Donna Nelson v. State ( 2023 )

FIFTH DIVISION
MCFADDEN, P. J.,
BROWN and MARKLE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
December 11, 2023
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A23A1278. NELSON v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.
A jury found Donna Nelson guilty of two counts of first degree forgery in
violation of OCGA § 16-9-1 (b) and two counts of making a false statement in
violation of OCGA § 16-10-20 in connection with her efforts to obtain title to real
and personal property that had been owned by Sidney Jones before his death in 2020.
She was tried jointly with three co-defendants.
After jury deliberations began and the jury deadlocked eleven to one as to two
of the defendants, the trial court removed a juror and replaced her with an alternate.
Nelson argues that this was reversible error. We agree, because the record shows that
the trial court’s inquiry into the juror’s alleged incapacity did not establish a sufficient
factual basis upon which the trial court could exercise judicial discretion to remove
the juror. So we reverse.
Because the evidence was sufficient to support Nelson’s convictions, she may
be retried. We do not reach Nelson’s other claims of error because they are not likely
to recur on retrial.
1. Facts
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence at trial showed
that Sidney Jones passed away on April 3, 2020, without a will. Nelson had met Jones
in 2017 and lived with him off and on before his death.
After Jones died, Nelson remained living in his house and did not cooperate
with the administrator of his estate. Instead, Nelson submitted to various
governmental entities several documents falsely indicating that Jones had given her
the house, a vehicle, and a pontoon boat. These submissions included a quitclaim
deed for Jones’s house and a bill of sale for his pontoon boat; both documents
appeared to bear Jones’s signature, but an expert witness opined that the signatures
were forgeries. These submissions also included an affidavit of inheritance falsely
stating that Nelson had inherited a vehicle from Jones, and an application to register
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the pontoon boat in her name based on the forged bill of sale; Nelson signed both
documents. These submissions formed the basis of the state’s charges against Nelson.
In addition, the state presented other acts evidence that Nelson filed with the
probate court a petition to probate a will purporting to leave all of Jones’s property
to her. That document, a handwritten affidavit, appeared to bear Jones’s signature, but
an expert witness opined that the signature was a forgery.
The state charged Nelson with two counts of forgery in the first degree
pertaining to the quitclaim deed and the boat’s bill of sale; and two counts of making
false statements pertaining to Nelson’s application to change the boat’s registration
and her submission of the affidavit of inheritance to obtain title to the vehicle. The
state charged Nelson’s co-defendants with being parties to the forgeries. (Co-
defendant Mark Cain prepared and notarized the forged quitclaim deed and notarized
the forged bill of sale for the boat. Co-defendants Mary Stephens and Cynthia Padgett
witnessed the forged quit-claim deed. )
2. Removal of a juror during deliberations
After the jury began deliberating, the trial court removed a juror — identified
in the record as Juror White — and replaced her with an alternate. OCGA § 15-12-
172 permits a trial court to replace a juror with an alternate if, among other reasons,
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the juror “upon . . . good cause shown to the court is found to be unable to perform
[her] duty[.]” While a “trial court generally has broad discretion to remove a juror for
cause[,] . . . this discretion is narrowed once deliberations have begun[.]” Jones v.
State, 314 Ga. 214, 222 (2) (b) (875 SE2d 737) (2022). Nelson argues that the trial
court abused his discretion when he removed Juror White after deliberations had
begun, and we agree.
A trial court must have a sound basis upon which to exercise his discretion in
removing a juror. Moon v. State, 312 Ga. 31, 36 (2) (860 SE2d 519) (2021). If “the
basis for the juror’s incapacity is not certain or obvious, some hearing or inquiry into
the situation is appropriate to the proper exercise of judicial discretion.” Id. at 37 (2)
(citation and punctuation omitted). When the jury is deadlocked after beginning
deliberations, “the trial court ha[s] a heightened responsibility to perform a thorough
investigation into the circumstances surrounding the juror’s decision-making. . . .” Id.
at 45 (2) (b).
A trial court abuses his discretion if he does not engage in a sufficient inquiry
to develop facts that show a permissible basis for removal. See Jones, 314 Ga. at 225
(2) (b). It is not permissible for the trial court to remove a juror “for reasons related
to the juror’s view of the trial evidence[.]” Id. at 223 (2) (b). See Mills v. State, 308
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Ga. 558, 562 (2) (842 SE2d 284) (2020) (the fact that a juror “had reached a
conclusion different from that of the other jurors did not show that she was
incapacitated or legally unfit to serve”).
The record in this case shows that the trial court first learned of an issue with
Juror White through a series of notes from the jury. Those notes indicated that the
jury was deadlocked eleven to one as to two of the four defendants. One of the notes
stated that the holdout juror held a belief that two of Nelson’s co-defendants,
Stephens and Padgett, had been “manipulated due to mental state[.]” The trial court
instructed the jury to continue deliberating and not to consider “manipulation due to
mental state” because that issue was not before them, but when the foreperson later
reported that the jury was not making any headway, the trial court spoke to all of the
jurors individually.
The trial court’s inquiry revealed that the jury had reached unanimous verdicts
as to two of the four defendants, but that Juror White was not participating in the
deliberations as to the other two defendants, presumably Stephens and Padgett. Some
of the jurors either implied or expressly stated that Juror White initially had
participated in deliberations but at some point had stopped deliberating. One of those
jurors suggested that the reason for Juror White’s actions was that “[s]he cannot make
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this decision because of the person’s mental state.” Other jurors simply responded
affirmatively when the trial court asked them if a juror either had not deliberated or
was not deliberating. (The trial court varied the tense used in his questions. ) Juror
White told the trial court that she felt she had participated in the deliberations as to
all four defendants and that the other jurors “just don’t like my answer.”
Over the objection of Nelson’s counsel, the trial court removed Juror White and
replaced her with an alternate. After doing so, the trial court asked the remaining
jurors, “[w]as the juror I removed not participating in deliberations,” and the jurors,
as a group, responded affirmatively. The trial court did not set forth his reasons for
the removal in a written order, but he stated on the record that he removed Juror
White because the foreperson of the jury had made him aware that the juror “was not
participating based on a reasoning that the court had not used,” because she “did not
follow the instructions of the court,” and because “eleven jurors ha[d] told [the trial
court] she was not participating.”
This record did not provide the trial court with a sufficient basis upon which
to exercise his discretion in removing Juror White. As stated above, “[a] juror may
not be removed for reasons related to the juror’s view of the trial evidence, even if the
juror’s insistence on that view has negative effects on other jurors and the jury’s
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deliberations.” Jones, 314 Ga. at 223 (2) (b). Before removing a juror, a trial court
must develop sufficient facts “to conclude with confidence that the reason for
removal was unrelated to the juror’s view of the evidence.” Id. at 225 (2) (b). The trial
court did not elicit adequate facts through his inquiry to meet this requirement.
The fact that “eleven jurors [had] told [the trial court that Juror White] was not
participating” in deliberations does not, without more inquiry, support the removal.
A trial court may not remove a juror for failing to deliberate if the juror initially
participated in deliberations but then “reached a firm conclusion as to the counts
before the jury and declined to deliberate further.” Jones, 314 Ga. at 227 (2) (b). This
is true even if the juror reaches that firm conclusion shortly after the start of
deliberations. See id. at 230 (2) (b) n. 16.
Nothing in the record before us shows that Juror White refused from the outset
to participate in deliberations. Instead, some of the facts elicited by the trial court
show the contrary. The jury’s notes indicate that Juror White participated in votes on
all of the defendants. Juror White stated that she had participated in deliberations but
that the other jurors did not like her conclusions. And none of the other jurors stated
that Juror White had refused to participate in any of the deliberations. Some of them
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expressly stated or implied that Juror White had initially participated in deliberations,
and the others did not address that issue one way or the other.
A comment by the trial court during the midst of his inquiry suggests that he
believed Juror White only participated in the deliberations as to two of the four
defendants. This may have been the case, but again, no juror actually said so, the
jury’s note stating that they were deadlocked eleven to one on the remaining
defendants suggests otherwise, and the trial court’s inquiry did not clarify that point.
The trial court’s other expressed reasons for removing Juror White are also not
supported by the facts developed in the trial court’s inquiry. The trial court stated that
Juror White “was not participating based on a reasoning that the court had not used”
and that she “did not follow the instructions of the court[.]” From the context we infer
that the trial court was referring to Juror White’s alleged concerns about the “mental
state” of two of Nelson’s co-defendants and the trial court’s instruction that the jury
not consider that issue. For the purpose of our analysis we assume without deciding
that it was appropriate for the trial court to remove the issue of the defendants’
“mental state” from the jury’s consideration and we assume without deciding that the
trial court was allowed to remove a juror for nevertheless considering “mental state”
in reaching an opinion on the counts presented. Even so, the trial court did not
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question Juror White about whether she stopped participating in deliberations based
on concerns about some defendants’ “mental state.” Instead, the trial court appears
to have relied on statements made by other jurors, either during questioning or in
notes. Those accounts from jurors other than Juror White did not provide the trial
court with an adequate basis for concluding that Juror White had disregarded the trial
court’s instructions or otherwise acted improperly during deliberations. See Moon,
312 Ga. at 48-50 (2) (b).
For these reasons, we find that from the information in the record, the trial
court did not have grounds to “conclude with confidence that the reason for removal
was unrelated to the juror’s view of the evidence.” Jones, 314 Ga. 225 (2) (b).
Consequently, “the trial court’s basis for dismissing [Juror White] was unsound” and
her removal was an abuse of discretion. Moon, 312 Ga. at 49 (2) (b).
We are not persuaded by the state’s argument that this error was harmless.
“[R]emoving a dissenting juror when the jury is deadlocked risks violating a
defendant’s right to a unanimous verdict[.]” Moon, 312 Ga. at 37 (2). The state’s
assertion that the error only affected two of Nelson’s co-defendants rests on
speculation as to what would have happened had Juror White remained on the jury.
The state cites no authority, and we have found none, that permits a harmless error
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analysis when a trial court has improperly removed a juror after deliberations have
begun. To the contrary, our Supreme Court has held that this type of error is
“presumed harmful.” Id. at 31. See State v. Arnold, 280 Ga. 487, 489 (629 SE2d 807)
(2006) (“Dismissal of a juror without any factual support or for a legally irrelevant
reason is prejudicial.”); see also Mills, 308 Ga. at 560 (2). “Because the trial court
abused [his] discretion in removing [Juror White] from the jury, we conclude that
[Nelson’s] convictions must be reversed.” Jones, 314 Ga. at 231 (2) (b). Accord
Moon, 312 Ga. at 50 (2) (b).
3. Retrial
Although Nelson does not contest the legal sufficiency of the evidence
supporting her conviction, we nevertheless consider whether the evidence presented
at trial was sufficient to permit Nelson to be retried. See O’Brien v. State, 366 Ga.
App. 248, 250 n. 1 (881 SE2d 710) (2022). Having reviewed the record in the light
most favorable to the verdicts, we conclude that “the evidence presented at trial and
summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find [Nelson] guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which [she] was found guilty. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).” Mills,
308 Ga. at 559 (1). So Nelson may be retried.
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4. Remaining enumerations of error
Nelson asserts several other enumerations of error, regarding whether the trial
court should have granted Nelson a mistrial in connection with the jury deliberation
issue and whether the trial court should have taken action in response to an alleged
conflict of interest in defense counsel’s joint representation of all four co-defendants
which arose out of the juror deliberation issue. These claims are unlikely to recur on
retrial, and would appear in a different form if they do recur, so we do not address
them.
Judgment reversed. Brown and Markle, JJ., concur.
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