Roger Bettis v. State ( 2020 )

FIFTH DIVISION
MILLER, P. J.,
MARKLE and COLVIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
November 2, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A20A1387. BETTIS v. THE STATE.
MILLER, Presiding Judge.
In this 2015 retrial case,1 a Richmond County jury found Roger Bettis guilty
of two counts of aggravated assault, one count of criminal attempt to commit rape,
one count of kidnapping, and one count of possession of a knife during the
commission of a crime, and the trial court sentenced Bettis to 95 years’ imprisonment.
Bettis appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial, arguing that (1) the trial
court violated his confrontation rights by admitting an expert witness’ out-of-court
1
A jury initially found Bettis guilty of two counts of aggravated assault, one
count of criminal attempt to commit rape, one count of kidnapping, and one count of
possession of a knife during the commission of a crime, but this Court reversed
Bettis’ convictions and remanded the case for a new trial because the trial court failed
hold a hearing before denying Bettis’ request to represent himself at trial. Bettis v.
State, 328 Ga. App. 167, 169-170 (1) (761 SE2d 570) (2014).
statements and test results; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support his kidnapping
conviction; and (3) the trial court denied him the opportunity to be present at
sentencing. For the reasons that follow, we affirm Bettis’ convictions, but we vacate
his sentence and remand for resentencing.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdicts,2 the evidence adduced
at trial showed that on June 3, 2009, Martha Seago was visiting her husband who was
hospitalized at a local hospital when she decided to use the restroom. As Seago used
the restroom in the first stall, someone entered the restroom and went into the stall
next to her. Seago leaned down to look under the stall to ensure that the person was
a woman and saw that the person was wearing shoes that did not appear to be
women’s shoes. Seago testified that the shoes were “real big” and appeared to be
black tennis shoes. When Seago again leaned down to look under the stall, she began
to panic after noticing that the person had left the stall. A man then came over the top
of the stall, got on top of Seago, put his arm around her, and began to choke her until
she passed out. Seago later awoke to discover that she had been lying on the floor and
that the lower half of her body was unclothed. As a result of the attack, Seago lost
four teeth, her jaw was dislocated, and she sustained trauma to her neck which
2
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
2
required her to undergo multiple surgeries. Seago sustained lacerations to her lip and
above one of her eyes, and she also sustained bruises over her body. Seago testified
that she did not see her attacker’s face, but she described him as a black male.
Following Seago’s attack that day, Tammie Kates, who had been at the same
hospital as Seago, went to the restroom to get a paper towel. After entering the
restroom, Kates heard “a moaning noise” and walked to the corner of the restroom
and met a man “face to face,” whom she identified as Bettis. When Kates began to
retreat, Bettis reached around her and held the bathroom door shut so that she could
not leave. Kates began to scream, and Bettis brandished a knife and told her to stop
screaming or else he would cut and kill her. Bettis then directed Kates to the last stall
in the bathroom and held the knife towards her as he followed her to the stall. After
reaching the stall, Bettis told Kates to shut the door of the stall. After a few minutes,
Kates called out to Bettis and asked whether she could come out of the stall but she
did not get a response. Kates then exited the stall and looked toward the first stall and
saw a person and blood on the floor, and then she ran to get help for Seago.
An officer with the Richmond County Sheriff’s Office responded to the scene
and observed bloody toilet tissue in the doorway to the restroom where Seago was
3
attacked. The officer observed more bloody tissue at the entrance of the first stall, and
he also observed blood smears on the floor, on the wall, and on the toilet tissue
dispenser. A wet, bloody rag was also found on the floor near the front of the stall,
and more wet tissue was found on top of the toilet bowl along with white underwear
found underneath the toilet bowl. Hair was also found on the toilet and the floor. A
security operations supervisor at the hospital extracted photographs and video footage
from the hospital’s security systems that depicted the suspect walking around inside
the hospital.3 An investigator from the Richmond County Sheriff’s Office obtained
the footage, distributed the footage to the media, and Bettis was later determined to
be a suspect in the crimes.
Linda Bettis, Bettis’ mother, testified that Bettis was staying with her in June
2009, and that her daughter called her and told her to turn on her television. When she
turned on her television, she saw images of someone who looked liked Bettis walking
down the hallway of the hospital. Linda also received phone calls from other family
members and non-family members telling her that they had seen Bettis on television
3
The photographs and video footage were entered into evidence and displayed
to the jury.
4
following the attack. The police later came to Linda’s home and took some of Bettis’
clothing for forensic testing.
Cynthia Seguin, an assistant manager for the forensic biology section of the
Georgia Bureau of Investigation (“GBI”), testified that she had worked with Connie
Pickens in GBI’s forensic biology section prior to Pickens’ death in 2014 and that she
had conducted peer reviews of Pickens’ test results and conclusions pertaining to the
clothing retrieved from Linda’s home. During Seguin’s testimony, she was given a
copy of the transcript of Pickens’ testimony at Bettis’ 2010 trial, and she read
Pickens’ testimony from that trial to the jury. The testimony revealed that Pickens
conducted testing on Bettis’ shorts, and that DNA found on the shorts matched
Seago’s DNA. Seguin also testified that she was the peer-reviewer for Pickens’ work
in Bettis’ case and that she also agreed with Pickens’ conclusion.
Bettis was subsequently indicted on two counts of aggravated assault (OCGA
§ 16-5-21), one count of criminal attempt to commit rape (OCGA § 16-4-1), one
count of kidnapping (OCGA § 16-5-40), and one count of possession of a knife
during the commission of a crime (OCGA § 16-11-106). Bettis elected to represent
himself at his retrial and the trial court appointed standby counsel to assist Bettis.
After the retrial, a jury again convicted Bettis on all counts, and the trial court
5
sentenced him to 95 years’ imprisonment. Bettis filed a motion for new trial, which
the trial court denied after a hearing. This appeal followed.
1. First, Bettis argues that the trial court violated his confrontation rights by
admitting Pickens’ testimony from Bettis’ 2010 trial into evidence at trial. We
conclude that, even if the trial court erred in admitting this evidence, Bettis cannot
show that he is entitled to any relief on this claim.
As a preliminary matter, we note the parties dispute whether this issue was
preserved for appellate review. Pretermitting whether Bettis’ objection was preserved,
we determine that even if this issue had been preserved for appellate review and the
trial court erred in admitting Pickens’ testimony, Bettis cannot show harmful error.
See McCord v. State, 305 Ga. 318, 321 (2) (a) (825 SE2d 122) (2019) (“[A]lthough
the admission of evidence in violation of the Confrontation Clause is error of
constitutional magnitude, it can be harmless error if the State can prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict, such as when the
evidence at issue is cumulative of other properly-admitted evidence or when the
evidence against the defendant is overwhelming.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
During trial, Seguin testified that she peer-reviewed Pickens’ work in Bettis’ case.
Seguin described the peer review process as follows:
6
[W]hen a scientist is completed with their testing and they have issued
a report that case is assigned to another qualified scientist which means
they have to be qualified to do the exact same testing and be experts in
their field as well. They will review all of the notes that the other
scientist, the original working scientist performed, to make sure that all
steps were done correctly and within policy. And they will review the
report and conclusions that were generated from that initial[] scientist.
They then have to agree with those reports, those results, in order to
release the reports to the customers.
Seguin further testified that she reviewed all of Pickens’ notes and results from the
testing that was conducted in Bettis’ case and that she “independently” agreed with
Pickens’ conclusions. Specifically, Seguin testified that, in order for her to conclude
that the DNA on Bettis’ clothing matched Seago’s DNA, the DNA on Bettis clothing
would have to match all of the places on Seago’s DNA profile and that the match
between the DNA on Bettis’ clothing and Seago’s DNA was a “perfect match.”
Although Bettis briefly mentions Seguin’s testimony in his brief, he does not
otherwise challenge the admission of Seguin’s testimony on appeal.4 Therefore, even
4
Notably, even if Bettis had challenged the admission of Seguin’s testimony
on appeal, such a challenge would not be successful. See Sanchious v. State, 351 Ga.
App. 611, 615-616 (1) (b) (831 SE2d 843) (2019) (holding that a forensic biologist’s
testimony that she peer-reviewed another analyst’s work to ensure that the procedures
were followed and that she independently agreed with the analyst’s conclusion was
admissible at trial); Thomas v. State, 342 Ga. App. 310, 314 (2) (803 SE2d 131)
7
if the trial court erred in admitting Pickens’ 2010 trial testimony, the testimony was
merely cumulative of Seguin’s testimony, and thus Bettis cannot show any harm from
the trial court’s alleged error in admitting Pickens’ testimony. See McCord, supra,
305 Ga. at 322 (2) (a) (i) (holding that the defendant could not show harmful error
from the Confrontation Clause violation where the evidence was cumulative of the
other evidence admitted at trial). Accordingly, Bettis is not entitled to any relief on
this claim.
2. Next, Bettis argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his
kidnapping conviction because the State failed to show sufficient evidence of
asportation as to Kates. We disagree and conclude that the evidence was sufficient
to show asportation to sustain Bettis’ kidnapping conviction.5
(2017) (affirming the admissibility of the testimony from a second chemist who did
not perform the drug test but independently agreed with the conclusion of the first
chemist who was unavailable to testify at trial).
5
In Bettis’ first appeal, we determined that the evidence was sufficient to
sustain each of his convictions. See Bettis, supra, 328 Ga. App. at 171 (2). Because
we remanded Bettis’ case for a new trial which resulted in a new evidentiary record,
we will address this enumeration of error. See Welbon v. State, 304 Ga. 729, 729-730
(1) (822 SE2d 277) (2018) (explaining that when an appellate court determines that
the evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction but the case is remanded for other
reasons, the sufficiency of the evidence may not be raised in a second appeal unless
a new trial is held).
8
On appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence must be viewed in
the light most favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer
enjoys a presumption of innocence. An appellate court neither weighs
the evidence nor determines witness credibility, but rather determines
only whether the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to
find the essential elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable
doubt. Conflicts in the testimony of witnesses, including those of the
State, raise questions of credibility for the jury to resolve. As long as
there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support
each fact necessary to prove the State’s case, the jury’s verdict will be
upheld.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Rivera v. State, 293 Ga. App. 215 (666 SE2d
739) (2008). “A person commits the offense of kidnapping when such person abducts
or steals away another person without lawful authority or warrant and holds such
other person against his or her will.” OCGA § 16-5-40 (a) (2009). In Garza v. State,
284 Ga. 696 (670 SE2d 73) (2008), the Supreme Court of Georgia articulated four
factors for assessing the asportation element of the kidnapping statute6 to determine
whether the movement in question serves to isolate the victim from protection or
rescue, which can sustain a kidnapping conviction, or is merely attendant to some
6
“Although the standard set forth in Garza has since been superseded by statute
. . . it was the standard applicable at the time of [Bettis’] 2009 conviction.” Hyden v.
State, ___ Ga. ___ (1) (839 SE2d 506) (2020).
9
other charged crime. Id. at 702 (1). Those four factors are: “(1) the duration of the
movement; (2) whether the movement occurred during the commission of a separate
offense; (3) whether such movement was an inherent part of that separate offense; and
(4) whether the movement itself presented a significant danger to the victim
independent of the danger posed by the separate offense.” (Citation omitted.) Id. A
reviewing court need not find that all of these factors have been met in order to
conclude that there is sufficient evidence showing asportation. Chatman v. Brown,
291 Ga. 785, 787 (1) (733 SE2d 712) (2012).
Here, the evidence showed that after Kates entered the restroom and
encountered Bettis, Bettis reached around Kates and held the bathroom door shut as
she tried to exit the restroom. Kates testified that Bettis then brandished a knife and
threatened to cut and kill her. Kates further testified that Bettis then made her walk
into a stall inside the bathroom while still holding the knife and that he instructed her
to close the door to the stall. Although the record does not indicate the duration of the
movements, we conclude that Bettis’ action of directing Kates from the bathroom
door to a bathroom stall by knifepoint was sufficient to establish the asportation
element of kidnapping under Garza. See Baxter v. State, 329 Ga. App. 589, 595-596
(4) (765 SE2d 738) (2014) (asportation element of kidnapping was satisfied where
10
the defendant raped the victim on her couch and then made the victim go to her
bathroom and take a shower); Williams v. State, 307 Ga. App. 675, 676-678 (1) (705
SE2d 906) (2011) (evidence sufficient to show the asportation element of kidnapping
where the defendant moved the victim at gunpoint inside a hotel room to the
bathroom within the hotel room). Also, contrary to Bettis’ claim, the movement was
not an inherent part of the aggravated assault offense. “An aggravated assault occurs
when a person assaults with a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or
instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does
result in serious bodily injury.” (Citation and punctuation omitted). Williams, supra,
307 Ga. App. at 678 (1). Thus, the aggravated assault was completed when Bettis
brandished the knife and threatened to “cut and kill” Kates after she entered the
restroom. The movement occurred after Bettis brandished the knife and threatened
to cut and kill Kates. See id. (holding that the movement was not an inherent part of
the defendant’s aggravated assault conviction where the defendant pointed the gun
at the victim and grabbed her by the neck before forcing the victim into the
bathroom). We further reject Bettis’ claim that his actions of forcing Kates into the
bathroom stall exposed her to less danger. “[M]oving [Kates] into the bathroom [stall]
placed her in a more dangerous situation because isolating her made it easier for
11
[Bettis] to maintain control over her and made it impossible for her to call for help.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Baxter, supra, 329 Ga. App. at 595 (4).
Accordingly, we conclude that this evidence was sufficient to show asportation, and
the evidence was therefore sufficient to sustain Bettis’ kidnapping conviction.
3. Lastly, Bettis argues that the trial court erred in denying him the opportunity
to be present at sentencing when he requested to be brought back to the courtroom for
the pronouncement of his sentence. We agree that the trial court violated Bettis’
constitutional rights when it failed to allow Bettis to be present for the
pronouncement of his sentence.
A trial court’s ruling that a defendant waived his or her right to be present
during a critical stage of the trial will be affirmed if there is any evidence to support
the ruling. See Cesari v. State, 334 Ga. App. 605, 609 (1) (780 SE2d 56) (2015) (“We
will affirm a trial court’s finding of a waiver [of the right to be present during a
critical stage of the trial] if any evidence supports it.”).
“Embodied in the constitutional right to the courts under Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XII
of the Georgia Constitution of 1983 is the right of the criminal defendant to be
present at any stage of a criminal proceeding that is critical to its outcome if the
defendant’s presence would contribute to the fairness of the procedure.” (Citation and
12
punctuation omitted.) Lyde v. State, 311 Ga. App. 512, 513 (1) (716 SE2d 572)
(2011). “[S]entencing is a critical stage at which a defendant is generally entitled to
be present under the Georgia Constitution.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Taylor v. State, 295 Ga. App. 689, 690 (1) (673 SE2d 7) (2009). Thus, a trial court
violates these constitutional rights unless the defendant validly waives his right to be
present, and the “violation of [his] right to be present which is presumed prejudicial
. . . is not subject to a harmless error analysis under Georgia law.” (Citation omitted.)
Id. While we have noted that “a trial court is not required to make moment-by-
moment inquiries as to whether a defendant who voluntarily absented himself later
wishes to [be] present[,] . . . we cannot say that a nondisruptive defendant who
voluntarily absents himself for a time may never regain his right to be present.”
(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Cesari, supra, 334 Ga. App. at 609
(1).
Here, the following colloquy occurred between Bettis and the trial court at the
beginning of sentencing prior to the trial court taking testimony from witnesses:
[BETTIS]: Judge Brown, have I got to be in here for this?
THE COURT: I’m sorry.
13
[BETTIS]: Have I got to be in here for this? I mean I don’t want to hear
nothing they got to say.
THE COURT: All right. It’s your sentencing. If you elect to --
[BETTIS]: I understand. Bring me back here and give me the digits. I
don’t want to hear nothing they got to say.
(Emphasis supplied.) After Bettis was removed from the courtroom, the trial court
ruled that Bettis had waived his right to be present for sentencing and sentenced
Bettis to 95 years’ imprisonment. At the hearing for his motion for new trial, Bettis
confirmed that when he told the trial court, “bring me back here and give me the
digits,” he meant that he did not want to be in the courtroom while the victims and
their family members testified but that he wanted to be present when the sentence was
pronounced.
We conclude that the trial court denied Bettis his right to be present for the
portion of the sentencing hearing where the trial court pronounced its sentence. As
reflected in the colloquy above, Bettis chose to waive his right to be present only
during the evidentiary portion of his sentencing hearing but desired to be present
when his sentence was pronounced. Specifically, Bettis told the trial court, “bring me
14
back here and give me the digits.”7 Because Bettis was absent for a critical part of his
sentencing for which he specifically requested to be present, we vacate Bettis’
sentence and remand the case for resentencing. See Taylor, supra, 295 Ga. App. at
690 (1) (vacating the defendant’s sentence and remanding for resentencing where the
defendant was not present in the courtroom when the trial court pronounced her
sentence).
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we affirm Bettis’ convictions but we
vacate his sentence and remand the case for resentencing.
Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded for
resentencing. Markle and Colvin, JJ., concur.
7
The State’s reliance on Worthen v. State, 342 Ga. App. 612 (804 SE2d 139)
(2017), is greatly misplaced because although the defendant absented himself from
a portion of the proceedings in that case, the defendant never sought to regain his
right to be present during the remainder of the proceedings. Id. at 612-613 (1). Thus,
Worthen is distinguishable and does not compel a different result here.
15