Swann v. Garrett ( 1883 )

Jackson, Chief Justice,

dissenting.

The will of the testator is the law of the distribution of his property. What he wishes to be done with it, must be done, unless it contravenes the policy or law of the commonwealth. No court, either of law or equity, can rightfully annul or alter this law of the testator’s will or wish touching his property, any more than such court can right fully annul or alter any other law of the state enacted by the general assembly; because the right to dispose of the testator’s property to suit himself rests on a statutory enactment of that general assembly, just as binding as any other enactment it makes. If, therefore, the bill of these complainants seeks to dispose of this property therein described differently from the manner in which General Austell declared in his will that it should be disposed of, it is in the teeth of the law, and as equity follows the law, it is without equity; and inasmuch as the demurrer is general, it is demurrable, and should have been dismissed, and the judgment of the chancellor should be affirmed. Code, §§2399, 2156, 3083.

Indeed, equity, under the statutes of this state, is powerless to interfere with the probate or execution of a will, even in cases of fraud; but the courts of ordinary and the superior court, on its law side, by appeal from the court of ordinary, have exclusive jurisdiction thereof. Code, §3172.

But in this case there is no question of fraud, and the Code last above cited is alluded to simply to show, not only that equity follows the law, as prescribed in section 3083, but for fear that, upon some vague general idea of fraud in the bestowal of favors after death, such as possibly equity’s longer arms might reach, a testator’s will might be set aside, the door is shut and locked to equity, and strict law alone is permitted to deal with the execution of a will.

The sole question made here is, has a court of equity the right to interfere with the execution of this will by the executors—with the management of the property therein set out in the bill, and disposed of in the only clause of the will which is exhibited, as prescribed in that clause; or in other words, is it equitable that the court of equity shall intervene ?

What is the bill ?

It is filed by the adult children and legatees of General Austell against their minor brother and co-legatee and the executor of the will, to compel the infant to elect to take property in kind, which the testator wished and willed that he should not take in kind, but should be converted into money, and otherwise invested; and it asks the court, in view of the incapacity of the infant to elect by his guardian or other legal mode, itself to act as standing in loco parentis, and elect for the infant to take in kind his share of the property bequeathed in common to him and the complainants, when the testator—-the real parent—had declared his ivishes, or his will, to use the technical name for the paper, that the infant should not take it in kind, but that it should be turned over to his guardian in money, and the money be invested as the law directs a guardian to invest it; and inasmuch as the executor is proceeding to sell the property, as directed to do by the will, for the purpose of getting the money in its place, as required by the will, in order to be otherwise invested by the guardian of the child, these complainants pray that the harsh writ of injunction issue from the court of equity to stop this sale by the executor, though required to sell by the will.^*

The error alleged is the denial by the chancellor of this writ in this case; and this court is seriously asked to rule that the chancellor abused his discretion as an equitable judge, when he denied the harsh writ!

Surely, some overpowering necessity must exist to require the interposition of the chancellor. Surely, this bill must somewhere, in statement, charge or exhibit, show this necessity. It is the regular administration of an estate by the legal custodian thereof, who is engaged in doing the very thing which his law of administration and distribution—the will of the testator—required him to do; and our statute warns the chancellors of this sta&e to be particular and cautious in such interference with estates. Code, §3144.

Some necessity, therefore, some change of values of a remarkable character, some total- transformation of the property in question, and of the surroundings of the testator ¡at the time of the execution of his will, must have occurred since that date to authorize this court to control the •chancellor in withholding this writ, when it is remembered 'that our statute again declares that “the granting and continuing of injunctions must always rest in the sound dis■cretion of the judge, according to the circumstances of -each case.” Code, §3220.

I look in vain to find in this record any necessity for this interference with the executor. I can find no hint of ■any .change in the situation of the property, or of any material change of value. There are vague allegations of the •desirableness of these investments, and unmistakable averments that complainants prefer a distribution in kind, and that they consider it their interest and that of the infant to take the property in kind, and that in their judgment no better investments—perhaps in zeal they say none as good —can be made.

But these general allegations amount to nothing, except to substitute the judgment of the complainants for that of the testator, and to substitute that judgment, not only for themselves in respiect to what he gave them a share apiece of, but to substitute it for the infant, who also has a ¡share. In so far as the complainants themselves are concerned, as they are all adults, and as the proceeds after ¡sale of the estate in common are to be divided between them, and as they prefer, against the judgment of the testator, to receive the bequest in kind, there are authorities to the effect that, at their election, they may take in kind and stop the sale; because the testator intended them to have the proceeds, and well knew that, being sui juris, they could buy in the property or re-invest in it, if they wished, and thus the will, the intention, the substance of the gift of the testator, is not contravened, but practically carried out. This principle is recognized in 18 130—

a case in which it seems that even another investment had been directed in the testator’s will. But in that case no infant’s bequest was in common with those of adults, and the real question made here is not there decided; nor am I aware of any case where it has been decided; certainly, none by this court can be found in the most remote degree resembling this. The principle here sought' to be enforced is nakedly to change the character of the property which the testator willed that an infant legatee should receive, or, rather, to compel the infant, by the mere election or decree of a court of equity, to take that property in kind which the testator said that the infant should not take in kind. . In other words, the court of equity changes for the infant the will of the testator, and makes its will the law instead of the testator’s will. I use the language, “ election or decree,” because the words are substantially the same. In effect, the court “elects” when it “decrees;” and what it elects, it decrees. Its decree upsets the will, because it elects so to decree, and therefore so to upset. And if this dangerous onslaught on.the sanctity of the right of a dying father to say by will what kind of property he adjudges his helpless and infant son shall not hold in his minority, be not repulsed, at least checked, by the barrier of a dissenting opinion, a court hereafter is the law of a dead man’s estate, and judicial discretion is the measure of testamentary right and parental providence.

If, therefore, as tenant in common with his co-legatees, this infant be hurt by the removal from the corpus of the joint estate three-fourths of it before the sale, so that his single share thus left alone will bring less money in proportion, I hold this bill inequitable, because equity will not help adult legatees at the expense and to the hurt of an infant. There is no allegation in the bill that the shares of the complainants can be turned over to them without damage to the infant, if his be sold separately. So far as the statements of the bill go, they allege that, if all be divided in kind, all will be benefited, but it is not stated that part can be divided in kind and the residue sell for as much. Therefore, if equity cannot alter the will as to the infant’s taking his part in kind, against his deceased father’s election for him, it will not let the adults have their shares in kind, because the infant will be hurt. Hence, there being-no allegation that he would not be hurt, the bill is inequitable, and the injunction was properly refused.

Can equity alter, nay, annul, the will of the testator in respect lo this infant’s share, the status of the property bequeathed being unchanged since the will, and the necessities of the infant not absolutely demanding the interference of the court ? I concede that, where material changes have occurred since the execution of the will, a court of equity may interfere; because no man can know what the will of the testator would be, if in life, or would have been had the changed situation existed when he made his will; and therefore the key of the will, the intention of the testator, is lost, and it cannot be found and ascertained. The best substitute for it is a court of equity; but when it unlocks, it enters no door forbidden by the testator; it does nothing' contrary to his intention; but it ascertains, as far as consummate reason and close scrutiny can, what testator would do, what he would will in the changed condition of things; what he would then intend, and it does that. It carries out the will so far as it can do in the changes wrought by providence or time.

So, too, where the necessities of the infant, actual food and raiment, or other overpowering emergency demand its intervention, equity will sell to feed and clothe, because it knows that the parent or testator would do the same thing under the same emergency. But beyond these cases I deny the power, the legal power, not the mere brute force or mechanical strength, of any court, law or equity, to act, for the effect is to annul or alter a will, because in all other cases except change of status or necessity, the testator has passed himself on the case with all the facts before him. and has legislated upon it, and made the law of it and adjudicated it. It has become not only law on the statute book, but law applied by the* court to the facts, a court clothed with the jurisdiction of the case; it is therefore res adjudicate and from this judgment there is no appeal known to law or equity.

But suppose equity had such power, would it exercise it in the case made by this bill ? Should it ? Ought it to do so ? What is the case made by the bill ? What property is to be forced on this child ? Bonds of the states of North and South Carolina, stock in an unfinished railroad in South Carolina and an undivided share in the corpus of that unfinished railroad, stock in the First National Bank in Atlanta, and bonds in the Atlanta Brewing Company; these are the items of property •which the testator directed to be sold, converted into money, and the money divided among these three adult complainants and this infant defendant. These items the executor was proceeding to sell when arrested by the application for this injunction. If equity has the power, ought it to grant this injunction?

This single clause in the will is the only part of that instrument exhibited, to the bill; the others are not before us. This' specifies these items of property, which the testator required the executors to sell and convert and change the investment he had made therein. What were his reasons ? He is not compelled by any law to give any. It is enough for him to say, “ I will it so.” That will makes the direction law. Nothing but the time of sale is left to the discretion of the executor. No point on the present, as the proper time, is made in the bill. The only point the bill makes is that the investment is good, and therefore, complainants want the property above itemized divided in kind and not sold. But the testator has adjudicated that point; and for sound reasons, if reasons must be given, to sustain his will. He has decided that these five several investments are bad or dangerous, and that lie decrees the sale. Who shall reverse that decree * Shah these complainants ? They may differ from the testator’s judgment, and decide that their investments are good, and they may re-invest in them if sold, and therefore they might, by a consent decree, reverse that of the testator, as equity avoids circuity of actions or steps, and will let them have at once what they could get by buying and re-investing. They might do that, however unwise it might be; but there is a slight impediment in their way. It is an infant, little and powerless, yet equity loves him as she loves everything that is weak and helpless, and will always shield such against the strong. It may seriously hurt this child that he be forced to speculate in the completion of an unfinished railroad in another state, outside of Georgia’s chancery jurisdiction, and while her chancery might not care how far these sui juris legatees carried their speculations in building railroads and in staking much money on the venture, yet she will not turn loose a ward of chancery to stray wildly off into such a wilderness of adventure, over the Savannah river into another jurisdiction, and beyond the reach of her nursing arms. She will not force him, against his father’s will, to choose such speculative chances, against the sober judgment of that shrewd and thrifty father; nor will equity choose for her ward in chancery any such venture, in the teeth of. what the parent thought was best for his child.

Nor should a Georgia equity court regard as much more entitled to the election of her ward in chancery the uncertain and shifting stock in .such a foreign railway company. That may be a little safer than shares in the corpus of the property of the road, demanding expenditures and outlays to complete it to greater extent, perhaps, than the stock; though that may also be forced, by stress of weather, to help complete the road, or sacrifice the interest already invested.

So, top, while a Georgia court of equity should always be very civil to her sister states, and by no means depreciate their bonds or lessen their credit, yet comity fiardly requires her to be so polite as to prefer the foreign securities to her own; and when one of her citizens makes a valid and legal will, the effect of which is to change the investment of a Georgia ward in chancery from bonds of North and South Carolina to Georgia bonds, the Georgia court will not be so polite toward her sisters, and so unselfish in policy as to restrain, by the harsh process of injunction, the executor of the will from selling the North and South Carolina bonds, and investing the proceeds in those of Georgia; especially when the statute law of Georgia requires the guardian so to invest; and the more especially when the court becomes such guardian in chancery, and as such alone is implored to elect for its ward. Code, §1833. And while the United States should always command the respect of a Georgia court of equity, and especially in all her fiscal agencies located within Georgia territory, yet with all the vast strides towards centralization which the government of the Union has made since the overthrow of states’ rights and local self-government by the dominant national party, it has not yet been required that the states shall invest the money of their wards in chancery in the stock of the national banks, against the will of a testator who knew all about those banks; and while he was willing to invest there himself, as long as he could supervise the management, yet declared his unwillingness that his infant son should hold stock therein—dreading, doubtless, the hazard the stock would run, as by the revised statutes of the United States, sections 5140-1-2-3, bank stock is liable in double its'amountin case of loss. The Georgia chancellors, being yet free to administer equity unshackled by Federal bonds, will hardly be expected to enjoin an executor from selling such stock of an infant in such a bank, managed by whom she knows not, and over which the state has no supervision whatever, and turning the proceeds over to a .■ guardian whose duty it will be to invest in bonds of the state.

And while courts of equity take no part in the choice of meat and drink, and suffer men to swill lager beer to the utmost capacity of stomachs, however capacious, interposing only when, by reason of stupor from the effects of continuous potations, an unhappy inebriate may be defrauded out of money or other property, yet they are not so desperately enamored of the Dutch viand themselves as to lay the heavy hand of an injunction to restrain an executor from selling the bonds of an infant on a lager beer company, in order to invest the same in other and better securities, especially as such bonds soon fall due, and are no permanent investment for one of tender years, and as the testator’s will required the sale.

Thus it is seen that all of the securities, which the clear mind of the testator decreed by his will to be sold, are precarious and uncertain, or extra-jurisdictional and equally uncertain, and some actually hazardous and unfit as investments for this ward of chancery; that though the bill puffs them up in broad and glittering generalities as great and excelling, yet, by the exhibit their true character is exhibited, when open to view by the slightest crack of analysis, and thus, on the very face of the bill—for the exhibit is part of it, and the most material part—its destitution of equity and want of the slightest claim to the remedy by injunction, are apparent. Therefore, in my judgment, the chancellor could do nothing less than declare it demurrable, and refuse the injunction.

From the fact that but a single clause required this property sold, and all the rest of the .testator’s estate was distributed, by order of his will, in kind, the conclusion is irresistible, that the protection of this infant was in the breast of the testator when he decreed this sale and change of investment; that his will was that the balance was a good investment for the child, but that these items were not; that such being his intention, it should bé carriecl into effect, uhless some overpowering necessity demanded tbe contrary, and not the contrary either, but such change as the testator would himself make if alive ; that no such necessity or change of situation appears, but that the case made is a bald effort to coerce an infant to speculate in foreign railroads and stocks, to keep his property in bonds of other states, to risk his inheritance, or rather the legacy given him by his father in a national bank, and to retain the bonds of an uncertain brewery, and to do all this in the teeth of that father’s will There is neither equity nor policy nor morality in the bill It is disrespectful to the parent, in that it scorns his advice and tramples on his wishes; inequitable, because it forces the infant to yield to the adult, the weak to the strong; impolitic, because it prefers other states to our own; and suicidal, so far as chancery may protect the ward, in that it deprives itself of power to look after him in a foreign j urisdiction. In every view I am enabled to take of it, the chancellor was right to refuse the inj auction. To grant it, is to allow our court of equity on facts .the jury, to pass judgment on the propriety of this will, and to change the wise investment decreed by the parent for his infant son. For these reasons, I dissent from the reversal of the judgment.

See, cited by defendant in error, 1 Ga., 514; 10 Ib., 121; 33 Ib., 666 ; 2 Story’s Eq. Jur., 1213, 1250; 18 Ga., 142; 19 Ib., 186; 1 P. Wms., 389; Lead. Cases in Eq. (W. & T.) 559, 569, 548; Adams Eq., 642, 284; 6 Hill (N. Y.) 416; 3 Wheat., 578-586; 2 P. Wms., 308; 30 Ib., 20 note; 19 Vesey, 124 ; 1 Vesey, 453, notes 3,4 ; 16 Ala., 409 ; 1 Duer (N. Y.), 286-302 ; 49 Ga., 397 ; Code, §3147, 3161, 3081; 1 Iredell Eq., 251 ; 4 Maddox, 492; Story’s Eq. Jur., 1067, 1068, 1077, 1096, 1214; Revised Stat. U. S., 5140, 5141, 5142, 5143, 5151, 5152; Code, §§2448, 2456, 2584, 3144, 3147, 2465, 1949, 3161, 2603, 2604, 1830, 1831, 1832,1833.

* Compare 63 Ga., 735; 47 Id., 195; McCook ct al. vs. Pond, adm'r; Elam cx'x, vs. Elam et al.; Bailey ct al., ex’rs vs. Ross, adm'r, ct al.; Rakcstraw, ex'x, vs. Rakestraw et al. (All at Sept. Term, 1883).