COBB v. the STATE. ( 2018 )

FIFTH DIVISION
MCFADDEN, P. J.,
RAY and RICKMAN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
October 23, 2018
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A18A1018. COBB v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.
After a jury trial, Allen Merrill Cobb was convicted of aggravated assault, riot
in a penal institution, and obstruction of an officer. He appeals the denial of his
motion for new trial, arguing that trial counsel was ineffective. But Cobb has not
shown that trial counsel’s performance was both deficient and prejudicial. So we
affirm.
1. Facts and procedural posture.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the evidence shows that
Cobb was an inmate at Hays State Prison and was involved in a riot in one of the
prison dining halls. The riot started when Sergeant Smith, a correctional officer,
confronted Cobb’s co-defendant Raymond Razo, who had snuck in line to get a
second tray of food. Sergeant Smith was the sole correctional officer stationed in the
dining-room portion of the dining hall, where about 60 inmates were present. When
Razo tried to sneak in line a third or fourth time, Smith used his radio to try to call his
lieutenant and members of the correctional emergency response team, who were
stationed outside the dining hall.
Correctional Officer Chapman, who was supervising inmates preparing food
in the kitchen, heard Smith and came out from the kitchen. Chapman ordered Razo
to leave the dining hall and began to escort him out. Razo appeared to cooperate with
Chapman, but then turned around and struck Sergeant Smith in the face. Smith then
was attacked from behind by inmates he could not identify. Inmates separated
Chapman and Smith, and co-defendant William Castillo struck Chapman in the face.
Chapman radioed for help. The encounter escalated, eventually involving several
correctional officers and between 25 and 35 inmates.
Sergeant Drummond, one of the officers who responded to the call for help,
ordered inmates to the ground. Inmates started swinging at him; he could not identify
them. He started spraying pepper spray.
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The victim of appellant Cobb’s attack was Officer Schrader, the leader of the
correctional emergency response team that had responded to the disturbance. When
Schrader entered the dining hall, he began spraying pepper spray. He used his baton
to strike two inmates who were attacking Sergeant Drummond.
An inmate struck Schrader from behind with a wooden cane, shattering it.
Schrader could not identify that inmate. When Schrader turned around, Cobb struck
him in the face with a sharp, homemade metal weapon. Then a group of inmates
picked up Schrader, slammed him to the ground, and began kicking him. One or two
inmates slammed a dining table into Schrader. Schrader suffered a concussion, a split
lip, cuts, stab wounds, and bruised bones.
Of all the inmates who attacked him, Schrader was only able to identify Cobb.
He did not know Cobb by name, but he looked through photographs, identified him,
and determined his name.
Schrader made two sworn, written statements about the incident, but he did not
identify Cobb (or any other attacker) in either statement. However, in a conversation
with the Department of Corrections investigator who prepared one of the statements,
he did identify Cobb.
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The deputy warden identified co-defendant James Roberts as the inmate who
hit Schrader with the cane. None of the other correctional officers who testified at the
trial were able to identify any of the inmates who attacked Schrader. One of the
officers, Schrader’s partner, testified that Cobb hit him; he did not testify that Cobb
hit Schrader.
None of the defendants testified, but other inmates did. Inmate Joshua Perry
testified that even before the correctional emergency response team members arrived
in the dining hall, he had dropped to the floor and that Cobb was lying on the floor
next to him while the altercation took place.
Cobb was indicted for aggravated assault, simple battery, two counts of riot in
a penal institution, and two counts of obstruction of an officer. He was tried before
a jury with co-defendants Castillo, Razo, and Roberts. The jury found Cobb guilty of
aggravated assault, one count of riot in a penal institution, and one count of
obstruction of an officer, and not guilty of another count of riot in a penal institution,
another count of obstruction of an officer, and simple battery. The trial court imposed
a twenty-year sentence for aggravated assault, a consecutive twenty-year sentence for
riot in a penal institution, and a consecutive five-year sentence for obstruction of an
officer. Cobb’s motion for a new trial was denied, and this appeal followed.
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2. Effective assistance of counsel.
Cobb argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel due to counsel’s
failure to call two witnesses: another inmate who claimed that Cobb was not involved
in the riot and an expert on eyewitness identification. Cobb also argues that,
cumulatively, counsel’s errors harmed his case.
To prevail on these claims, Cobb “must show both that (his) counsel’s
performance was deficient and that the deficient performance so prejudiced (him)
that, but for the deficiency, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
trial would have been different.” Reeves v. State, 346 Ga. App. 414, 418 (3) (816
SE2d 401) (2018) (citation omitted). As for deficient performance, the question is
whether the errors “are unreasonable ones no competent attorney would have made
under similar circumstances.” Stripling v. State, 304 Ga. 131, 138 (3) (b) (816 SE2d
663) (2018) (citations and punctuation omitted). As for prejudice, “[t]he question is
whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would
have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S.
668, 695 (III) (B) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). “Failure to make the required
showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice defeats the
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ineffectiveness claim.” McAllister v. State, 343 Ga. App. 213, 217 (3) (807 SE2d 14)
(2017) (citation and punctuation omitted).
(a) Failure to interview and to call a fellow inmate to testify.
Cobb argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and to call to
testify fellow inmate Keith Dixon, who would have testified that Dixon himself
inflicted the injuries that Schrader testified Cobb had inflicted. Cobb has failed to
make the required showing of prejudice.
At the motion for new trial hearing, Dixon testified that he was present at the
riot; that he struck Schrader with a wooden cane several times, contradicting the
deputy warden’s testimony identifying co-defendant James Roberts as the inmate who
hit Schrader with the cane; and that Cobb was not involved in the fight. Dixon
testified that he was the inmate who caused Schrader’s injuries by striking him with
the cane.
But Schrader testified that he was injured not only when he was struck with the
cane, but also when he was attacked with the sharp, homemade metal weapon. As for
Dixon’s testimony that Cobb was not involved in the fight, similar evidence was
presented to the jury through the testimony of inmate Joshua Perry, who testified that
Cobb was lying on the floor next to him while the altercation took place. So Perry’s
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testimony supplied the same kind of exculpatory testimony Cobb argues Dixon would
have provided.
Because Dixon’s testimony did not point to another person as the individual
who used a sharp, homemade metal weapon against Schrader and would have been
largely cumulative of information already heard by the jury, Cobb was not prejudiced
by the omission of his testimony. See Walton v. State, 303 Ga. 11, 14-15 (2) (810
SE2d 134) (2018); Rakestrau v. State, 278 Ga. 872, 873-874 (2) (608 SE2d 216)
(2005). His claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in this regard fails.
(b) Failure to call an expert witness.
Cobb argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to obtain an expert to
testify about the fallibility of eyewitness identifications. He has not shown that trial
counsel’s performance was deficient.
At the motion for new trial hearing, an associate professor of psychology was
qualified as an expert in the field of eyewitness identification. She testified generally
about factors, many of which were present in this case, that adversely affect a
witness’s ability to make a correct identification, including the complexity of the
circumstances surrounding the witness; the presence of stress; whether the witness
is physically struck; whether a weapon is present in the encounter; whether the
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witness identifies someone of a different race; and the passage of time between the
encounter and the identification. The expert testified that she would expect a greater
chance of misidentification under the circumstances of the prison riot.
But she also testified that other factors present in this case could enhance the
reliability of an eyewitness identification. For example, she testified that an
eyewitness’s ability to correctly identify someone is enhanced if the eyewitness sees
that person every day and she acknowledged that Schrader had testified at trial that
although he did not know Cobb by name, he recognized him and was familiar with
him. She also testified that seeing the person in the usual place and time helps
enhance the reliability of an identification.
Moreover, the expert did not opine on the reliability of the particular
eyewitness identification in this case. Instead, she testified that although she would
expect a greater chance of error in the correctional officers’ identifications under the
circumstances, there was no way for her to apply the research to the transcript of
Cobb’s trial and determine that there had been a misidentification.
Trial counsel testified at the motion hearing that he had a two-pronged
defensive strategy: he would highlight the fact that correctional officers placed Cobb
in different locations at the same time, implying that Cobb could not have been the
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inmate who attacked Schrader, and he would show that Schrader could have
mistakenly identified Cobb, observing that Schrader identified Cobb only when he
gave his third account of the riot. Counsel testified that it was not a strategic decision
not to hire an expert; it “just didn’t cross [his] mind,” but that such an expert would
have been helpful to his defense.
[W]e are not limited in our assessment of the objective
reasonableness of lawyer performance to the subjective reasons offered
by trial counsel for his conduct. If a reasonable lawyer might have done
what the actual lawyer did — whether for the same reasons given by the
actual lawyer or different reasons entirely — the actual lawyer cannot
be said to have performed in an objectively unreasonable way.
Hurt v. State, 298 Ga. 51, 57 (3) (b) (779 SE2d 313) (2015) (citation omitted).
“[T]rial counsel’s own hindsight assessment of [his] performance does not control.
Instead, to establish that trial counsel was deficient, [Cobb] has to show that no
reasonable attorney would have failed to [call an expert on eyewitness
identification].” Kennedy v. State, __ Ga. __ (2) (__ SE2d __), 2018 Ga. LEXIS 540,
at *6 (Case No. S18A0845, decided Aug. 20, 2018) (citations omitted). Further,
“[t]rial counsel are not constitutionally deficient as a matter of law simply because
they do not present all reasonably available mitigating evidence, even if the omitted
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evidence is consistent with their chosen strategy.” Humphrey v. Nance, 293 Ga. 189,
192 (II) (A) (744 SE2d 706) (2013) (citations omitted).
The failure to call an expert on eyewitness identifications is not per se patently
unreasonable. Our Supreme Court recognized in Glass v. State, 289 Ga. 542 (712
SE2d 851) (2011), that
[t]he holding in Johnson v. State, 272 Ga. 254 (526 SE2d 549) (2000),
concerning testimony of an expert in eyewitness identification does not
stand for the proposition that defense counsel is required to call an
expert witness at trial where one of the primary issues involved is
eyewitness identification of the defendant, let alone the proposition that
the failure to call such an expert witness amounts to ineffective
assistance.
King v. State, 336 Ga. App. 531, 545, 784 S.E.2d 875, 887 (2016), disapproved in
part on other grounds by Quiller v. State, 338 Ga. App. 206, 209 n. 3 (789 SE2d 391)
(2016).
In cross-examining Schrader, counsel highlighted that Schrader did not identify
Cobb as his attacker in the sworn statements he gave on the day of the incident and
less than three weeks later. He cross-examined Schrader’s partner, who had testified
that Cobb hit the partner, to show that Cobb could not have been physically present
at the location where Schrader was attacked. He also emphasized through cross-
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examination of inmate Joshua Perry that Cobb was on the floor next to Perry during
the incident. Trial counsel’s failure to call an eyewitness expert was not a patently
unreasonable method of implementing his strategy to discredit Schrader’s testimony.
So the failure did not rise to the level of deficient performance.
(c) Cumulative effect.
Finally, Cobb argues that there is a reasonable probability that the cumulative
effect of counsel’s alleged errors prejudiced the outcome of his trial. In light of the
above analysis, his argument is unavailing:
we evaluate only the effects of matters determined to be error, not the
cumulative effect of non-errors. As explained above, [Cobb] has failed
to show that counsel was professionally deficient in [failing to call an
eyewitness expert]. Assuming, without deciding, that the failure to [call
inmate Keith Dixon] was deficient, [Cobb] has not shown Strickland
prejudice from [this omission]. Therefore, his cumulative effect
assertion has no merit.
Sullivan v. State, 301 Ga. 37, 42 (2) (d) (799 SE2d 163) (2017) (citations and
punctuation omitted).
Judgment affirmed. Ray and Rickman, JJ., concur.
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