Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed April 5, 2023.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D21-2127
Lower Tribunal No. 04-8937
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Erwin A. Larios,
Appellant,
vs.
Ruth Guadalupe Larios, etc.,
Appellee.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Carlos H.
Gamez, Judge.
Landmark Legal, and Jason Scott Coupal (New Port Richey), for
appellant.
Jesus R. Gonzalez, P.A., and Jesus R. Gonzalez, for appellee.
Before EMAS, SCALES, and LINDSEY, JJ.
LINDSEY, J.
Appellant Erwin A. Larios (“Former Husband”) appeals the trial court’s
denial of his motion to dissolve a Final Judgment of Injunction for Protection
Against Domestic Violence. This injunction was entered against him in 2004
in favor of his ex-wife, Appellee Ruth Guadalupe Larios (“Former Wife”). The
sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court reversibly erred in denying
Former Husband’s motion to dissolve. We conclude that it did. Because
circumstances have changed such that the injunction no longer serves a
valid purpose, and there is no competent substantial evidence that Former
Wife has a continuing, reasonable fear of imminent violence without the
injunction, we reverse.
I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed. The parties met in the summer of
2003, when Former Wife was living in her native Panama and Former
Husband was stationed at the United States Embassy there as a member of
the United States Air Force. The parties were married in October 2003.
Former Husband’s rotational duty required the couple to travel frequently,
and during these trips, they stayed together at various hotels.
The parties’ relationship quickly disintegrated. In March 2004, Former
Wife made a report to the United States Embassy, alleging that Former
Husband was abusing her both verbally and physically. The United States
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Air Force then issued a military no-contact order, which prohibited Former
Husband from contacting Former Wife.
On April 5, 2004, Former Wife filed a Petition for Protection Against
Domestic Violence Without Minor Child(ren) in Miami-Dade County, alleging
that Former Husband was verbally and physically abusive on multiple
occasions. On April 23, 2004, Former Husband filed a Petition for
Dissolution of Marriage.1 In May 2004, the lower court issued a Final
Judgment of Injunction for Protection of Domestic Violence without Minor
Children (After Notice). This injunction indefinitely prohibited Former
Husband from contacting Former Wife. In October 2004, the trial court
entered a Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage.
On March 2, 2021, Former Husband filed a motion to dissolve the
injunction. In the motion, he alleged that circumstances had changed such
that the injunction no longer serves a valid purpose. Significantly, he
asserted that there had been no contact between the parties, that he has
remarried and resides with his new family, and that he had spent the
intervening years serving in the United States Air Force. He indicated his
1
In his motion to dissolve the injunction, Former Husband alleges that he
originally agreed to the entry of final judgment on the injunction on his
counsel’s advice, so that Former Wife would not contest the dissolution of
marriage and the two could go their separate ways.
3
desire to retire from the military and utilize his intelligence experience in
civilian roles, and he expressed concern that the injunction would hinder
him. 2
On July 6th, July 14th, and August 11th, 2021, the trial court conducted
an evidentiary hearing via Zoom on Former Husband’s motion to dissolve
the injunction. Former Husband testified as to the events leading up to the
injunction, as well as the circumstances that have changed since its entry. It
was undisputed that during the 17 years since the injunction, Former
Husband has complied and has had no contact with Former Wife. He has
remarried, and he lives in a different city from Former Wife. Former Husband
has also served in the United States Air Force for over 20 years, is currently
serving as a colonel, and has had—and continues to have—Top Secret
security clearance for 22 years. Former Wife and her mother focused their
testimony on the events surrounding the entry of the injunction back in the
early 2000s, and Former Wife’s continuing fear of Former Husband based
on those past events, but they did not dispute Former Husband’s testimony
as to the change in circumstances.
2
Former Husband indicated that the injunction appeared in a background
check when he applied to teach Sunday school, which is one reason he has
concerns that it will affect his ability to obtain a civilian position.
4
In September 2021, the trial court denied Former Husband’s motion
without any specific findings of fact, stating only that “[b]ased on the Court’s
assessment of the live testimony, the review of the extensive exhibits and
the respective contents of same, weighing the creditability [sic] of the
witnesses and the totality of the circumstances giving rise to this matter,” that
Former Husband had “failed to establish the requisite change in
circumstances wherein the underlying Final Judgment would serve no valid
purpose.”
Former Husband timely appealed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court has “broad discretion in granting, denying, or modifying
injunctions, and unless a clear abuse of discretion is demonstrated, appellate
courts will not disturb the trial court’s decision.” Simonik v. Patterson,
752
So. 2d 692, 692-93 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000). And “[i]f reasonable [people] could
differ as to the propriety of the action taken by the trial court, then it cannot
be said that the trial court abused its discretion.” Noe v. Noe,
217 So. 3d
196, 199 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017) (internal quotations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
Pursuant to § 741.30(6)(c), Florida Statutes (2022), “[t]he terms of an
injunction . . . shall remain in effect until modified or dissolved. Either party
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may move at any time to modify or dissolve the injunction.” “[B]ecause
permanent injunctions are open-ended and everlasting, they must be subject
to dissolution when the circumstances that justified such an injunction are no
longer operative.” Trice v. Trice,
267 So. 3d 496, 499 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019).
A party who seeks to dissolve a domestic violence injunction bears the
burden of showing “‘that there has been a change in circumstances since
the injunction was entered’ such ‘that the scenario underlying the injunction
no longer exists so that the continuation of the injunction would serve no
valid purpose.’”
Id. (quoting Spaulding v. Shane,
150 So. 3d 852, 853 (Fla.
2d DCA 2014)); see also Alkhoury v. Alkhoury,
54 So. 3d 641, 642 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2011) (“[A] party, against whom a domestic violence injunction has
been entered, must, if such party seeks to dissolve the injunction,
demonstrate that the scenario underlying the injunction no longer exists so
that continuation of the injunction would serve no valid purpose.”); Simonik
v. Patterson,
752 So. 2d 692 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000) (“In the absence of
evidence that the circumstances have changed, we find no abuse of
discretion in the denial of the motion to modify.”); Hinson v. Hussey,
317 So.
3d 219 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021) (citing Trice, Alkhoury, and Simonik).
For example, in Trice, the Second District considered the following
changes in circumstances to determine whether an injunction continued to
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serve a valid purpose: (1) the ex-husband had been acquitted of the criminal
charges arising from the domestic violence event; (2) the parties’ marriage
had been dissolved; (3) the ex-husband had moved and was living in a new
state; (4) the ex-wife had moved and was living in a new country; (5) the ex-
husband had retired from the military, while the ex-wife continued on; (6) the
parties had not seen each other in six years; and (7) the ex-husband had
made no effort to contact the wife for those six years. 267 So. 3d at 499-
500. The court concluded “that any future contact between the parties is
exceedingly unlikely and that the continuing existence of the injunction is
precluding Mr. Trice from obtaining employment.” Id. at 500; see also Hobbs
v. Hobbs,
290 So. 3d 1092 (Fla. 1st DCA 2020) (holding that the trial court
erred in denying a motion to dissolve a domestic violence injunction entered
18 years prior; the ex-wife’s fear of domestic violence was subjective and
based on speculation, so it was insufficient to support the continuance of the
injunction); Bush v. Henney,
175 So. 3d 930 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (holding
that the trial court erred in denying a motion to dissolve a domestic violence
injunction entered 14 years prior, where the movant had never violated the
injunction and its continued existence affected the movant’s ability to travel
overseas).
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Here, it is undisputed that Former Husband has never been
investigated by law enforcement or formally charged with any crime related
to the alleged domestic violence, either by civilian or military authorities. The
parties’ marriage has been dissolved. Both parties are geographically
separate: Former Husband lives in Tampa, while Former Wife resides in
Miami. Former Husband does not know Former Wife’s address. Former
Husband has had no incidents of domestic violence since the injunction.
Former Husband has remarried and risen through the ranks of the United
States Air Force, and he has held Top Secret clearance for the past 22 years.
And finally, Former Husband has not contacted Former Wife since the
injunction was entered.
Though Former Wife does not dispute that circumstances have
changed, she maintains that she has a continuing fear of imminent domestic
violence from Former Husband, and therefore the injunction still serves a
valid purpose. See Trice, 267 So. 3d at 501 (“Because a reasonable fear of
imminent violence is a legally necessary predicate to the issuance and
extension of a domestic violence injunction, it follows that a reasonable fear
of imminent violence is also necessary to justify denying a motion to dissolve
a domestic violence injunction that is otherwise supported by the requisite
change in circumstances.”). However, a “merely speculative fear of future
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violence cannot be enough to justify the never-ending existence of an
injunction.” Id. at 500; see also Hobbs, 290 So. 3d at 1096 (“[S]ubjective
fear is not enough to maintain a permanent injunction.” (citing McMath v.
Biernacki,
776 So. 2d 1039, 1040 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001))).
IV. CONCLUSION
We agree that, based on Former Wife’s testimony, the trial court could
have found that Former Wife continued to fear Former Husband. However,
the standard requires that for the injunction to continue, the fear must be
reasonable. See Trice, 267 So. 3d at 500 (“To the extent the trial court
concluded that the theoretical possibility of future contact between the
parties was by itself sufficient to conclude that the circumstances underlying
the injunction remained the same, that conclusion fails the test of
reasonableness the abuse of discretion standard embodies.”). It is
undisputed that the parties’ circumstances have changed significantly, and
there is no competent substantial evidence in the record to support a finding
of a continuing, reasonable fear of imminent violence based on anything that
has occurred since the injunction was entered in 2004. For these reasons,
we reverse the order on appeal and remand with instructions to grant Former
Husband’s motion to dissolve the injunction.
Reversed and remanded with instructions.
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