Cash v. the State , 337 Ga. App. 511 ( 2016 )

FIFTH DIVISION
PHIPPS, P. J.,
DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
May 27, 2016
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A16A0269. CASH v. THE STATE.
PHIPPS, Presiding Judge.
After a bench trial, Joshua William Cash was convicted of driving under the
influence of alcohol. He appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. He also
argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. For reasons that
follow, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
1. In reviewing Cash’s sufficiency challenge, we construe the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, and Cash no longer enjoys a presumption of
innocence.1 We neither weigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility, but merely
1
Peters v. State, 281 Ga. App. 385 (1) (636 SE2d 97) (2006).
determine whether the trial court was authorized to find Cash guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.2
So viewed, the evidence shows that on the night of October 12, 2014, a deputy
with the Forsyth County Sheriff’s Office observed a car stopped on the shoulder of
State Route 400. The vehicle appeared to be occupied, and the deputy became
concerned that the occupants might need assistance. He activated his patrol car’s blue
lights, pulled behind the vehicle, and approached it. Inside, the deputy found Cash in
the driver’s seat and one passenger. Cash told the deputy that they had stopped on the
side of the road to figure out where they were going that night.
As the deputy spoke to Cash, he smelled a strong odor of alcoholic beverage
coming from the vehicle. He also noticed that Cash’s eyes were glassy, bloodshot,
and watery, manifestations consistent with alcohol consumption. He asked whether
Cash had consumed any alcohol, and Cash admitted to drinking two beers several
hours earlier. At the deputy’s request, Cash stepped out of the vehicle. Cash was
unsteady on his feet, and the deputy detected an odor of alcohol on his person. The
deputy performed the horizontal gaze nystagmus field sobriety test on Cash, who
exhibited six out of six clues, indicating impairment. He asked Cash to participate in
2
Id.; Duren v. State, 252 Ga. App. 257, 258 (555 SE2d 913) (2001).
2
several other field sobriety evaluations, but Cash declined, requesting instead to take
a breathalyzer test at the police station.
Based on the odor of alcohol about Cash’s person, his physical manifestations,
and his performance on the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, the deputy determined
that Cash was under the influence of alcohol to the extent he was less safe to drive
and placed him under arrest. The deputy then read Cash Georgia’s Implied Consent
Warning. Cash agreed to submit to a State-administered breath test on the Intoxilyzer
5000, which the deputy conducted at the county detention center. Although the
deputy identified a copy of the breath test results at trial, the State never tendered the
results into evidence, and they were not admitted.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court found Cash guilty of driving
with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or more (a per se violation) and
driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent he was less safe to drive (a less
safe violation). After merging the two counts for purposes of sentencing, the trial
court convicted Cash of driving under the influence (per se). Cash now appeals,
arguing that his conviction cannot stand because the State did not tender the breath
test results into evidence.
3
(a) Count 1 of the accusation alleged that Cash committed a per se DUI
violation by driving “while his breath alcohol concentration was .08 grams or more
within 3 hours after such driving ended, due to alcohol consumed before such driving
ended.”3 Given its failure to tender the Intoxilyzer 5000 test results into evidence, the
State admits – and we find – that it presented insufficient proof of this charge.
Accordingly, Cash’s conviction for driving under the influence must be reversed,4 and
Cash cannot be retried on Count 1.5
(b) The State’s mishandling of the breath test results also undermines the trial
court’s finding of guilt as to Count 2 of the accusation, which charged Cash with the
less safe violation. We first note that the evidence with respect to this charge was
3
See OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (5).
4
See Epps v. State, 298 Ga. App. 607, 609 (1) (680 SE2d 636) (2009) (“In the
absence of the blood test results, there is no competent evidence that [the defendant]
had ‘an alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or more at a time within three hours after
driving and being in actual physical control of a moving vehicle, said alcohol having
been consumed prior to such driving,’ as charged in the accusation.”) (footnote
omitted); Peters, supra at 386 (1) (reversing per se conviction where State failed to
offer evidence that defendant’s “blood alcohol level exceeded the legal limit within
three hours of when he last had control of a moving vehicle”).
5
See State v. Caffee, 291 Ga. 31, 34 (3) (728 SE2d 171) (2012) (“The Double
Jeopardy Clause precludes a second trial after a reviewing court determines that the
evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to sustain the verdict.”).
4
sufficient. Testimony regarding Cash’s location that night, appearance, smell,
unsteadiness on his feet, admitted consumption of alcohol, and performance on the
horizontal gaze nystagmus test supported the trial court’s determination that Cash had
driven his vehicle while under the influence of alcohol to the extent he was less safe
to drive.6 The record further shows, however, that the Intoxilyzer 5000 test results
were given to the trial court to review with the other exhibits, even though the test
results were never tendered or admitted into evidence. Those results indicated that
Cash provided two breath samples, which registered alcohol concentrations of 0.114
and 0.117 grams.
The State concedes that the test results were considered by the trial court in
reaching its verdict, inappropriately and harmfully contributing to the finding of guilt
6
See Richardson v. State, 299 Ga. App. 365, 366-367 (1) (682 SE2d 684)
(2009) (conviction for driving under the influence of drugs (less safe) supported by
evidence that, following traffic stop, defendant’s car smelled of marijuana, defendant
had watery, bloodshot eyes and slurred speech, he had difficulty performing several
field sobriety tests, and he admitted to consuming marijuana earlier that day); Duren,
supra at 259 (“The results of field sobriety tests, in conjunction with other factors
including the physical appearance of the driver, red or glassy eyes, an unsteady
stance, the presence of the odor of alcohol, the existence of an accident, and any
inculpatory statements made by the driver or witnesses may form an appropriate basis
for an evaluation by an officer, and ultimately a jury, as to whether a driver was
impaired by alcohol to the extent that it was less safe for him to drive.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
5
on Count 2.7 We agree. Although the properly admitted evidence was sufficient to
support the less safe finding, the evidence was not overwhelming, particularly since
the deputy did not encounter Cash until after Cash had stopped his vehicle on the side
of the road. The breath test results, on the other hand, showed that Cash had an
alcohol concentration well above the legal limit following his arrest. Under these
circumstances, we find it highly probable that the test results, which were never
admitted into evidence, influenced the verdict. Cash, therefore, is entitled to a new
trial on Count 2 (less safe).8
7
See Bravo v. State, 304 Ga. App. 243, 249-250 (2) (696 SE2d 79) (2010)
(reversing DUI (less safe) conviction after trial court improperly admitted evidence
of defendant’s blood-alcohol concentration because it was highly probable that the
erroneously admitted evidence contributed to the verdict and thus was not harmless).
8
See Lindsey v. State, 282 Ga. 447, 450 (2) (651 SE2d 66) (2007) (reversing
conviction and remanding for new trial where error in admitting evidence was not
harmless); Bravo, supra at 250 (2) & (3) (reversing DUI (less safe) conviction
following erroneous admission of evidence and noting that retrial will occur). See
also Caffee, supra (double jeopardy “does not preclude the State from retrying a
criminal defendant whose conviction is set aside due to trial error, such as the
incorrect admission of evidence”); Shah v. State, 288 Ga. App. 788, 789 (655 SE2d
347) (2007) (following trial error, state authorized to retry defendant on DUI (less
safe) charge, but not on DUI (per se) charge because it failed to present sufficient
evidence of a per se violation during the original trial).
6
2. Cash also claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
Because this issue likely would be raised during any retrial of the less safe charge, we
address it here.
In his motion to suppress, Cash argued that by pulling behind his car with blue
lights flashing, the deputy improperly stopped and detained him without any
articulable suspicion that he was engaged in criminal activity. The trial court denied
the motion, concluding that the deputy’s initial approach of Cash’s vehicle was a
first-tier police-citizen encounter that did not require suspicion of criminal activity.
We find no error.
The deputy testified at the suppression hearing that he saw Cash’s occupied car
on the side of the roadway at approximately 1:30 a.m. Concerned that the occupants
needed help, he pulled behind the vehicle to check on them. He activated his blue
lights for safety so that the occupants would know he was a law enforcement officer,
rather than “just another person coming up behind [them],” and to alert other Georgia
400 drivers of their presence on the side of the road. He admittedly had no reason to
believe Cash had violated the law when he pulled behind the car. And he testified that
Cash “was free to go at that time.” According to the deputy, “all I was doing . . . was
trying to see if [Cash] needed help.”
7
The deputy approached the driver’s side of the car and asked whether
“everything was all right.” At that point, he immediately smelled alcohol and noticed
Cash’s watery, bloodshot eyes. He then commenced a DUI investigation.
Georgia recognizes three distinct tiers of police-citizen encounters: “verbal
communications which involve no coercion or detention; brief stops or seizures
which must be accompanied by a reasonable suspicion; and arrests which can only
be supported by probable cause.”9 In a first-tier encounter, a police officer may
approach an individual, “ask for identification, and freely question the citizen without
any basis or belief that the citizen is involved in criminal activity, as long as the
officer does not detain the citizen or create the impression that the citizen may not
leave.”10 Generally, “an officer’s approach of a stopped vehicle and inquiry as to what
is going on constitutes a first-tier communication, rather than a stop or seizure
requiring reasonable suspicion.”11
9
Hutto v. State, 259 Ga. App. 238, 239 (576 SE2d 616) (2003) (punctuation
and footnote omitted).
10
Id. (punctuation and footnote omitted).
11
Id. (punctuation and footnote omitted).
8
The trial court properly found that the deputy’s initial approach of Cash’s
vehicle fell within the first tier of police-citizen encounters. The vehicle was already
stopped when the deputy came upon it. Although the deputy activated his blue lights,
“given the late hour, the hazard presented by vehicles parked on the side of a dark
highway, and [the officer’s] offer of assistance, this fact did not create the impression
that [Cash] could not leave.”12 Nothing prevented Cash from departing, and the
deputy testified that he was free to go.
Simply put, the deputy did not need suspicion of criminal activity to approach
the vehicle.13 Moreover, once he smelled alcohol in the car and observed Cash’s
appearance, he had “reasonable grounds to conduct an investigative inquiry to
determine whether [Cash] was engaged in criminal activity, e.g., driving under the
influence.”14 The trial court, therefore, properly denied Cash’s motion to suppress.15
12
Id. (footnote omitted).
13
See id. at 239-240 (officer engaged in first-tier encounter with motorcyclist
when he pulled behind motorcycle stopped on side of highway at night, activated blue
lights, and approached to determine whether motorcyclist needed assistance). See also
Darwicki v. State, 291 Ga. App. 239, 240 (1) (661 SE2d 859) (2008) (physical
precedent only) (“[F]irst-tier encounter was not turned into a second-tier seizure
simply because the deputy activated his blue lights.”).
14
McClain v. State, 226 Ga. App. 714, 718 (1) (487 SE2d 471) (1997) (citation
and punctuation omitted). See also State v. Criswell, 327 Ga. App. 377, 383 (3) (759
9
Judgment reversed and case remanded. Dillard and Peterson, JJ., concur.
SE2d 255) (2014) (officer who approached defendant as part of first-tier encounter,
but detected an odor of alcohol about defendant’s person and noticed his bloodshot
eyes, “had the required articulable suspicion” to investigate whether defendant had
been driving under the influence); Hutto, supra at 240 (defendant’s bloodshot, watery
eyes and the smell of alcohol on his breath gave officer sufficient grounds to briefly
detain defendant to investigate whether he was engaged in criminal activity).
15
See Hutto, supra.
10