The State v. Hasson ( 2015 )

FOURTH DIVISION
ELLINGTON, P. J.,
DILLARD AND RAY, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
September 24, 2015
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1368. THE STATE v. HASSON.
RAY, Judge.
Lawrence Martin Hasson was charged with driving without headlights (OCGA
§ 40-8-20); violation of open container law (OCGA § 40-6-253); driving while
license suspended (OCGA § 40-5-121 (a)); reckless driving (OCGA § 40-6-390);
driving under the influence (less safe - alcohol) (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1)); and
driving under the influence (per se) (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (5)). He filed a motion
challenging venue as improper and seeking a transfer of the case from DeKalb
County to Fulton County. After a hearing, a DeKalb County trial court issued an
order granting the motion but characterizing the issue as a motion for suppression of
evidence. The State appeals,1 arguing that the trial court erred in finding venue
improper in DeKalb County and in considering the venue challenge in the context of
a pretrial motion. Finding error, we reverse.
At the hearing on Hasson’s motion challenging venue, Officer John Thompson
IV with the Atlanta Police Department’s DUI Task Force testified that on May 24,
2014, another officer was dispatched to check out “a person asleep behind the wheel
at Ponce de Leon and Moreland Avenue” after a “concerned citizen” made a 911 call.
Thompson testified that the 911 call was placed to “City of Atlanta . . . Zone 6” which
is “partially in DeKalb and partially in Fulton County[.]” He testified that the initial
call to the other officer took place “right on the line, but on the Fulton County side.”
The other officer activated his blue lights, but the subject vehicle proceeded through
an intersection where
Moreland splits the DeKalb and Fulton County line. So the vehicle
proceeded over Moreland and into DeKalb County. As it proceeded into
DeKalb County, [the other officer] observed [that] the vehicle did not
1
The State moved for reconsideration of the trial court’s grant of the
suppression motion, but filed its notice of appeal before receiving a ruling. Therefore,
the trial court lost jurisdiction. See Heard v. State, 280 Ga. 348, 349 (2) (627 SE2d
12) (2006).
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have its lights on. He initiated a traffic stop. The vehicle stopped at
Ponce and Springdale, which is within DeKalb County’s jurisdiction.
Officer Thompson testified that Hasson was stopped at “the border of Fulton and
DeKalb County[,]” which is “literally, the dividing line . . . for the zone, and for
jurisdiction[,]” approximately “a half mile” over the county line. He testified that “we
have jurisdiction in DeKalb . . . to that particular point, we hadn’t left the City of
Atlanta in DeKalb County’s jurisdiction.” Officer Thompson then conducted a DUI
investigation in DeKalb County and arrested Hasson. Hasson was booked through the
City of Atlanta Jail and had a first appearance hearing in Atlanta Municipal Court.
1. As an initial matter, we must discuss the nomenclature and the substance of
both the motion and the order at issue in this appeal.
Hasson filed a motion entitled “Motion to Challenge Venue,” which argues that
venue is improper in DeKalb County and requests that venue be transferred from
DeKalb County State Court to Fulton County State Court. While Hasson sought a
transfer of venue, he did not do so pursuant to OCGA § 17-7-150 (a) (1), which
provides for pretrial venue changes where an impartial jury cannot be obtained in the
county where the crime was committed. See Moon v. State, 287 Ga. 304, 312 (3) (696
SE2d 55) (2010) (Nahmias, J., concurring). “To prevail on a motion to change venue,
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the petitioner must show (1) that the setting of the trial was inherently prejudicial or
(2) that the jury selection process showed actual prejudice to a degree that rendered
a fair trial impossible.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Bates v. State, 322 Ga.
App. 319, 321 (2) (744 SE2d 841) (2013). Hasson has made no argument or showing
on these points.
Nor did Hasson’s pretrial motion seek dismissal of the DeKalb County
indictment based on improper venue. See State v. Al-Khayyal, 322 Ga. App. 718, 720-
721, 725 (744 SE2d 885) (2013) (reversing a trial court’s grant of a pretrial motion
to dismiss indictment for lack of venue where the record did not support a finding that
it would be impossible for the State to show defendant committed the offenses in a
particular county, as alleged in the indictment); Babbitt v. State, 314 Ga. App. 115,
116-117 (1) (723 SE2d 10) (2012) (reviewing a trial court’s pretrial venue
determination following defendant’s motion to dismiss indictment); State v. Johnson,
269 Ga. 370, 372 (2) (499 SE2d 56) (1998) (same); State v. Barber, 193 Ga. App.
397, 398-399 (388 SE2d 350) (1989) (same). See also State v. Mayze, 280 Ga. 5, 5,
10-11 (622 SE2d 836) (2005) (reviewing defendant’s demurrer to indictment in the
context of a constitutional challenge to the venue provision of a particular Code
section).
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We recognize that “[t]here is no magic in nomenclature, and we judge
pleadings, motions and orders not by their name but by their function and substance,
being always mindful to construe such documents in a manner compatible with the
best interests of justice.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Patterson v. Hragyil,
322 Ga. App. 329, 331, n. 2 (744 SE2d 851) (2013). Here, Hasson’s motion functions
as a substantive challenge as to whether the State can meet its burden of proving
venue, and his motion seeks to transfer venue on that basis.
The trial court responded to that motion with a determination titled “Order
Denying Defendant’s Motion to Suppress.” The order states that “Defendant’s
[m]otion to [s]uppress is hereby GRANTED[.]” Hasson made no motion to suppress.
The trial court’s order does not dismiss the DeKalb County indictment. Rather, it
states that it is granting Hassan’s motion because
1. The Defendant’s case was presented to the City of Atlanta Municipal
Court for an Inquiry Hearing on July 17, 2014. 2. That the initial
proba[ble] cause for the stop of Defendant’s vehicle [occurred] in the
City of Atlanta, Fulton County[,] where the officer activated Blue
Lights[.] 3. The City of Atlanta Police Dept. prepared the initial police
report.
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Again, we judge orders not by their names or titles, but by their function and
substance. Id. The substance of the trial court’s order is a per se determination of
venue and, apparently, a grant of Hasson’s motion to transfer the case to Fulton
County on the basis that venue is improper in DeKalb County. As the State contends
in its second enumeration, a determination of venue in the particular context
presented to us is reserved for the finder of fact at trial.
“Venue is a jurisdictional fact and an essential element that the State must
prove beyond a reasonable doubt for every crime. The State may use both direct and
circumstantial evidence to prove venue. In general, defendants should be tried in the
county where the crime occurred.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Jones v.
State, 329 Ga. App. 439, 444 (1) (b) (765 SE2d 639) (2014) (reiterating that if a crime
is committed in transit or in more than one county, Georgia law provides special
methods to establish venue). See also OCGA § 17-2-2 (a), (b), (e), (h). Pertinently,
“[w]hether venue has been sufficiently proved is an issue for the jury to determine.”
(Footnote omitted; emphasis supplied.) Graham v. State, 275 Ga. 290, 292 (2) (565
SE2d 467) (2002). Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order and remand the
case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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2. Because the trial court erred as outlined above and we reverse on that basis,
we do not address the State’s remaining enumeration.
Judgment reversed. Ellington, P. J., and Dillard, J., concur.
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