BARBER v. the STATE. , 827 S.E.2d 733 ( 2019 )


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  •                                FIRST DIVISION
    BARNES, P. J.,
    MERCIER and BROWN, JJ.
    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
    http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
    May 8, 2019
    In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
    A19A1182. BARBER v. THE STATE.
    BARNES, Presiding Judge.
    Jarvis Barber was convicted of aggravated assault, possession of a firearm
    during the commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,
    and the trial court sentenced him as a recidivist under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c).
    The trial court thereafter granted the State’s motion to perfect the record with certified
    copies of Barber’s prior felony convictions and denied Barber’s amended motion for
    new trial. On appeal, Barber contends that the trial court erred in granting the State’s
    motion to perfect the record, in sentencing him as a recidivist, and in amending his
    written sentence without conducting a hearing where he was allowed to be present.
    For the reasons set forth more fully below, we affirm.
    Following a criminal conviction, we review the evidence in the light most
    favorable to the verdict. Anthony v. State, 
    317 Ga. App. 807
    , 807 (732 SE2d 845)
    (2012). So viewed, the evidence showed that on the afternoon of May 8, 2010, the
    victim was sitting on a porch with a friend in Fulton County when two vehicles
    stopped in the middle of the street. One of the car occupants who had a “beef” with
    the victim jumped out and began to argue with him. The man who had jumped out of
    the car then struck the victim, and the two men began to fight. The fight briefly
    stopped, but started again. When the fight restarted, another man, who had a gun,
    jumped out of one of the cars, fired three shots in the air, struck the victim in the head
    and kneed him, and then fired about three shots at the victim. The shooter and the
    other man who had fought the victim got back into the cars and drove away. The
    victim died from a gunshot wound in his torso.
    Several witnesses identified Barber as the shooter in photographic lineups and
    in their testimony at trial. In a video-recorded interview with a detective played at
    trial, Barber admitted that he shot the victim but claimed that another car occupant
    also had fired a gun. According to a Georgia Bureau of Investigation firearms
    examiner, shell casings and bullet projectiles collected from the crime scene were
    from two different firearms.
    2
    Following the shooting, Barber was arrested and indicted for murder, felony
    murder (two counts), aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the
    commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.1 The State
    filed a notice of its intent to seek recidivist punishment under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a)
    and (c) based on Barber’s prior felony convictions for financial transaction credit card
    fraud, theft by receiving, possession of cocaine (Fulton County), and possession of
    cocaine (DeKalb County).2
    At trial, in addition to the evidence discussed above, when the State presented
    a certified copy of Barber’s prior felony conviction for cocaine possession (Fulton
    County), Barber stipulated that he was a convicted felon for purposes of the pertinent
    firearm possession count. Barber elected not to testify and did not call any witnesses.
    After the close of evidence, the jury found Barber guilty of aggravated assault,
    possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession of a
    1
    The man who fought with the victim and a third car occupant also were
    charged with certain crimes but were not tried with Barber.
    2
    OCGA § 17-10-7 was amended in 2012 to make subsection (c) no longer
    applicable to a sentence imposed for simple possession of a controlled substance in
    violation of OCGA § 16-13-30 (a). See OCGA § 17-10- 7 (b.1) (2012); Ga. L. 2012,
    p. 899, § 4-4. von Thomas v. State, 
    293 Ga. 569
    , 569-570 (1), n. 1 (748 SE2d 446)
    (2013). That amendment, however, undisputedly did not apply in the current case.
    3
    firearm by a convicted felon. On the remaining counts of the indictment, the jury
    deadlocked, leading the trial court to declare a mistrial on those counts.3
    Following the guilt-innocence phase of the trial, the trial court conducted a
    sentencing hearing in which the prosecutor noted that Barber had a criminal history
    and that the State had filed a notice that it would be seeking recidivist punishment.
    The prosecutor then presented certified copies of Barber’s prior felony convictions
    for financial transaction credit card fraud, theft by receiving, and cocaine possession
    (DeKalb County), and the prosecutor further noted that Barber had stipulated at trial
    that he was a convicted felon based on his felony conviction for cocaine possession
    (Fulton County). After noting that Barber was a four-time offender and pointing to
    “the gravity of the aggravated assault” that had occurred, the trial court announced
    a maximum sentence of twenty years in prison for aggravated assault, five years in
    prison for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and five years
    in prison for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, with the sentences to run
    consecutively.4 While the final disposition order entered the following day omitted
    3
    The murder and felony murder counts were later placed on the dead docket.
    4
    The maximum sentence for aggravated assault was 20 years. OCGA § 16-5-21
    (b). A conviction for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony
    carried a mandatory five-year sentence that had to run consecutive to any other
    4
    any express reference to recidivist punishment, the trial court entered a corrected final
    disposition order eight days later denoting that Barber was sentenced as a recidivist
    under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c).
    Barber filed a timely motion for new trial, as twice amended, in which he also
    challenged the sentence imposed by the trial court. More specifically, Barber
    contended that the trial court erred in sentencing him as a recidivist because certified
    copies of his prior felony convictions were never admitted into evidence either at trial
    or at the sentencing hearing. Barber also asserted that the trial court erred by
    modifying his written sentence to include recidivist punishment without first
    conducting a hearing in his presence. The State opposed Barber’s motion and filed
    a motion to perfect the record under OCGA § 5-6-41 (f) with certified copies of
    Barber’s prior felony convictions that the State asserted had been admitted into
    evidence. The State also argued that the trial court had merely corrected the written
    sentence to conform it to the sentence announced at the sentencing hearing, so the
    court did not have to conduct a new hearing or provide notice to Barber before
    sentence. OCGA § 16-11-106 (b). Lastly, at the time that Barber committed the
    offense, the maximum sentence for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon was
    five years. OCGA § 16-11-131 (b) (2010). Thus, the aggregate sentence of 30 years
    in prison was authorized by the relevant statutes.
    5
    making the correction. The trial court, after conducting a hearing on the parties’
    motions, denied Barber’s motion and granted the State’s motion to perfect the record.
    1. The evidence discussed above – including the eyewitnesses’ identifications
    of Barber as the shooter in photographic lineups and in their testimony at trial,
    Barber’s admission to shooting the victim, and Barber’s stipulation that he was a
    convicted felon – was sufficient to enable a rational jury to find Barber guilty beyond
    a reasonable doubt of aggravated assault and the firearm possession offenses. Jackson
    v. Virginia, 
    443 U. S. 307
     (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
    2. Barber contends that the trial court erred in granting the State’s motion to
    perfect the record pursuant to OCGA § 5-6-41 (f) with certified copies of his prior
    felony convictions for financial transaction credit card fraud, theft by receiving, and
    possession of cocaine (DeKalb County). According to Barber, the trial court never
    admitted those three prior convictions into evidence at the sentencing hearing, and
    thus it was improper for the court to allow the State to supplement the record with
    substitute certified copies of those convictions. We disagree.
    OCGA § 5-6-41 (f) establishes a procedure whereby a party who
    contends that the transcript or record does not truly or fully disclose
    what transpired at trial may have the record completed either by
    stipulation of the parties as to what occurred or the independent
    6
    recollection of the trial judge. If anything material to either party is
    omitted from the record, the omission may be corrected and, if
    necessary, a supplemental record filed. Evidence never actually admitted
    at trial cannot properly become part of the record on appeal pursuant to
    OCGA § 5-6-41 (f). That section is solely for the purpose of making the
    record speak the truth, not for adding evidence to the record or
    supplying fatal deficiencies after the fact.
    (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Carr v. State, 
    267 Ga. 547
    , 550 (2) (480 SE2d
    583) (1997). Guided by these principles, we turn to the record in the present case.
    The sentencing hearing transcript reflects the following:
    COURT: Anything by the State on aggravation?
    PROSECUTOR: Yes, your Honor. Your Honor, the defendant does have
    a criminal history and we did file a notice of recidivist. At this time the
    State would introduce to the court certified convictions for Fulton
    County Case Number 2001SC02922, which is a conviction for theft by
    receiving; Fulton County Superior Court Case Number 02SC01940,
    financial transaction card fraud and DeKalb County Superior Court
    conviction 05CR3682, which is a conviction for violation of the Georgia
    Controlled Substances Act.
    COURT: Have you shown those to [defense counsel]?
    PROSECUTOR: Yes, your Honor. They were served in discovery as
    well.
    COURT: All right.
    PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, also listed in our notice was the ‘08 case
    number, which was in the indictment and stipulated to at trial.
    COURT: All right. If you’ll present those indictments to me when
    [defense counsel] is finished looking at them.
    7
    Later in the hearing, before announcing an aggregate sentence of 30 years in prison,
    the trial court found that Barber was a four-time offender.
    Certified copies of the three prior felony convictions for financial transaction
    credit card fraud, theft by receiving, and possession of cocaine (DeKalb County) were
    not included in the exhibit list created by the court reporter and were not appended
    to the sentencing hearing transcript. In the subsequent dispute between the parties
    over whether the convictions should be made part of the record, Barber did not
    dispute that the prosecutor had introduced certified copies of the three convictions
    at the sentencing hearing, but he argued that the certified copies were never admitted
    into evidence by the trial court. In contrast, the State argued that the certified copies
    had been introduced by the prosecutor and admitted into evidence by the trial court,
    and that the record should be made to conform to the truth of what transpired under
    OCGA § 5-6-41 (f). After hearing from the parties, the trial court found that certified
    copies of the three prior felony convictions had been admitted into evidence at the
    sentencing hearing and that to make the record conform to the truth, the court would
    supplement the record pursuant to OCGA § 5-6-41 (f) with certified copies of those
    convictions as “appropriate substitutes for the missing evidence.”
    8
    “Any issue as to the correctness of the record is to be resolved by the trial
    court, for that court . . . is . . . the final arbiter of any difference in the preparation of
    the record.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Harp v. State, 
    204 Ga. App. 527
    ,
    528 (1) (420 SE2d 6) (1992). Indeed, a trial court’s findings regarding the correctness
    of the record are final and not subject to appellate review. See State v. Nejad, 
    286 Ga. 695
    , 696-698 (1) (690 SE2d 846) (2010); Patterson v. State, 
    233 Ga. 724
    , 730-731
    (7) (213 SE2d 612) (1975). Accordingly, we defer to the trial court’s finding that
    certified copies of the three prior felony convictions were admitted into evidence at
    the sentencing hearing and that the record should be supplemented with substitute
    certified copies of those convictions. See Cancel v. Medical Center of Central Ga.,
    
    345 Ga. App. 215
    , 227-228 (3) (812 SE2d 592) (2018); Harp, 204 Ga. App. at 528
    (1). Accord Lanier v. State, 
    237 Ga. App. 875
    , 875 (1) (517 SE2d 106) (1999) (noting
    that exhibit introduced but not expressly admitted was “tacitly admitted” by trial
    court).
    3. Barber further contends that, irrespective of whether the trial court erred in
    granting the State’s motion to perfect the record with the aforementioned three prior
    felony convictions, the trial court erred in sentencing him as a four-time recidivist
    under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c). In this regard, Barber does not challenge the
    9
    validity of his two prior felony convictions for theft by receiving and possession of
    cocaine (DeKalb County). Rather, Barber contends that his prior felony conviction
    for financial transaction credit card fraud was invalid and thus could not be used as
    the third predicate felony for sentencing him as a recidivist. We conclude that Barber
    waived any challenge to the validity of that prior conviction.
    When a defendant with three prior felony convictions is convicted of a fourth
    felony, his sentence is governed by OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c). Barney v. State, 
    333 Ga. App. 807
    , 813 (4) (777 SE2d 490) (2015). See Pritchett v. State, 
    267 Ga. App. 303
    , 304 (1) (599 SE2d 291) (2004) (OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c) must be read
    together when sentencing a four-time recidivist). Subsection (a) of the statute requires
    the sentencing court to impose the maximum sentence authorized by statute, but the
    court may probate or suspend part of that sentence. Banks v. State, 
    225 Ga. App. 754
    ,
    757 (5) (484 SE2d 786) (1997). Subsection (c) further requires the defendant to serve
    the sentenced that is imposed without parole. Barber v. State, 
    316 Ga. App. 701
    , 702
    (730 SE2d 176) (2012).
    “The existence and validity of three prior felony convictions are necessary
    predicates to the imposition of a recidivist sentence under OCGA § 17-10-7 (c).” von
    Thomas v. State, 
    293 Ga. at 572
     (2). The record establishes, however, that Barber
    10
    never challenged the validity of his prior felony conviction for financial transaction
    credit card fraud at the sentencing hearing, in his motion for new trial as twice
    amended, or in the hearing on his motion for new trial. “Because [Barber] did not
    object below on the grounds he now attempts to raise on appeal, he has waived
    appellate review of these issues.” Frey v. State, 
    338 Ga. App. 583
    , 587 (3) (790 SE2d
    835) (2016) (noting that “an objection regarding the existence or validity of prior
    convictions as a basis for recidivist punishment can be waived in the trial court”). See
    von Thomas v. State, 
    293 Ga. at 575
     (2) (“[O]bjections to the validity of prior
    convictions used in aggravation of sentence . . . can be waived.”); Grant v. State, 
    326 Ga. App. 121
    , 130 (5) (756 SE2d 255) (2014) (challenge to validity of prior felony
    conviction waived by failing to object in sentencing court).
    Barber maintains that his failure to object to the validity of his prior conviction
    for financial transaction credit card fraud does not waive his challenge on appeal
    because a challenge to a void recidivist sentence can be raised at any time. But, in
    challenging the validity of his prior conviction, Barber is contesting the validity of
    an underlying predicate offense used for recidivist sentencing, and as our Supreme
    Court has explained, whether a recidivist sentence is void “depends not upon the
    existence or validity of the factual or adjudicative predicates for the sentence, but
    11
    whether the sentence imposed is one that legally follows from a finding of such
    factual or adjudicative predicates.” von Thomas, 
    293 Ga. at 571
     (2). Hence, in the
    context of a challenge to a recidivist sentence imposed pursuant to OCGA § 17-10-7
    (a) and (c), a claim that one of the predicate felonies used in aggravation of
    punishment is invalid does not raise a cognizable claim that the recidivist sentence
    is void, and it follows that such a claim can be waived, as it was in this case. See von
    Thomas, 
    293 Ga. at 571-575
     (2).5 See also Kimbrough v. State, 
    325 Ga. App. 519
    ,
    522 (1) (754 SE2d 109) (2014) (claim challenging existence or validity of former
    5
    In von Thomas, the Supreme Court of Georgia noted:
    There are a few cases in which our Court of Appeals has held that
    certain objections concerning prior convictions used as predicates for
    recidivist sentencing could not be waived because the objections went
    to whether the sentencing court had imposed a sentence that the law will
    not allow, and a challenge to such a void sentence cannot be waived by
    the failure to object. But none of those cases involved a claim about the
    existence or validity of the prior convictions. Instead, they involved
    claims about the effect or use of the prior convictions – assuming the
    existence and validity of the convictions – in the imposition of a
    recidivist sentence, such as claims that a prior conviction under the First
    Offender Act could not be used in aggravation of sentence, claims that
    a prior conviction for which the sentence had been suspended could not
    be used, and claims that a prior conviction could not be used in
    aggravation of sentence because it had been “used up” to prove an
    element of a crime for which the sentence was to be imposed.
    (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) von Thomas, 
    293 Ga. at
    573-
    574 (2).
    12
    conviction used for recidivist punishment does not raise cognizable void sentence
    claim).6
    4. Lastly, Barber contends that the trial court erred in entering the corrected
    final disposition order denoting that he was sentenced as a recidivist under OCGA §
    17-10-7 (a) and (c) without first conducting a hearing in his presence. We are
    unpersuaded.
    “A criminal defendant has the right to be present at all critical stages of the
    proceedings against him.” Hernandez v. State, 
    292 Ga. App. 129
    , 131 (663 SE2d 802)
    (2008). “Thus, where a defendant is resentenced, or . . . a sentence is amended, the
    defendant should be allowed to be present. That is because a resentencing proceeding
    is a critical stage in which a defendant’s rights may be lost, privileges may be claimed
    6
    In addition to his other claims of error, Barber argues that the trial court erred
    in permitting the State to supplement the record with a certified copy of his prior
    felony conviction for possession of cocaine (Fulton County) and in imposing
    recidivist punishment based on that conviction. We need not address these arguments.
    Given that Barber had three other prior felony convictions that mandated recidivist
    punishment under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c), any alleged error by the trial court
    pertaining to his prior felony conviction for possession of cocaine (Fulton County)
    was harmless. See Williams v. State, 
    326 Ga. App. 418
    , 423 (8) (756 SE2d 650)
    (2014) (any error in consideration of additional prior conviction was harmless
    because defendant had sufficient other prior felony convictions to require recidivist
    punishment); Star Mfg. v. Edenfield, 
    191 Ga. App. 665
    , 668 (3) (382 SE2d 706)
    (1989) (any error in supplementation of record was harmless).
    13
    or waived, or in which the outcome of the case can be substantially affected.”
    (Citation omitted.) Shaheed v. State, 
    274 Ga. 716
    , 717 (559 SE2d 466) (2002).
    However, “a superior court in the exercise of its inherent power to correct its
    records to reflect the truth, may correct a written sentence which does not conform
    to the sentence pronounced orally, and . . . such action does not constitute a
    modification of the sentence.” Taylor v. State, 
    157 Ga. App. 212
    , 212 (1) (276 SE2d
    691) (1981). See Hopper v. Williams, 
    238 Ga. 612
    , 613 (234 SE2d 525) (1977). And,
    such a correction does not require that notice and a hearing first be provided to the
    defendant. Hopper, 
    238 Ga. at 613
    .
    Here, the trial court found that its correction of the written sentence was to
    explicitly reflect that Barber had been sentenced as a four-time recidivist and thus did
    not require notice to Barber and a hearing. We discern no error by the trial court. As
    the trial court announced at sentencing that Barber was a four-time offender and
    imposed the maximum sentence following a discussion of the State’s recidivist notice
    and the admission of Barber’s multiple prior felony convictions, the entry of the final
    disposition order merely corrected the written sentence to conform to the sentence
    pronounced orally. Consequently, the trial court committed no error in entering a
    14
    corrected final disposition order without first conducting a hearing in the presence of
    Barber. See Hopper, 
    238 Ga. at 613
    .
    Judgment affirmed. Mercier and Brown, JJ., concur.
    15
    

Document Info

Docket Number: A19A1182

Citation Numbers: 827 S.E.2d 733

Judges: Barnes

Filed Date: 5/8/2019

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024