record establishes that either the Estate or the court made
    any attempt to notify any of the nonparties of the scheduled Friday hearing. And, not
    surprisingly, no one appeared for the nonparties at the Friday hearing. At that hearing,
    the Estate argued that the Receiver had submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court
    by having the receivership domesticated in Florida and by filing an earlier motion to stay
    the proceedings. The Estate also argued that FAS had "injected itself" into the case
    when it filed a motion for protective order that sought to prevent the disclosure of THMI's
    attorney-client communications during punitive damages discovery. The Estate made
    no arguments as to how the trial court could have jurisdiction over the Receiver's
    counsel or FLTCH, Forman, and Grunstein. Instead, the Estate argued simply that
    once "the receivership" was domesticated in Florida, the court had jurisdiction over
    "them." The Estate also handed the trial court a binder full of what it characterized as
    "evidence" but which appears from the transcript to be copies of pleadings. The trial
    court accepted the binder and relied on its contents without requiring the Estate to lay
    any foundation for the admission of the documents and without any request for judicial
    notice. After hearing argument from the Estate's counsel, the trial court issued a
    permanent injunction against these nonparties, which they now appeal.
    It is axiomatic that a trial court may not issue an injunction that interferes
    with the rights of those who are not parties to the action. See, e.g., In re Guardianship
    of Shell, 
    978 So. 2d 885
    , 891 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools of
    Fla., Inc. v. Swim Indus. Corp., 
    597 So. 2d 808
    , 809 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992); Chastain v.
    - 10 -
    Uiterwyk, 
    462 So. 2d 1212
    , 1213 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985); Trisotto v. Trisotto, 
    966 So. 2d 986
    , 988 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007); Leighton v. First Universal Lending, LLC, 
    925 So. 2d 462
    , 464 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006); Sheoah Highlands, Inc. v. Daugherty, 
    837 So. 2d 579
    ,
    583 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003). "The general rule in equity is that all persons materially
    interested, either legally or beneficially, in the subject-matter of a suit, must be made
    parties either as complainants or defendants, so that a complete decree may be made
    binding upon all parties." Oakland Props. Corp. v. Hogan, 
    117 So. 846
    , 848 (Fla. 1928).
    And this is true even when one of the parties to the action has partial "control" over the
    nonparties sought to be enjoined. See Blue Dolphin Fiberglass 
    Pools, 597 So. 2d at 809
    (holding that court had no authority to enjoin a nonparty corporation from selling its
    stock even though the judgment debtor was fifty percent owner of the corporation);
    
    Chastain, 462 So. 2d at 1213
    (holding that court had no authority to enjoin a nonparty
    corporation from disposing of assets even though the corporation was wholly owned by
    the defendant).
    The record before us clearly shows that, regardless of whether the
    Receiver attempted to obtain affirmative relief in this case, neither he nor any of the
    other entities enjoined by the injunction were actually parties to the action. None of the
    nonparties were named in the Estate's complaint, and none were served with process.
    Despite having multiple opportunities to amend its complaint, the Estate never added
    the Receiver, his counsel, FAS, or FLTCH as parties. Having elected not to make these
    entities parties to the action so that the trial court could enter a complete decree that
    would be binding on them, the Estate could not legally obtain an injunction against
    these nonparties. On this basis alone, we must reverse the permanent injunction.
    - 11 -
    Moreover, even if there was some basis upon which to find that the
    nonparties were subject to the jurisdiction of the court, we would be compelled to
    reverse the injunction because it was entered without notice and an opportunity to be
    heard.
    While a temporary injunction may be obtained on mere
    notice, and in certain circumstances even without notice, a
    permanent injunction cannot be properly granted in a suit
    simply on notice, without process duly issued and served,
    and without formality of pleading, or presentation of proof, in
    the absence of waiver.
    Scarbrough v. Meeks, 
    582 So. 2d 95
    , 96 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (citing Smith v. Housing
    Auth. of City of Daytona Beach, 
    3 So. 2d 880
    , 881 (Fla. 1941)). Further, any entity to be
    enjoined has a due process right to have sufficient notice to be able to appear and have
    a meaningful opportunity to be heard. "Procedural due process requires that each
    litigant be given proper notice and a full and fair opportunity to be heard." Carmona v.
    Wal-Mart Stores, E., LP, 
    81 So. 3d 461
    , 463 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (citing Cnty. of Pasco
    v. Riehl, 
    635 So. 2d 17
    , 18-19 (Fla. 1994); Vollmer v. Key Dev. Props., Inc., 
    966 So. 2d 1022
    , 1027 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)).
    Here, the injunction was issued without notice to any of the nonparties,
    without the issuance of process on any of them, and without the presentation of
    admissible evidence. And because none of the nonparties had notice of the hearing,
    none had a meaningful opportunity to appear and be heard. Standing alone, this also
    requires reversal of the permanent injunction.
    The Estate argues that at a minimum the Receiver had notice because
    Attorney Rydberg knew on Wednesday of the Friday hearing. However, this argument
    ignores the fact that Attorney Rydberg repeatedly told the court that she did not
    - 12 -
    represent the Receiver. The Estate cannot force Attorney Rydberg to represent the
    Receiver simply by repeatedly insisting that she represented it. This is all the more true
    because the record shows that a Miami law firm represented the Receiver when he
    moved to stay the proceedings, and that firm had never withdrawn. Nevertheless, the
    Estate did not even attempt to serve the Miami firm with the notice of the hearing on the
    permanent injunction. The Estate cannot have it both ways. Either the Receiver
    appeared through Miami counsel and that counsel was entitled to notice of the
    injunction hearing or he had not appeared and so was not subject to the court's
    jurisdiction. Either set of facts requires us to reverse the permanent injunction.
    As to FAS, FLTCH, Forman, and Grunstein, the Estate argues that they
    should not be entitled to appeal because the injunction does not apply to them.
    However, the permanent injunction specifically references the actions of FAS and
    FLTCH as being the conduct that the Estate is seeking to enjoin. Further, the
    permanent injunction purports to enjoin the Receiver from seeking the same relief that
    FAS and FLTCH are seeking. The Estate's argument that the injunction forbids only the
    Receiver—and not FAS and FLTCH—from pursuing this relief is specious at best and
    does not preclude FAS and FLTCH from seeking relief on this record. Cf. Mem'l Health
    Sys., Inc. v. Halifax Hospice, Inc., 
    689 So. 2d 373
    , 375-76 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997)
    (permitting Memorial to appeal an injunction that prohibited the Agency for Health Care
    Administration from issuing Memorial a license to operate because, even though the
    injunction did not prohibit Memorial from taking any action, the injunction had Memorial
    "as an unmistakable target"). Accordingly, we reject the Estate's argument on this point.
    - 13 -
    Finally, even though FAS and FLTCH are not specifically named in the
    injunction, they nevertheless have standing to seek review, whether through this appeal
    or by a petition for writ of certiorari. "An appellate court has certiorari jurisdiction where
    a nonparty seeks relief from an order and its nonparty status would otherwise deprive
    the nonparty of an adequate remedy by direct appeal." Generation Invs., LLC v. Al-
    Jumaa, Inc., 
    53 So. 3d 372
    , 372 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (citing Dep't of Corr. v. Grubbs,
    
    884 So. 2d 1147
    , 1147 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)). While neither FAS nor FLTCH sought a
    writ of certiorari, when a party seeks the incorrect remedy, this court will treat the matter
    as if the correct remedy was sought. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.040(c). And the trial court's
    injunction order—which purports to enjoin nonparties from challenging the final
    judgment in any forum anywhere in the United States (presumably including the
    receivership proceedings) through an injunction entered without notice or opportunity to
    be heard—constitutes a very clear departure from the requirements of the law.
    Both FAS and FLTCH spend a large portion of their respective briefs
    arguing the merits of the Estate's injunction claim. They also argue that the injunction is
    facially insufficient. However, we need not reach either of these arguments. Because
    none of the nonparties had notice of the hearing or an opportunity to be heard, the
    injunction was entered in violation of due process and must be reversed. If the Estate
    decides to pursue injunctive relief on remand, it must ensure that all the entities it seeks
    to enjoin are made parties to the case, and it must ensure that all the new parties have
    sufficient notice of any hearing to enable them to have a meaningful opportunity to be
    heard.
    - 14 -
    Discovery Order
    In the second consolidated appeal, FAS argues that the trial court erred
    when it adopted the magistrate's order that found that FAS had acted to perpetrate a
    fraud on the court and that ordered an in-camera review of attorney-client privileged
    documents pursuant to the crime/fraud exception to the attorney-client privilege rule.
    Because the special magistrate's finding of fraud was not based on evidence admitted
    at a properly noticed evidentiary hearing, we must quash this discovery order.5
    Here again, additional facts are necessary to understand the issue.
    During discovery concerning punitive damages issues, the Estate subpoenaed records
    documenting certain communications between THMI's former counsel (the Quintairos
    firm) and FAS. The Quintairos firm filed a motion for protective order on the basis that
    the communications between it and FAS were protected by attorney-client privilege.
    The firm asserted that FAS was a third-party claims administrator for THI, that THI was
    required to defend THMI due to an indemnification agreement between them, that FAS
    had retained the Quintairos firm to represent THMI pursuant to THI's obligations under
    the indemnification agreement, and that therefore the attorney-client privilege attached
    5The    Estate contends that this court has no authority to review this order
    because it is nonfinal and nonappealable since disclosure of the documents was never
    ordered. The Estate also contends while the order might be reviewable through a
    petition for writ of certiorari, FAS did not seek certiorari relief. However, as we
    discussed above, if a party seeks an improper remedy, this court will treat the
    proceeding as if the proper remedy had been sought. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.040(c).
    Given the nature of the order and the Estate's subsequent use of it in other
    proceedings, we conclude that FAS must be permitted to seek judicial review of this
    order at this juncture. Hence, we treat FAS's "appeal" of this order as a petition for writ
    of certiorari.
    - 15 -
    to communications between FAS and the Quintairos firm concerning THMI and its
    defense.
    The Estate did not file a written response to the motion for protective
    order, but it scheduled a hearing on the motion before a special magistrate. This
    hearing was not noticed as an evidentiary hearing. At the hearing, the Estate argued
    that the documents were not covered by the attorney-client privilege because there was
    no attorney-client relationship between FAS and the Quintairos firm. In the alternative,
    it argued that any attorney-client privilege was waived under the crime/fraud exception
    to the statutory privilege.
    While the Estate admitted that the hearing was not noticed as an
    evidentiary hearing, it nevertheless handed the special magistrate copies of deposition
    transcripts and portions of two email chains that it claimed supported its argument that
    FAS had engaged in fraud. Over FAS's objection, the special magistrate received these
    documents and considered them. None of the documents were authenticated before
    they were handed to the magistrate, and the magistrate did not require the Estate to lay
    a foundation for admission of the documents before it accepted and relied on them to
    find that FAS—a nonparty to the action—had been actively trying to perpetrate a fraud
    on the court. This finding was memorialized in the special magistrate's report and
    recommendation, which the trial court adopted over FAS's objection. And based on this
    finding, the trial court ordered the Quintairos firm to produce the disputed documents to
    the court for an in-camera inspection. In this appeal, FAS argues that both the finding
    of fraud and the order requiring production for in-camera review should be quashed.
    We agree.
    - 16 -
    As a preliminary matter, it is apparent that the special magistrate could not
    have made his finding that FAS engaged in fraud based on an in-camera review of the
    documents requested by the Estate because those documents had not been produced
    at the time of the hearing. Indeed, it was the magistrate's recommended order that
    ultimately resulted in the Quintairos firm having to turn over the documents for the in-
    camera inspection. For this reason, the magistrate's finding of fraud was necessarily
    based on the documents "introduced" at the hearing on the Quintairos firm's motion for
    protective order. This "finding," and the resulting order, must be quashed for three
    separate reasons.
    First, the order must be quashed because it was entered without the court
    first holding an evidentiary hearing. In American Tobacco Co. v. State, 
    697 So. 2d 1249
    , 1254 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997), the Fourth District held that the party seeking
    disclosure of attorney-client privileged documents under the crime/fraud exception must
    produce "prima facie evidence" that the withholding party affirmatively sought the advice
    of counsel to procure a fraud. See also Fla. Mining & Materials Corp. v. Cont'l Cas. Co.,
    
    556 So. 2d 518
    , 519 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990). By this, the court meant that the " 'party
    seeking discovery must present evidence which, if believed by the fact-finder, would be
    sufficient to support a finding that the elements of the crime-fraud exception were met.' "
    Am. 
    Tobacco, 697 So. 2d at 1255
    (quoting Haines v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 
    975 F.2d 81
    , 95-
    96 (3d Cir. 1992)). Further, " 'fundamental concepts of due process require that the
    party defending the privilege be given the opportunity to be heard, by evidence and
    argument, at the hearing seeking an exception to the privilege.' " 
    Id. (quoting Haines,
    975 F.2d at 97).
    - 17 -
    In this case, the hearing at which the Estate raised the crime/fraud
    exception was not noticed as an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, neither FAS nor the
    Quintairos firm were prepared to meet the Estate's allegations of fraud—nor should they
    have been. In the absence of a properly noticed evidentiary hearing on the issue of the
    alleged fraud, neither the special magistrate nor the trial court could properly make a
    finding that the crime/fraud exception applied. Hence, that finding, made without such a
    hearing, constitutes a departure from the essential requirements of the law.
    Second, even if the argument could somehow be made that the hearing
    before the magistrate was properly noticed as an evidentiary hearing, the Estate did not
    offer any legally admissible evidence to establish any fraud. Instead, the only
    "evidence" offered by the Estate consisted of unauthenticated documents that contained
    multiple layers of hearsay. These unauthenticated and inadmissible documents could
    not legally provide the necessary evidentiary basis for a finding of fraud, and the
    magistrate's and the court's reliance on these documents constitutes a departure from
    the essential requirements of the law.
    Third, even if the Estate had laid the proper foundation for the magistrate
    to consider the contents of the offered documents, those documents do not establish a
    prima facie case of fraud—and certainly not a finding of fraud on the court. As this court
    has explained:
    "A 'fraud on the court' occurs where it can be demonstrated,
    clearly and convincingly, that a party has sentiently set in
    motion some unconscionable scheme calculated to interfere
    with the judicial system's ability impartially to adjudicate a
    matter by improperly influencing the trier or unfairly
    hampering the presentation of the opposing party's claim or
    defense."
    - 18 -
    Ramey v. Haverty Furniture Cos., 
    993 So. 2d 1014
    , 1018 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (quoting
    Aoude v. Mobil Oil Corp., 
    892 F.2d 1115
    , 1118 (1st Cir. 1989)).
    Here, the documents presented at the hearing do not support the special
    magistrate's finding of fraud and certainly do not establish that either THMI, FAS, or the
    Quintairos firm sentiently set in motion an unconscionable scheme to impair the court's
    ability to adjudicate the matter or to hamper the Estate's ability to present its claims. At
    best, they establish that FAS had a confusing corporate structure that resulted in the
    Estate having to deal with two sets of counsel rather than one. And while, as the Estate
    argues, the documents it presented may have been sufficient to order an in-camera
    review of the requested documents to determine whether any fraud had occurred, see
    Am. Tobacco 
    Co., 697 So. 2d at 1255
    , they were not sufficient, standing alone, for
    either the special magistrate or the trial court to make the actual finding of fraud that
    was included in the order. For this reason as well, the trial court's order constitutes a
    departure from the essential requirements of the law.
    In this appeal, the Estate contends that this order has been rendered moot
    by its withdrawal of its request for the documents. However, the record shows that
    the Estate has been using the trial court's factual finding of fraud in this case and others
    in an effort to convince various courts to sanction FAS. The Estate's continued use of
    this order for purposes other than to obtain the requested documents precludes us from
    finding that the ruling is moot.
    For all of these reasons, we quash the discovery order and the special
    magistrate's report and recommendations on which it is based.
    - 19 -
    Conclusion
    For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the permanent injunction entered
    against the nonparty Appellants and quash the discovery order that purported to find
    that FAS had committed a fraud on the court. As to the final judgment, we must dismiss
    the appeal based on THMI's inability to prosecute an appeal pursuant to section
    607.1622(8) and the nonparty Appellants' lack of standing.
    We do, however, take this opportunity to remind trial judges that they have
    an obligation to all parties—not just represented parties—to ensure that trials are
    conducted in such a manner as to comport with due process and the rules of evidence
    and procedure. As this court has stated, "[e]ven though a default has been entered
    against one of the parties, the trial judge has the responsibility to keep the proceedings
    within reasonable bounds in order that justice may not be subverted." Caughey v.
    Beller, 
    322 So. 2d 83
    , 86 (Fla. 2d DCA 1975). And the Fifth District has explained:
    Trial judges must be fair, impartial, and disinterested
    participants in the proceedings. It is their obligation to see
    that justice is done and to that end, they have no more
    important duty than to ensure that the facts are properly
    developed through compliance with the rules of evidence
    and trial procedure and that those facts relevant and material
    to the questions at issue are fairly and properly presented to
    the jury.
    Vaughn v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 
    907 So. 2d 1248
    , 1253 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005)
    (emphasis added); see also O'Riley v. Rogers, 
    69 A.3d 1007
    , 1010-11 (Del. 2013) ("A
    trial judge has a duty to make sure 'that the rules of practice and evidence are
    applied . . . with or without objection by counsel.' " (quoting State Highway Dep't v.
    Buzzuto, 
    264 A.2d 347
    , 351 (Del. 1970))); Francis v. Brown, 
    836 A.2d 206
    , 210-11 (R.I.
    2003) (noting that the parties are required to present their cases "within the confines of
    - 20 -
    the Rules of Evidence" and that the trial court "is charged with the duty of enforcing
    these rules and conducting a trial that comports with proper procedure"); cf. City of
    Fayetteville v. Edmark, 
    801 S.W.2d 275
    , 283 (Ark. 1990) ("The trial court controls the
    admissibility of evidence and the determination of applicable law and always has the
    inherent authority to secure the fair trial rights of litigants before it."); In re A.C., 80 Cal.
    App. 4th 994, 1001 (Cal. Ct. App. 2000) ("[T]he court has an independent interest in
    ensuring trials are conducted within ethical standards of the profession and that legal
    proceedings appear fair to all that observe them."); Harris v. People, 
    888 P.2d 259
    , 270
    (Colo. 1995) ("The role of the trial judge is to administer justice, control courtroom
    decorum, and ensure that the case is decided on the basis of relevant evidence and the
    proper inferences therefrom.") (Vollack, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
    Thus, the trial court has an independent obligation to ensure that all parties receive a
    fair trial.
    In this case, the record shows that the trial court permitted the Estate to
    introduce evidence without laying the proper foundation, permitted the Estate to
    introduce inadmissible evidence, permitted the Estate to make legally improper closing
    arguments, and gave jury instructions that improperly invaded the fact-finding province
    of the jury. But neither the absence of counsel representing THMI nor its inability to
    legally defend itself operated to suspend the rules of evidence or trial procedure. While
    the trial court was obviously not required to make objections on behalf of THMI, the
    court should nevertheless have required the Estate to comply with the rules of evidence
    and procedure. We certainly recognize the extra challenges that exist when a trial court
    presides over a matter involving an unrepresented party, but that situation nevertheless
    - 21 -
    requires the trial court to vigilantly ensure that the represented parties scrupulously
    adhere to the law. Hence, while we dismiss the appeal of the final judgment on legal
    grounds, our dismissal should not be viewed as condoning the conduct of the
    proceedings below.
    Reversed in part, quashed in part, and dismissed in part.
    DAVIS, C.J., and SLEET, J., Concur.
    - 22 -
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2D12-2102, 2D12-810, 2D12-764, 2D12-809

Citation Numbers: 159 So. 3d 850, 2014 WL 7202711

Judges: Villanti, Davis, Sleet

Filed Date: 12/19/2014

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024

Authorities (19)

Ramey v. Haverty Furniture Companies, Inc. , 993 So. 2d 1014 ( 2008 )

Trisotto v. Trisotto , 966 So. 2d 986 ( 2007 )

Mendenhall v. State , 35 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 631 ( 2010 )

In Re Guardianship of Shell , 978 So. 2d 885 ( 2008 )

FLORIDA MIN. & MAT. CORP. v. Continental Cas. Co. , 556 So. 2d 518 ( 1990 )

Vollmer v. Key Development Properties, Inc. , 966 So. 2d 1022 ( 2007 )

Leighton v. First Universal Lending, LLC , 925 So. 2d 462 ( 2006 )

Chastain v. Uiterwyk , 10 Fla. L. Weekly 372 ( 1985 )

Vaughn v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. , 2005 Fla. App. LEXIS 11811 ( 2005 )

Sheoah Highlands, Inc. v. Daugherty , 837 So. 2d 579 ( 2003 )

Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools of Florida, Inc. v. SWIM IND. ... , 1992 Fla. App. LEXIS 7788 ( 1992 )

MHS v. Halifax Hospice , 689 So. 2d 373 ( 1997 )

Department of Corrections v. Grubbs , 2004 Fla. App. LEXIS 15874 ( 2004 )

American Tobacco Co. v. State , 697 So. 2d 1249 ( 1997 )

Salim Aoude v. Mobil Oil Corporation , 892 F.2d 1115 ( 1989 )

Carmona v. WAL-MART STORES, EAST, LP , 2011 Fla. App. LEXIS 18472 ( 2011 )

susan-haines-as-administratrix-ad-prosequendum-and-of-the-estate-of-peter , 975 F.2d 81 ( 1992 )

Smith v. Housing Auth. of the City of Daytona Beach , 148 Fla. 195 ( 1941 )

State Highway Department v. Buzzuto , 1970 Del. LEXIS 264 ( 1970 )

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