Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern Railway Co. v. Strickland , 114 Ga. 998 ( 1902 )

Simmons, C. J.

It appears from tbe record that this ease was tried at the April term, 1901, of Pickens superior court. The jury having returned a verdict for the plaintiff, the defendant company made, during the term, a motion for a new trial. As the brief of evidence could not be made out before the adjournment of the term, an order was taken setting down the hearing of the motion for new trial on May 20, 1901, at Ellijay in Gilmer county. On that day counsel for the movant appeared, bur the leading counsel for the respondent was absent on account of sickness. The judge refused to hear the case on that day, but announced that he would take it up during the week. On the following day the respondent’s leading counsel appeared and moved to dismiss the motion for new trial, because the brief of evidence had not been perfected. The judge declined to dismiss the motion, but passed an order, on May 21, setting the motion down for a hearing at Blue Ridge in Eannin county, on May 27, at 10 o’clock a. m. On that day, at 11 o’clock a. m., counsel for the respondent, in the absence of counsel for the movant, moved to dismiss the motion, on the ground that the brief of evidence had not been filed. This motion was granted by the judge. Thereafter on the same day movant’s counsel moved to reinstate the motion, assigning various reasons therefor, which, under the view we take of the case, it is unnecessary to mention. The judge refused to reinstate the motion, and movant’s counsel filed a bill of exceptions complaining of the dismissal of the motion and of the refusal to reinstate it. The exceptions to the dismissal of the motion are, in substance, that the court had no jurisdiction on May 21 to pass an order setting the hearing for a later day, as the day set for the hearing of the motion had then already passed without action thereon or any order continuing the hearing or setting it for May 21 or any other day.

1. We think that the court erred in dismissing the motion for new trial. This court has in several cases held, where an order was taken in term giving the judge power and jurisdiction to hear and determine such a motion on a named day in vacation, that the order so taken was a continuation of the term of the court, relatively to that particular case, to the day named. The latest decision upon this point is that of Herz v. Frank, 104 Ga. 638, in which it was decided that “An order passed in term, setting the hearing of a motion for a new trial in vacation, in effect keeps the term, relatively to that particular case, open until such motion shall have been decided.” This being so, it was held in, that ease that exceptions pendente lite could be filed to any ruling or decision made by the judge in vacation and while the motion was pending, although the statute at that time declared that such exceptions should be filed in term. This ruling was predicated upon the fact that the court was still open relatively to that particular case, and that the defendant in that case could have filed exceptions pendente lite to a decree rendered by the judge under the order taken in term giving him the power to render the decree in vacation. Under the authority of that decision and those cited therein, we hold that, relatively to the motion for new trial in the present case, Pickens superior court was in session on May 20,1901. On that day the judge had the same power with regard to this case that he would have had in term time. Was this power confined to that particular day, or, when the judge failed to hear or to dismiss the motion on that day, did his jurisdiction continue without any order to the following day ? In other words, was the judge’s oral announcement of May 20, that he would hear the case on some other day during the the week, sufficient to continue the term of Pickens superior court, relatively to the motion, to the next day ? Counsel for the defendants in error contended that under the Civil Code, § 5485, the oral announcement was sufficient. That section is as follows: “Where an order is taken to hear a motion for a new trial in vacation, the brief of evidence must be presented for approval within the time fixed by the order, or else the motion will' be dismissed. At the time fixed for the hearing, the judge may finally approve the motion and brief, with all amendments thereto, and pass on the motion, with the right to either party to except as in term time; but the judge in his discretion, before or at that time, may adjourn the hearing to another date in vacation, with like power, or until the next term. "Where through no fault of the movant a motion is not heard in vacation, or where a hearing is adjourned to the next term, the motion stands for hearing in term as if no order had been taken.” This section is a new one and is partially codified from the cases of Johnston v. Simmons, 77 Ga. 298, Chattanooga R. Co. v. Huggins, 89 Ga. 494, and Turner v. Cates, 90 Ga. 745. None of these cases applies to the power of the judge to continue a case, set for a named day in vacation, by a mere oral announcement. The case of Johnston v. Simmons simply decides that if the motion is set for a' hearing in vacation and nothing is done with it by the judge, it goes by operation of law back to term. In the case of Railroad Co. v. Huggins it appears that all the orders taken were in term, the court having been adjourned from day to day and the orders taken before adjournment. In Turner v. Cates the motion was set for hearing in vacation and was continued from time to time, but was not finally heard until the next term, when it was decided in term time. Lumpkin, J., in discussing the continuances, said that the judge had the power to continue the motion from time to time, but he did not say that this could be done orally. Whether the continuances were made by a written order or orally does not appear from the case as reported, but it does appear that the motion was not heard or decided in vacation at all but in term. We think that the provision in the code section that the judge “ may adjourn the hearing to another date in vacation” must be taken as meaning that the judge may so adjourn the hearingin a legal and proper manner. If, before, the judge could not so adjourn the hearing except by written order, this is not changed or modified by the code section, which purports to codify what the decisions of this court had already declared to be the law. The superior court is a court of record, and its minutes must show the history of a case at least from the time of trial until final judgment. See Graddy v. Hightower, 1 Ga. 254. The record thus made imports verity, and its recitals are recognized by this •court as true although the judge m ay certify to the contrary. In every case tried in a court of record, the minutes must show that at the end of the day on which the trial was commenced the court adjourned to the next or some other day when the trial was continued. This entry is made by the clerk; but when the. minutes are signed by the judge, the entry of adjournment becomes his order. . Allen v. State, 74 Ga. 769, 773. No court of record should ever adjourn for even a day without an order of adjournment appearing on its minutes. When an order is taken in term, authorizing the judge to hear and determine a motion for new trial in vacation, it has been the universal practice, so far as we know or have observed from reading the records brought to this court, to take written orders when the case is not heard on the day designated and it is desired to have the case heard on some other day in vacation. In the case of Grice v. Grice, 69 Ga. 760, it appeared that an order was taken in term to hear a motion for new trial in vacation. The order gave the movant until the 5th day of June to perfect his motion and prepare the brief of evidence. Before the time fixed in the order, respondent’s counsel requested the judge to postpone the hearing until June 7. “ The court obtained the consent of movant’s counsel, and continued the case until the 7th, but passed no written order therefor.” On the 7th, counsel for the respondent moved to dismiss the motion, because there was no written order carrying the hearing forward to that day; whereupon the judge passed an order for the continuance, dating the order June 5, and refused to dismiss the motion for new trial. This court held that there was no error in refusing to dismiss the case or in passing the order nunc pro tunc;. that such order carried the case forward to the 7th; and that under the order the judge had the right to approve the brief of evidence on the 7th. The case seems to decide that an adjournment or continuance from one day in vacation to another must be made by express written order. The implication from the opinion is that if the nunc-pro-tunc order had not been passed the motion for new trial should have been dismissed. In the case of Arnold v. Hall, 70 Ga. 445, a motion for new trial was made in the superior court of Elbert county, and, by an order taken in term, was set for hearing on- October 16, in Oglethorpe county. On that day nothing was done with the motion. On October 20 it was called by the judge, when a motion was made to dismiss it. Counsel for the movant contended that there was a parol agreement between him and counsel for the respondent to postpone the hearing until the 19th. ■ Counsel forj the respondent admitted that it was the understanding that the case should be continued from day to day until Thursday, the 19th.' It further appeared that on the 19th the judge continued the case to the 20th, when he overruled the motion to dismiss, approved- the brief of evidence, and granted a new trial.. This court held, in effect, that the court below had no jurisdiction, after the 16th, to hear and determine the motion. In the case of Herz v. Frank, supra, this court, in discussing Arnold v. Hall, said that in the latter case the motion for new trial had been dismissed because there was no written order for a continuance.

The conclusion to be drawn from these cases, and others wljich might be cited, is that when a written order is taken in term to hear a motion for new' trial upon a named day in vacation, the motion must be heard or dismissed, or continued by written order to some other particular day; or else the term, as to that case, is lost, and the motion by operation of law goes over to the next regular term of the court in which it was made, unless it be in the meantime disposed of under the provisions of the Civil Code, §§4323, 4324. See generally, on this subject, Walker v. Banks, 65 Ga. 20; Dickinson v. Mann, 74 Ga. 217; Tison v. Myrick, 60 Ga. 123; Middlebrooks v. Middlebrooks, 57 Ga. 193; Johnston v. Simmons, supra.

2, 3. Having shown that a written order must be passed in order to continue a motion set for a hearing in vacation to another day in vacation, and'that unless such an order is passed the term of the court for that case is lost, it follows logically that an oral announcement by the judge that he will take the case up on another day in vacation and the apparent acquiescence in this announcement by counsel will not operate to so continue the case as to give the judge jurisdiction to pass written orders or otherwise deal with the case in vacation after the day fixed for the hearing. If it required a written order to keep the court in session for the case, no acquiescence of counsel could give the court jurisdiction next day, or next month, to pass an order fixing still another day for the hearing. After the day set for the hearing had passed without a proper order for a continuance, the court lost its jurisdiction, and any order passed in the case in vacation after that day was nugatory and of no binding effect. The judge was without jurisdiction, and any order or judgment subsequently passed by him in vacation was worth no more than if it had been passed by a member of the bar of the court or by one of the grand jury. In Arnold v. Hall, supra, the judge who passed upon the motion found from the statement of counsel that they had agreed that the case should be continued from day to day until a certain day, on which it was agreed to cqntinue the case to the next day, when the judge heard and determined the motion. Nevertheless this court held that the judge had no jurisdiction, even with the agreement of counsel, to hear the case. In the case of Johnston v. Simmons, supra, it was held, in effect, that if no action is taken by the judge on the day in vacation fixed for the hearing, he can not afterwards hear the motion in vacation. The motion goes over to the next term of the court in which it was made. 5

4. The record discloses clearly that jurisdiction was not taken to hear this motion for new trial under the Civil Code, §§ 4323, 4324.

5. Having shown that the judge had no power to hear and determine the motion after the day set in the original order, and that his order dismissing the motion was made at a time when he had no jurisdiction of the case, we are of opinion that his judgment dismissing the motion must be reversed. Where a judgment has been rendered by a court having no jurisdiction and the case is brought here upon writ of error, the judgment below will be reversed. State v. Sallade, 111 Ga. 703. Of course, under the above views, the court was without jurisdiction in vacation to entertain a motion to reinstate the motion for new trial.

Judgment reversed.

All the Justices concurring, except