Boyd v. Johngalt Holdings, LLC ( 2014 )

FINAL COPY
294 Ga. 640
S13A1429. BOYD et al. v. JOHNGALT HOLDINGS, LLC et al.
BLACKWELL, Justice.
This case concerns title to a small parcel of commercial property in Fulton
County. Nathaniel and Lucy Boyd once owned the property, but according to the
tax commissioner, they failed to pay their taxes,1 and as a result, the property
was sold in 1998 to National Tax Funding at a tax sale.2 The next year, National
Tax gave its tax deed to Southeast Diversified Development, Inc., and Southeast
Diversified gave a promissory note and deed to secure debt back to National
Tax. That security deed later was assigned to JohnGalt Holdings, LLC.
Southeast Diversified eventually defaulted on the promissory note, and JohnGalt
foreclosed on its security deed.
In the meantime, the Boyds had made efforts to redeem the property.3
Before Southeast Diversified defaulted on the note, the Boyds entered into an
agreement with Southeast Diversified, by which the Boyds were to make
1
The Boyds contend that they did not, in fact, fail to pay their taxes. We need not
resolve that dispute, however, to decide this case.
2
See OCGA § 48-4-1 et seq.
3
See OCGA § 48-4-40 et seq.
periodic payments to Southeast Diversified to redeem the property. The Boyds,
however, failed to make all of the payments required under this agreement. After
JohnGalt foreclosed on its security deed, JohnGalt gave notice to the Boyds of
its intent to foreclose their right of redemption, and the Boyds entered into a new
agreement with JohnGalt, by which the Boyds were to make periodic payments
to JohnGalt to redeem the property. Again, the Boyds failed to make all of the
payments required under their agreement with JohnGalt. Accordingly, in 2004,
JohnGalt gave notice to the Boyds that they had defaulted and that their right of
redemption was foreclosed. The Boyds then attempted to rescind their
agreement with JohnGalt.
In 2005, the Boyds sued JohnGalt for trespass and ejectment, contending
that they had redeemed the property. JohnGalt promptly answered the suit, but
it did not then assert a counterclaim to quiet title. About three years later,
JohnGalt sought leave to amend its pleadings and assert such a counterclaim,
and the trial court gave it leave to do so. Upon the assertion of the counterclaim
to quiet title, the trial court appointed a special master. The Boyds then filed a
motion to dismiss the counterclaim, and JohnGalt filed a motion for summary
judgment on the counterclaim. In 2009, the special master made his report,
2
concluding that JohnGalt had good title to the property by virtue of its
foreclosure of the right of redemption. The trial court adopted the report of the
special master and entered a judgment that quieted title in favor of JohnGalt.
From that judgment, the Boyds appeal, asserting several claims of error.4 We see
no error, however, and we affirm the judgment below.
1. First, the Boyds contend that the trial court abused its discretion when
it allowed JohnGalt to assert its counterclaim to quiet title three years after its
original responsive pleading was filed. “When a pleader fails to set up a
counterclaim through oversight, inadvertence, or excusable neglect, or when
justice requires, he may by leave of court set up the counterclaim by
amendment.” OCGA § 9-11-13 (f). JohnGalt has never argued “oversight,
inadvertence, or excusable neglect.” But “when justice requires” “furnishes an
4
The appeal has taken a long and twisting road to this Court. There apparently were
problems with timely service of the report of the special master, and for that reason, the trial
court vacated its original judgment in favor of JohnGalt and then reentered it. The Boyds
timely filed a notice of appeal from the reentered judgment, see Alston & Bird v. Mellon
Ventures II, 307 Ga. App. 640, 642 (1) (706 SE2d 652) (2010), as well as affidavits of
indigence. The trial court denied pauper status to the Boyds without a hearing, and the Boyds
also appealed from that denial. The trial court dismissed both appeals, and the Boyds
appealed those dismissals to this Court. In Boyd v. JohnGalt Holdings, 290 Ga. 658 (724
SE2d 395) (2012), we transferred the appeal from the dismissals to the Court of Appeals, and
in Boyd v. JohnGalt Holdings, 318 Ga. App. 866 (736 SE2d 459) (2012), the Court of
Appeals reversed the dismissals and remanded for a hearing on the question of indigence. On
remand, the trial court granted pauper status to the Boyds.
3
independent ground for setting up an omitted counterclaim. Thus, a trial court
should grant leave to set up an omitted counterclaim ‘when justice . . . requires’
even though the other grounds, ‘oversight, inadvertence, or excusable neglect’
are not present.” White v. Fidelity Nat. Bank, 188 Ga. App. 539, 540 (1) (373
SE2d 640) (1988) (citation omitted). See also McKesson HBOC v. Adler, 254
Ga. App. 500, 505 (4) (562 SE2d 809) (2002). “The determination of whether
justice requires the grant of leave to set up an omitted counterclaim is a matter
which addresses itself to the sound discretion of the trial court.” Hampton Island
v. Asset Holding Co. 5, 320 Ga. App. 880, 884 (2) (740 SE2d 859) (2013)
(citation and punctuation omitted). Moreover, because the failure to plead a
compulsory counterclaim can result in loss of that counterclaim forever, the
courts generally should be forgiving when leave is sought to add compulsory
counterclaims, at least so long as the plaintiff makes no showing of prejudice.
Williams v. Buckley, 148 Ga. App. 778, 779 (1) (252 SE2d 692) (1979);
Kitchens v. Lowe, 139 Ga. App. 526, 527-528 (1) (228 SE2d 923) (1976). See
also 6 Wright, Miller, Kane, Marcus & Steinman, FEDERAL PRACTICE &
PROCEDURE § 1430 (3d ed.).
4
As the Boyds concede, the counterclaim of JohnGalt to quiet title is a
compulsory counterclaim in this case. See OCGA § 9-11-13 (a). And title to the
property always has been an important issue in this case, insofar as the issue was
presented squarely by the claims of the Boyds for trespass and ejectment, as well
as by an earlier counterclaim of JohnGalt for trespass. As the trial court
observed, a cause of action for quiet title had been “implicit throughout this
case.” See OCGA § 23-3-44 (“Proceedings quia timet may be used to remove
clouds on title caused by equities of redemption following tax sales . . ..”).
Given the nature of their own claims, the defenses asserted by JohnGalt against
those claims, and the original counterclaim of JohnGalt, the Boyds were not
surprised or prejudiced unfairly by the late assertion of a counterclaim to quiet
title. See Kitchens, 139 Ga. App. at 529 (1). See also White, 188 Ga. App. at 540
(1). The Boyds had ample time to respond to the late counterclaim. See
Kitchens, 139 Ga. App. at 529 (1). And permitting the assertion of the late
counterclaim fostered judicial economy. See Daniel v. Daniel, 250 Ga. App.
482, 486 (3) (552 SE2d 479) (2001). That the counterclaim was asserted only
after the case had appeared on trial calendars, and that it was not included in the
consolidated pretrial order, certainly cuts against allowing the late amendment,
5
but these circumstances alone are not dispositive. See White, 188 Ga. App. at
541 (1). Considering all of the circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court
abused its considerable discretion when it gave JohnGalt leave to assert its
omitted counterclaim to quiet title.5 See Daniel, 250 Ga. App. at 486 (3); White,
188 Ga. App. at 541 (1); Williams, 148 Ga. App. at 779 (1); Kitchens, 139 Ga.
App. at 529 (1). Cf. Eudaly v. Valmet Automation (USA), 201 Ga. App. 497, 498
(1) (411 SE2d 311) (1991) (where it was “neither fair nor expeditious” to allow
late counterclaims after the court’s deadline for motions while using that same
deadline as the basis for denying the plaintiff an opportunity to make any
discovery as to the late counterclaims).
2. The Boyds complain that the trial court appointed a special master and
required the parties to appear before him “for all further proceedings,” without
prior notice or opportunity to be heard. But the appointment of a special master
was mandatory, and notice and a hearing were therefore unnecessary, because
OCGA § 23-3-43 says that where, as here, the plaintiff in a conventional quiet
title action requests a special master, “the court, upon receipt of the complaint,
5
In light of this conclusion, it is not necessary to address JohnGalt’s argument that its
counterclaim was alternatively based on a claim of prescriptive title that did not ripen until
2008. See OCGA § 9-11-13 (e).
6
shall submit the same to a special master . . . .” (Emphasis supplied.) See also
Stephens v. Dept. of Transp., 170 Ga. App. 784, 786 (1) (318 SE2d 167) (1984)
(statute providing that the superior court “shall make an order requiring”
appearance “at a hearing before a special master” means that upon invocation
of the statute, “[t]he superior court’s ex parte appointment of a special master
is required”) (emphasis in original). As to the authority of the special master,
OCGA § 23-3-66 provides in pertinent part that
. . . the special master shall have complete jurisdiction within the
scope of the pleadings to ascertain and determine the validity,
nature, or extent of petitioner’s title and all other interests in the
land, or any part thereof, which may be adverse to the title claimed
by the petitioner, or to remove any particular cloud or clouds upon
the title to the land and to make a report of his findings to the judge
of the court . . . .
So, the special master is authorized to handle every aspect of the quiet title
claim. The trial court surely had this in mind when it required the parties to
appear before the special master “for all further proceedings.” And the special
master understood that his jurisdiction was limited to the quiet title
counterclaim, as he said in his report that “the only matter before the Special
Master is JohnGalt’s Counterclaim for Quiet Title as to the Boyds.”
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Consequently, we see no error in the trial court’s order appointing a special
master.
3. After his appointment, the special master entered a scheduling order
that included a deadline for any motions to disqualify. The Boyds claim that this
order required the parties to initiate disqualification, and it thereby shifted to the
parties the special master’s statutory, ethical, and constitutional obligations to
self-report disqualifying matters. Although the Boyds timely objected to the
appointment of a special master, they have not noted any timely objection to the
scheduling order. Indeed, it appears that they did not object to the scheduling
order either at the time of its entry or during the special master proceedings that
followed, and they have, therefore, waived their objection to that order. See In
re Adams, 292 Ga. 617 (1) (740 SE2d 134) (2013); Spencer v. State, 259 Ga.
App. 664, 666 (577 SE2d 817) (2003). In any event, the setting of a deadline for
the parties to file motions to disqualify does not violate any statute or rule. See
Uniform Superior Court Rule 25.3. See also Birt v. State, 256 Ga. 483, 484 (2)
(350 SE2d 241) (1986) (citing the predecessor to Rule 25.3). Nor does the
setting of a deadline for motions prevent the special master from fulfilling his
separate obligation to ensure that he is impartial and disinterested. Moreover, the
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Boyds have failed to note anything in the record that could have required
disqualification of the special master in this case.
4. The Boyds assert that the special master failed to apply the correct legal
standard to JohnGalt’s motion for summary judgment. Instead, the Boyds argue,
the special master invaded the province of the factfinder by determining the
credibility of witnesses whom he never saw testify, deciding disputed issues of
fact, and making findings of fact in his report. But “[o]n appeal from the grant
of summary judgment[,] this Court conducts a de novo review of the evidence
to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the
undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,
warrant judgment as a matter of law.” Chester v. Smith, 285 Ga. 401, 401 (677
SE2d 128) (2009) (citations and punctuation omitted). This “standard advances
judicial economy by recognizing that, in summary judgment cases, the factual
record is set and the appellate courts can, as well as the trial courts,” apply the
law to those facts. City of Gainesville v. Dodd, 275 Ga. 834, 838 (573 SE2d
369) (2002). So, whether or not the special master improperly determined the
credibility of witnesses and resolved disputed issues of fact, we can and will
now proceed to independently examine the factual record and apply the law to
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determine whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether
JohnGalt was indeed entitled to judgment as a matter of law.6
5. (a) The special master found that the Boyds did not timely press a
rescission of their agreement with JohnGalt. In order to effect a rescission, one
must act promptly and adhere to the intent to rescind — without taking some
action inconsistent with that intent — or risk waiver of the right to rescind. See
Conway v. Romarion, 252 Ga. App. 528, 530-531 (1) (557 SE2d 54) (2001).
Here, the Boyds asserted a clear intent to rescind by a letter dated June 17, 2004,
almost immediately after they received notice of their alleged breach of the
JohnGalt agreement.7 So, it appears that the Boyds “asserted the intent to rescind
in a timely fashion . . . .” Id. at 531 (1). And although their subsequent
complaint in 2005 did not assert a claim for rescission, neither did it include a
6
JohnGalt argues that the special master decides all issues as the arbiter of law and
fact, see Thompson v. Central of Ga. R., 282 Ga. 264, 265 (1) (646 SE2d 669) (2007), and
that the findings of the special master adopted by the trial court will be upheld unless clearly
erroneous, see Crawford v. Simpson, 279 Ga. 280, 281 (612 SE2d 783) (2005). But JohnGalt
made the decision to move for summary judgment and, therefore, must accept the standards
that apply to motions for summary judgment and their review on appeal. See Ga. Canoeing
Assn. v. Henry, 263 Ga. 77, 78 (428 SE2d 336) (1993).
7
JohnGalt presented evidence that the Boyds’ default was effective on May 1, 2004,
that a default letter was sent by certified mail on May 11, 2004 and was returned, and that
another default letter was sent on June 14, 2004. In his deposition, Mr. Boyd testified that the
Boyds never received the May 11 letter but did receive the June 14 letter.
10
claim for breach of contract or any other clear election to affirm the JohnGalt
agreement. See id. at 531-532 (1). Cf. Holloman v. D.R. Horton, Inc., 241 Ga.
App. 141, 146-147 (3) (524 SE2d 790) (1999) (complaint affirmed contract and
sought damages without making any rescission claim). When JohnGalt initially
raised the agreement (in its first motion for summary judgment), the Boyds
raised rescission in response, and then again in their first amended complaint as
a separate claim. As a result, it appears that the trial court erred in adopting the
special master’s determination that the Boyds waived any claim for rescission.
(b) The special master, however, also found an absence of any fraud or
mutual mistake of fact such as would support a rescission. See Jackson v. Wiley,
193 Ga. App. 491, 492 (388 SE2d 395) (1989). The Boyds insist that there is
sufficient evidence in the record to support their fraud claim. They argue that
slight circumstances may be sufficient to prove fraud, see OCGA § 23-2-57, and
that “[s]uppression of a material fact which a party is under an obligation to
communicate constitutes fraud. The obligation to communicate may arise from
the confidential relations of the parties or from the particular circumstances of
the case.” OCGA § 23-2-53. According to the Boyds, when they went to
JohnGalt’s office on October 24, 2003 and explained to Claire Fishman —
11
JohnGalt’s general counsel and a CPA — that they had entered into an
agreement with Southeast Diversified, Fishman warned that they would lose the
property if they did not pay more money, and she did not provide them with
more information. But Fishman did not do any legal work for the Boyds and was
not paid by them, and as Mr. Boyd testified, she advised them to hire a lawyer.
So, the Boyds did not have any fiduciary relationship with Fishman that would
impose on her a duty of disclosure and that would support their fraud claim.8
See Bogle v. Bragg, 248 Ga. App. 632, 637-638 (1) (548 SE2d 396) (2001). Nor
are there any other “particular circumstances” that would give rise to a duty to
disclose on the part of Fishman, as nothing in the record suggests that she
intentionally concealed any fact from the Boyds, hoping to obtain a benefit that
could be secured only by silence and concealing the truth. See Miller v. Lomax,
266 Ga. App. 93, 98 (2) (b) (596 SE2d 232) (2004) (quoting this Court’s
interpretation of the phrase “particular circumstances” in Reeves v. B.T. Williams
& Co., 160 Ga. 15, 21 (127 S.E. 293) (1925)); Karpowicz v. Hyles, 247 Ga. App.
8
We note that Fishman fulfilled her ethical duty as a lawyer dealing on behalf of a
client with an unrepresented person not to “give advice other than the advice to secure
counsel, if a lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the interests of such a person are
or have a reasonable possibility of being in conflict with the interests of the client.” Ga. Rule
of Professional Conduct 4.3 (b).
12
292, 297 (6) (543 SE2d 51) (2000). To the extent that the Boyds argue that
Fishman concealed their legal rights, that concealment is not relevant, as any
such failure to disclose an opinion as to a matter of law or as to the legal effect
of a contract did not amount to the “[s]uppression of a material fact” and could
not serve as the basis for a fraud action.9 See Howard v. Barron, 272 Ga. App.
360, 362-363 (1) (612 SE2d 569) (2005); Gignilliat v. Borg, 131 Ga. App. 182,
183 (3) (205 SE2d 479) (1974).
(c) The Boyds further complain of the special master’s conclusion that the
terms of the JohnGalt agreement were “tantamount to waivers of any alleged
irregularities related to the processes that came before the [JohnGalt] Agreement
(i.e., levy, execution, transfers of the Tax Deed, service of the notice of
foreclosure of the right of redemption, etc.).”10 It is true that nothing in the
agreement constitutes a waiver of preceding irregularities for all purposes. For
9
The Boyds also fail to show from evidence in the record that JohnGalt committed
a fraud by surprise. See OCGA § 23-2-54 (“Anything which happens without the agency or
fault of the party affected by it, tending to disturb and confuse his judgment or to mislead
him, of which the opposite party takes an undue advantage, is in equity a surprise and is a
form of fraud for which relief is granted.”).
10
The Boyds claim, among other things, that they were not informed of any tax
delinquency, that they did not receive notice prior to the tax sale, and that they were not
aware of any deficiency in their title until October 2000 when they were denied a permit to
make improvements to the property.
13
example, the Boyds could conceivably raise these matters in a suit against the
sheriff based on alleged defects in his implementation of the tax sale process.
See Saffo v. Foxworthy, Inc., 286 Ga. 284, 289 (4) (687 SE2d 463) (2009). But
the JohnGalt agreement did effectively waive any irregularities as against
JohnGalt,11 and that waiver may in part amount to a reasonable recognition that
defects in the tax sale process did not render the tax sale or deed void and did
not affect JohnGalt’s title as a bona fide purchaser. See id. Moreover, as the
special master determined, the parties had the freedom to contract around the
statute providing for redemption because the agreement neither injures others
nor affects the public interest.12 See OCGA § 1-3-7; City of Atlanta v.
Hotels.com, 289 Ga. 323, 327 (2) (710 SE2d 766) (2011) (“one is free to enter
into an agreement to reimburse another for a tax obligation, as long as the State
11
The JohnGalt agreement provided, among other things, that the Boyds had received
notice of foreclosure of their right of redemption, that their payments pursuant to the
Southeast Diversified agreement would not be applied to the redemption amount, that
JohnGalt was not responsible for the recovery of any funds paid by the Boyds to Southeast
Diversified, and that if the full redemption amount of $6,681.07 was not paid as scheduled,
the right to redeem would be foreclosed and forever barred.
12
This appears to be consistent with foreign authority. See Varsolona v. Breen Capital
Svcs. Corp., 853 A2d 865, 874-875 (III) (A) (N.J. 2004), aff’g 822 A2d 663 (N.J. Super.
2003); Bateman v. Rice, 653 S.W.2d 951, 952-953 (Tex. App. 1983) (“an agreement between
the tax purchaser and the owner, that the latter shall be allowed additional time for
redemption[,] is valid and may be enforced”) (quoting Black on Tax Titles § 354 (2 nd Ed.)).
14
ultimately receives the proper amount of tax”) (citations and punctuation
omitted); Livingston v. Hirsch, 172 Ga. 854, 854 (1) (159 S.E. 253) (1931) (a
statutory right of redemption in the mortgagor could be waived in a security
deed); Bryan v. MBC Partners, 246 Ga. App. 549, 552 (3) (541 SE2d 124)
(2000).
(d) The Boyds contend that before they signed the JohnGalt agreement,
they had already paid Southeast Diversified more than the amount required
under the redemption statutes and, therefore, had redeemed the property as a
matter of law. But when an interest in the property was conveyed to Southeast
Diversified in September 1999, Southeast Diversified executed the promissory
note and security deed that were eventually assigned to JohnGalt. Under OCGA
§ 48-4-42, the amounts required for redemption must be paid “to the purchaser
at the tax sale or to the purchaser’s successors.” “This purpose is defeated if
payment is made to just anyone in the chain, for the owner at the time is alone
entitled.” Herrington v. Old South Investment Co., 222 Ga. 428 (150 SE2d 623)
(1966). At the time of the Boyds’ payments to Southeast Diversified, the grantee
of the security deed and its successors held legal title to the property and would
be deprived of their security if the amounts paid to their grantor, Southeast
15
Diversified, were deemed proper payment of the redemption amount. See id. For
this reason, the Boyds cannot be considered to have redeemed the property by
the payments they made to Southeast Diversified. Moreover, assuming that the
Boyds could have properly paid the redemption amount to Southeast
Diversified, the Southeast Diversified agreement would have superseded their
statutory rights of redemption. And even if JohnGalt were initially bound by the
Southeast Diversified agreement and required to accept payments from the
Boyds under that agreement, the parties substituted the JohnGalt agreement for
the Southeast Diversified agreement, as they were free to do.13 See Division 5
(c), supra.
(e) Accordingly, the Boyds have failed to demonstrate that there was a
genuine issue of material fact as to John Galt’s quiet title counterclaim, and we
conclude that summary judgment in favor of John Galt was warranted. See
Ritchie v. Metro Tax Investors, 280 Ga. 79, 81 (623 SE2d 498) (2005).
13
Assuming both that the Boyds could have paid the redemption amount to Southeast
Diversified and that their rights of redemption were governed solely by statute rather than
the agreements that they executed, they nevertheless are mistaken in their claim that through
Fishman’s testimony, JohnGalt admitted that the redemption amount before execution of the
JohnGalt agreement was less than the $7,100 the Boyds had paid to Southeast Diversified.
Instead, Fishman indicated that she did not know the amount of all the charges that made up
the total redemption amount required by Southeast Diversified.
16
6. The Boyds further assert that the special master denied their motion to
dismiss without considering their arguments because, they say, he never issued
a written order that addressed or expressly ruled on their detailed defenses to
John Galt’s quiet title counterclaim or the exercise of equitable jurisdiction. But
the special master’s report, having been adopted by the trial court, sufficiently
informs us of “the basis for the trial court’s judgment.” Nelson v. Ga. Sheriffs
Youth Homes, 286 Ga. 192, 193 (686 SE2d 663) (2009). And the provision in
OCGA § 23-3-66 that the special master make a report of his findings to the
judge does not mandate a separate finding or conclusion as to each defense. See
Mackey v. Fed. Nat. Mtg. Assn., 294 Ga. App. 495, 497 (4) (669 SE2d 397)
(2008). Moreover, the Boyds have failed to show how they were harmed by the
absence of separate, written rulings on each of their defenses, as they have not
specified any defenses on appeal other than those we have disposed of above.
See Humphreys v. State, 287 Ga. 63, 78 (8) (a) (694 SE2d 316) (2010) (“The
burden is on the appellant to show harm as well as error.”) (Citation and
punctuation omitted).
7. The Boyds next claim that the special master erred when he awarded
and allocated his own fees, and the trial court erred, they contend, when it
17
accepted and approved that compensation without notice or a hearing. The
Boyds were ordered to pay 25% of $18,700 in fees. OCGA § 23-3-68 requires
the court to fix a reasonable compensation to be paid to the special master and
to be taxed in the court’s discretion as part of the costs. The statute neither
requires a hearing nor prohibits allocation of the fees. Because “the
reasonableness of fees and costs is a matter within the trial court’s discretion,
the appellate court will not interfere with the decision of the trial court unless
there has been an abuse of that discretion.” Simmons v. Community Renewal and
Redemption, 286 Ga. 6, 9 (4) (685 SE2d 75) (2009) (citation omitted). As with
similar equitable provisions of the law, this discretion reaches to a decision to
apportion costs between the parties. See Lowe v. Byrd, 148 Ga. 388, 393 (5) (96
S.E. 1001) (1918). And although the allocation of costs is not controlled by
which party prevails, see id., the fact that the Boyds did not prevail on the quiet
title counterclaim supports the court’s exercise of discretion to apportion to
them at least part of the special master’s fees. See Brown v. Parks, 190 Ga. 540,
549 (8) (9 SE2d 897) (1940). Cf. Hamilton v. DuPre, 103 Ga. 795 (30 S.E. 248)
(1898) (cited by the Boyds and distinguished by Lowe, 148 Ga. at 393 (5) and
by Edwards v. United Food Brokers, 196 Ga. 241, 251-252 (2) (26 SE2d 348)
18
(1943) as an isolated instance where division of expenses was an abuse of
discretion because the appellant was wholly blameless and because of other
extreme facts). Accordingly, the Boyds have failed to show an abuse of
discretion, and the award of compensation to the special master will not be
disturbed. See Simmons, 286 Ga. at 9 (4).
8. Last, the Boyds contend that the trial court erred when it granted a
temporary restraining order (TRO). This contention is “moot, however, because
the TRO [was] superseded by [an] interlocutory injunction, and the [Boyds] do
not argue that any alleged error in entering the TRO somehow infected the
interlocutory injunction . . . .” Pittman v. State of Ga., 288 Ga. 589, 591 (1) (706
SE2d 398) (2011).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
Decided March 3, 2014.
Title to land. Fulton Superior Court. Before Judge Brasher.
Francis X. Moore, Hillis, Robison & Coffelt, Lindsey W. Hillis, for
appellants.
Schreeder, Wheeler & Flint, Daivd H. Flint, J. Carole Thomnpson Hord,
for appellees.
19