State v. Jonathan Earl Folk ( 2017 )


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  •                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
    Docket No. 43790
    STATE OF IDAHO,                                     )
    )        Boise, June 2017 Term
    Plaintiff-Respondent,                         )
    )        2017 Opinion No. 101
    v.                                                  )
    )        Filed: September 20, 2017
    JONATHAN EARL FOLK,                                 )
    )        Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
    Defendant-Appellant                           )
    Appeal from the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District of the State of
    Idaho, Bonneville County. Hon. Gregory W. Moeller, District Judge.
    The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
    Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
    Maya P. Waldron argued.
    Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Kenneth K.
    Jorgensen argued.
    _______________________________________________
    HORTON, Justice.
    Jonathan Earl Folk appeals from his judgment of conviction for one felony count of
    sexual abuse of a child under sixteen years old entered after a jury trial in Bonneville County. On
    appeal, Folk contends that the district court made numerous evidentiary errors. Folk also argues
    that the district court erred by denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal and the prosecutor
    committed misconduct amounting to fundamental error in his closing argument. We affirm.
    I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    We described the circumstances giving rise to this prosecution in State v. Folk, 
    151 Idaho 327
    , 
    256 P.3d 735
     (2011) (Folk I):
    On December 25, 2007, at about 5:30 p.m., the mother of three minor
    children (Mother) arrived home after running an errand and went into the kitchen
    to help her grandmother finish preparing Christmas dinner. As she was walking to
    the kitchen, Jonathan Folk (Defendant) was in the living room. He had come over
    to pick up a house guest. After about ten to fifteen minutes, Mother walked into
    the living room and asked her husband where their five-year-old son (Child) was.
    1
    He said that he thought Child was in his bedroom. Mother walked to Child’s
    room, and as she was nearing the open door to the room she heard Child say,
    “That’s gross.” As she walked into the room, she saw Child lying on his back on
    the bed and Defendant kneeling down in front of Child with Child’s legs around
    Defendant and his hands on Child’s hips. The bed was a small child’s bed, about
    ten inches off the floor. Mother asked what they were doing, and both Child and
    Defendant said they were just playing. Both Defendant and Child were fully
    clothed, and it did not appear that either of them had just pulled or zipped their
    pants up. Mother did not see any signs of any type of sexual act by Defendant.
    Defendant stood up and walked out of Child’s room, and then returned and sat on
    the floor while Child picked up his toys pursuant to Mother’s instructions.
    Defendant and the guest left about one and one-half hours later. At about 4:00
    a.m. that night, Child awakened Mother and stated that he had just had a
    nightmare. Mother asked what it was about, and Child responded that it was about
    what that guy did to Child last night. Mother asked what guy, but Child would not
    answer. Later that morning, Mother telephoned the police and then asked Child
    what had happened last night. Child answered that Defendant had placed his
    mouth on Child’s penis.
    Id. at 331, 
    256 P.3d at 739
    .
    The State charged Folk with lewd conduct by oral-genital contact with Child. A jury
    found Folk guilty of lewd conduct and the district court sentenced him to life in prison without
    parole. Folk appealed. In Folk I, we vacated Folk’s judgment, holding: (1) Folk’s right to
    confrontation was violated; (2) Folk’s right to self-representation was infringed; and (3) there
    were errors in the jury instructions which would have permitted the jury to convict Folk for
    uncharged conduct or conduct that did not constitute lewd conduct. Id. at 342, 
    256 P.3d at 750
    .
    Following a second jury trial, Folk once again appealed from a fixed life sentence. State v. Folk,
    
    157 Idaho 869
    , 873, 
    341 P.3d 586
    , 590 (Ct. App. 2014) (Folk II). The Court of Appeals vacated
    Folk’s judgment because evidence of Folk’s prior convictions was improperly admitted. Id. at
    880, 341 P.3d at 597.
    Following remand, the State made a curious charging decision. It amended the charge
    from lewd conduct to sexual abuse of a child under the age of sixteen, alleging that Folk
    committed the crime “by tickling the stomach and/or feet of [Child] and/or touching the hips of
    [Child] with his hands.” The State also added a persistent violator allegation. Folk filed a number
    of pretrial motions, including a motion to exclude the testimony of Blaine Blair that Folk had
    told him that Folk desired to sexually abuse children. The district court issued two memorandum
    decisions on Folk’s motions and ultimately permitted Blair to testify regarding Folk’s statement
    by way of a narrow set of leading questions:
    2
    Q [by the prosecutor]: All right. I’m going to ask you some questions, and I just
    want you to answer yes or no to these questions. Okay? Can you do that?
    A: Yes, I can.
    Q: Did you and [Folk] ever discuss things? Yes or no?
    A: Yes.
    Q: Okay. Did you and [Folk] ever share secrets with one another? Yes or no?
    A: Yes.
    Q: Now again this is yes or no. Did the defendant, [Folk], ever say anything to
    you indicating that he desired to sexually abuse children? Yes or no?
    A: Yes.
    Q: Okay. How many times did he express that to you?
    A: Just once.
    After the State amended the charge to sexual abuse of a child, Folk moved to exclude evidence
    of the alleged oral-genital contact. The district court denied Folk’s request.
    On several occasions during the trial, Folk unsuccessfully attempted to admit evidence of
    Child’s testimony from the earlier trials. On some occasions, he did so to refresh Child’s
    memory, and on other occasions, he sought to introduce the prior testimony to impeach Child
    with prior inconsistent statements. The district court’s evidentiary rulings on these efforts are one
    of the subjects of this appeal.
    Folk was found guilty of sexual abuse of a child under sixteen, a violation of Idaho Code
    section 18-1506(1)(b). The district court dismissed the persistent violator enhancement and
    imposed a fixed sentence of 25 years. Folk timely appealed.
    II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    “The trial court has broad discretion in the admission and exclusion of evidence and its
    decision to admit evidence will be reversed only when there has been a clear abuse of that
    discretion.” State v. Lopez-Orozco, 
    159 Idaho 375
    , 377, 
    360 P.3d 1056
    , 1058 (2015) (quoting
    State v. Robinett, 
    141 Idaho 110
    , 112, 
    106 P.3d 436
    , 438 (2005)).
    A three point inquiry is used to determine whether a trial court has abused
    its discretion: (1) whether the court correctly perceived the issue as one of
    discretion; (2) whether the court acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion
    and consistently with the legal standards applicable to the specific choices
    available to it; and (3) whether the trial court reached its decision by an exercise
    of reason.
    3
    State v. Joy, 
    155 Idaho 1
    , 6, 
    304 P.3d 276
    , 281 (2013) (quoting State v. Pepcorn, 
    152 Idaho 678
    ,
    686, 
    273 P.3d 1271
    , 1279 (2012)). “[W]hether evidence is relevant is a question of law this
    Court reviews de novo.” 
    Id.
    III. ANALYSIS
    A. The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Blair’s testimony.
    Folk argues that Blair’s testimony was not relevant to any issue of material fact in the
    case and, even if it were relevant, the probative value of the evidence was substantially
    outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice.
    1. Blair’s testimony was relevant to the issue of intent.
    In its second memorandum decision, the district court concluded that Blair’s testimony
    “appears to be highly relevant to the issues of motive, intent, or absence of mistake or accident”
    and “is probative of Folk’s state of mind and gives an explanation as to why he would place
    himself alone with a child or touch a child.” Folk argues that a “desire to sexually abuse children
    generally doesn’t show that otherwise-innocent tickling was done to gratify Mr. Folk’s sexual
    desires.”
    Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
    consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
    without the evidence.” I.R.E. 401. The question before the jury was whether Folk’s conduct in
    tickling Child and/or touching Child on the hips was done with the intent to gratify Folk’s sexual
    desires. We agree with the district court’s conclusion that Blair’s testimony that Folk indicated
    that he desired to sexually abuse children had a tendency to make it more likely Folk’s admitted
    contact with Child was not innocent but was rather done for the purpose of gratifying Folk’s
    sexual desires. Therefore, we find no error in the district court’s conclusion that Blair’s
    testimony was relevant.
    2. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the
    probative value of Blair’s testimony was not outweighed by the danger of
    unfair prejudice.
    Folk argues that Blair’s testimony has extremely low probative value due to Blair’s
    “disastrous” memory and the district court increased the level of unfair prejudice by allowing the
    State to use leading questions to elicit Blair’s testimony. “[W]e review the district court’s
    determination of whether the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect for
    4
    an abuse of discretion.” State v. Kralovec, 
    161 Idaho 569
    , 574, 
    388 P.3d 583
    , 588 (2017)
    (quoting State v. Ehrlick, 
    158 Idaho 900
    , 907, 
    354 P.3d 462
    , 469 (2015)).
    In its first memorandum decision, the district court concluded that “[i]f offered for
    rebuttal purposes, the probative value of [Blair’s testimony] is not substantially outweighed by
    the danger of unfair prejudice.” The district court reasoned that Blair’s testimony was “highly
    probative in a case where the intent of the contact is a significant part of the charged crime,
    especially given Folk’s anticipated defense that he was merely engaged in harmless horseplay
    with the victim.” However, the district court recognized that there was a “substantial risk that the
    jury would treat such testimony as propensity evidence.” The district court held that evidence of
    Folk’s statements to Blair would be conditionally admissible if offered to rebut assertions that
    the touching was the result of an accident, mistake, or done of some other purpose.” In its second
    memorandum decision, the district court again concluded that Blair’s testimony was “highly
    relevant to the issues of motive, intent, or absence of mistake or accident.” At trial, Folk objected
    to the State’s proposed question based on Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b).
    Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides:
    Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
    character of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity
    therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of
    motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
    mistake or accident . . . .
    I.R.E. 404(b). The district court’s analysis of Blair’s testimony shows that the district court
    recognized the issue as one of discretion, that the district court acted within the bounds of its
    discretion, and that the district court reached its decision through an exercise of reason.
    Specifically, the district court recognized and applied this Court’s two-tiered analysis in State v.
    Grist:
    Admissibility of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts when offered
    for a permitted purpose is subject to a two-tiered analysis. First, the trial court
    must determine whether there is sufficient evidence to establish the other crime or
    wrong as fact. The trial court must also determine whether the fact of another
    crime or wrong, if established, would be relevant. Evidence of uncharged
    misconduct must be relevant to a material and disputed issue concerning the crime
    charged, other than propensity. Such evidence is only relevant if the jury can
    reasonably conclude that the act occurred and that the defendant was the actor.
    Second, the trial court must engage in a balancing under I.R.E. 403 and
    determine whether the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the
    probative value of the evidence. This balancing is committed to the discretion of
    5
    the trial judge. The trial court must determine each of these considerations of
    admissibility on a case-by-case basis.
    State v. Grist, 
    147 Idaho 49
    , 52, 
    205 P.3d 1185
    , 1188 (2009) (internal citations omitted). Once
    the district court reached the Rule 403 analysis, it determined that the danger of unfair prejudice
    in Blair’s testimony would arise from reference to Folk’s past abuse of children. By requiring the
    State to question Blair only about Folk’s statement of intent to sexually abuse children in the
    future, the district court eliminated the danger that the jury might consider past conduct as
    evidence of Folk’s propensity to abuse children. We find that Blair’s testimony was prejudicial
    to Folk, but not unfairly so.
    “Rule 403 does not require the exclusion of prejudicial evidence. Most evidence offered
    to prove a defendant’s guilt is inherently prejudicial. The rule only applies to evidence that is
    unfairly prejudicial because it tends to suggest that the jury should base its decision on an
    improper basis.” State v. Rawlings, 
    159 Idaho 498
    , 506, 
    363 P.3d 339
    , 347 (2015) (internal
    citations omitted). The district court properly acted to prevent the introduction of testimony from
    Blair that might have led the jury to base its decision on an improper basis. We hold that the
    district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Blair’s testimony.
    B. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted testimony concerning
    the alleged oral-genital contact as evidence of Folk’s intent.
    In its second memorandum decision, the district court held that testimony concerning the
    alleged oral-genital contact with Child was admissible as evidence of Folk’s intent to gratify his
    sexual desires under Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b) and that it was not unfairly prejudicial under
    Idaho Rule of Evidence 403. The district court reasoned that a finding of criminal intent may be
    based upon circumstantial evidence and that testimony concerning the alleged oral-genital
    contact was relevant to the determination whether Folk touched and tickled Child with the intent
    to gratify his sexual desires. In its Rule 403 analysis, the district court stated:
    Here, the evidence is certainly prejudicial, but the Court does not believe it is
    unfairly prejudic[ial]. Because of the contemporary nature of the acts involved, it
    is directly related to the charged conduct. This would be different if the alleged
    oral to genital contact occurred at some earlier or later date. The State has elected
    to charge Folk with sexual abuse, not lewd conduct. The Court does not conclude
    that this strategy lessens the relevancy of the alleged victim’s testimony about the
    entirety of the incident.
    The district court concluded that allowing the jury to know exactly what happened at the time of
    the alleged incident would not result in unfair prejudice to Folk.
    6
    Folk argues that the evidence of the alleged oral-genital contact was not relevant to any
    issue in the case including Folk’s intent. Folk contends that evidence of the alleged oral-genital
    contact was not necessary to provide the jury with the complete story and cites to this Court’s
    opinion in State v. Kralovec where this Court “decline[d] to perpetuate the use of the res gestae
    doctrine in Idaho,” concluding that “evidence previously considered admissible as res gestae is
    only admissible if it meets the criteria established by the Idaho Rules of Evidence.” Kralovec,
    161 Idaho at 573–74, 388 P.3d at 587–88. Finally, Folk argues that the evidence was so
    confusing, misleading, and unfairly prejudicial that it suggested a decision on an improper basis.
    We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence of
    the alleged oral-genital contact. First, as discussed above, evidence is relevant if it has “any
    tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
    action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” I.R.E. 401.
    “Specific intent may, and ordinarily must, be proved by circumstantial evidence. . . . One’s intent
    may be proved by his acts and conduct, and such is the usual and customary mode of proving
    intent.” State v. Oldham, 
    92 Idaho 124
    , 132, 
    438 P.2d 275
    , 283 (1968) (internal citations and
    quotations omitted); State v. Cheatham, 
    134 Idaho 565
    , 572, 
    6 P.3d 815
    , 822 (2000).
    Folk’s assertion that the district court improperly used the doctrine of res gestae to admit
    the evidence is incorrect. We first observe that the district court did not have the benefit of our
    decision in Kralovec at the time it made its decision, as we released Kralovec nearly a year and a
    half after the district court’s decision. The district court’s discussion of res gestae came in the
    context of its discussion of the Court of Appeals’ decision in State v. Blackstead, 
    126 Idaho 14
    ,
    
    878 P.2d 188
     (Ct. App. 1994). Nevertheless, the district court’s analysis concluded: “Regardless
    of what we call such evidence, the Court concludes that it is admissible under Rules 403 and
    404(b).” Thus, the district court’s decision was consistent with our holding in Kralovec, as the
    district court made its decision based upon the “criteria established by the Idaho Rules of
    Evidence.” Kralovec, 161 Idaho at 574, 388 P.3d at 588.
    Finally, we are unable to accept Folk’s argument that the evidence was so confusing,
    misleading, and unfairly prejudicial that it suggested that the jury should reach its decision on an
    improper basis. Folk does not attempt to show that the district court abused its discretion by
    admitting the evidence under an erroneous Rule 403 analysis. The district court instructed the
    jury that Folk could only be convicted for the act of tickling Child or touching his hips. “We
    7
    must presume that the jury followed the jury instructions in arriving at their verdict.” Weinstein
    v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 
    149 Idaho 299
    , 335, 
    233 P.3d 1221
    , 1257 (2010). We hold
    that Folk has not shown that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence of
    the alleged oral-genital contact.
    C. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded evidence of Child’s prior
    testimony.
    Folk argues that the district court erroneously excluded Child’s prior sworn testimony.
    Folk contends that the prior testimony was admissible for substantive purposes under Idaho Rule
    of Evidence 801(d)(1)(A) and for impeachment purposes under Idaho Rule of Evidence 613(b).
    We address these arguments in turn.
    1. Folk’s argument based on Rule 801(d)(1)(A) was not preserved for appeal.
    Folk argues that Child’s prior testimony was admissible non-hearsay pursuant to Rule
    801(d)(1)(A). However, Folk fails to point to any place in the record where the evidence was
    presented to the district court as admissible non-hearsay evidence under Rule 801. “This Court
    does not review an alleged error on appeal unless the record discloses an adverse ruling forming
    the basis for the assignment of error.” Morrison v. St. Luke’s Reg’l Med. Ctr., Ltd., 
    160 Idaho 599
    , 608, 
    377 P.3d 1062
    , 1071 (2016) (quoting Ada Cnty. Highway Dist. v. Total Success Invs.,
    LLC, 
    145 Idaho 360
    , 368, 
    179 P.3d 323
    , 331 (2008)). At best, Folk points to this exchange at
    trial:
    [FOLK’S STANDBY COUNSEL]: Your Honor, maybe we should just publish
    the testimony of his previous – the transcript of his previous testimony, since the
    witness doesn’t remember anything.
    THE COURT: Well, again, there’s no need to publish it if he doesn’t deny it. I
    think the mode of impeachment is you just ask him about it. Right? Certainly,
    though, if it’s under oath, it could be extrinsic evidence, if he’s denying it. But I
    don’t think he’s denying it. If he denies that he made the statement, then extrinsic
    evidence is admissible. If he doesn’t deny it, then impeachment is complete.
    And I’m just basically quoting Rule 613.
    Based on the district court’s statements and surrounding context of the transcript, it is clear that
    the evidentiary basis upon which Folk sought to introduce the prior testimony was Idaho Rule of
    Evidence 613. As neither Folk nor his standby counsel advanced Rule 801 as a basis for
    introducing the testimony as admissible non-hearsay, we hold that the issue was not preserved
    for appeal.
    8
    2. The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Child’s prior
    testimony pursuant to Idaho Rule of Evidence 613(b).
    Folk argues the district court abused its discretion when it did not allow Folk to introduce
    extrinsic evidence of Child’s prior testimony when Child stated that he did not remember having
    previously testified as to a number of subjects. In support of his argument, Folk cites to broad
    swaths of the trial transcript:
    The district court erred by not allowing Mr. Folk to introduce extrinsic
    evidence of [Child’s] prior sworn testimony when [Child] stated, over and over
    again, that he did not remember issues to which he had previously testified. (See
    generally Tr. Vol. I, p. 439, L.2–p.445, L.21, p.463, L.22–p.488, L.13, p.495,
    L.1–p.516, L.20.) The district court repeatedly told Mr. Folk it would only let him
    introduce [Child’s] prior sworn testimony if [Child] denied making a statement he
    had previously made, but that he could not introduce prior sworn testimony if
    [Child] merely said he did not remember whether he made the statement. (Tr. Vol.
    I, p.433, L.19–p.434, L.4 (“You’re asking him if he remembers . . . . Essentially
    we need to know whether [reading the transcript] would cause him to change his
    answer . . . And if not, then you need to go on and ask a different question in a
    different way.”), p.451, L.25–p.452, L.5 (“[H]e’s being asked if this would
    refresh his recollection. Generally he’s been saying sometimes that it does,
    sometimes that it doesn’t. And that’s different than impeaching with prior
    inconsistent testimony. And not remembering isn’t necessarily inconsistent.”),
    p.467, Ls.21–25 (“If he says he doesn’t remember, that’s not the same as denying
    it. If he looked at it and said, yeah, I may have said that in the first trial but I don’t
    remember now, then you’ve made your point and you get to move on.”), p.505,
    Ls.5–7 (“If he denies that he made the statement, then extrinsic evidence is
    admissible. If he doesn’t deny it, then impeachment is complete.”), p.507, Ls.3–5
    (“[I]f he denies it, confront him with it. If he still denies it, I’ll let extrinsic
    evidence in. If he doesn’t deny it, then you’ve made your point.”).
    Folk cites to the Court of Appeals decision in Preuss v. Thomson, 
    112 Idaho 169
    , 
    730 P.2d 1089
    (Ct. App. 1986). There, the Court of Appeals interpreted Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 43(b)(8),
    since replaced by Idaho Rule of Evidence 613, and held that “[t]estimony by a witness that he or
    she cannot remember is sufficient to complete the foundation for impeachment with a prior
    inconsistent statement.” Preuss, 112 Idaho at 171, 730 P.2d at 1091.
    Folk’s briefing cites to large portions of the record generally, but not to any specific
    instance of an alleged erroneous ruling by the district court. Compounding the problem, Folk’s
    citations broadly cover instances where both Folk and the district court discussed issues relating
    to refreshing a witness’ memory under Idaho Rule of Evidence 612 as well as impeaching a
    witness with prior inconsistent statements under Idaho Rule of Evidence 613. Folk makes no
    attempt to differentiate the district court’s evidentiary rulings; rather, Folk lumps them all
    9
    together under the broad assertion that the prior statements were admissible under Rule 613(b),
    and the district court erred. “This Court will not search the record on appeal for error.” Liponis v.
    Bach, 
    149 Idaho 372
    , 375, 
    234 P.3d 696
    , 699 (2010).
    To the extent that Folk has identified specific statements by the district court, we can find
    no error. The district court recognized that Child’s prior testimony could be used as extrinsic
    evidence to impeach Child’s inconsistent statements under Rule 613 and that an admission that
    the prior statements were made following Child’s testimony that he could not remember making
    the statements completed the impeachment. “The trial court has broad discretion in the admission
    and exclusion of evidence and its decision to admit evidence will be reversed only when there
    has been a clear abuse of that discretion.” State v. Lopez-Orozco, 
    159 Idaho 375
    , 377, 
    360 P.3d 1056
    , 1058 (2015) (quoting State v. Robinett, 
    141 Idaho 110
    , 112, 
    106 P.3d 436
    , 438 (2005)).
    Folk frankly concedes that many of the evidentiary rulings and exchanges were muddled during
    the trial. We conclude that Folk has not shown a clear instance where the district court abused its
    discretion.
    D. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Detective Galbreaith’s
    testimony.
    Folk argues the district court erred by admitting Detective Galbreaith’s testimony that
    Child told Galbreaith that Folk put his mouth on Child’s genitals during an interview. Folk
    contends that he did not “open the door” to Galbreaith’s testimony by eliciting Child’s testimony
    about the interview or reading portions of the transcript of the interview into the record. Folk
    concludes that Galbreaith’s testimony was inadmissible hearsay because the out-of-court
    statement made by Child was used to prove the truth of the matter asserted and it was not offered
    to rebut an express or implied charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive, or to
    rehabilitate Child.
    The State responds that Folk did indeed open the door for Galbreaith’s testimony and that
    Folk fails to address the actual ruling of the district court. The State contends that the district
    court specifically admitted the testimony for the purpose of evaluating Child’s credibility rather
    than substantive evidence and properly instructed the jury not to consider Galbreaith’s testimony
    for the truth of Child’s statement.
    During his cross-examination of Child, Folk initiated the following exchange:
    [DEFENDANT FOLK]: When did you tell your mom that Jon put his mouth on
    your penis?
    10
    A: I don’t remember.
    Q: Do you remember having an interview with this man, Detective Galbreaith?
    A: Um, no.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Your Honor, I would ask the State to stipulate that [Child]
    did have an interview with Detective Galbreaith.
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: That’s fine. I’ll stipulate to that.
    THE COURT: Okay. Fine. The record will reflect that there was an interview.
    …
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Do you remember saying – do you remember telling the
    detective that Jon – that he didn’t actually touch me?
    A: No.
    Q: Would it help to refresh your memory if you looked at the transcript?
    A: Maybe. I don’t know.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Your Honor, I’d like to publish the interview with
    Detective Galbreaith.
    THE COURT: Which transcript are you referring to?
    DEFENDANT FOLK: The interview of [Child] and Detective Galbreaith.
    THE COURT: [State’s Counsel]?
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, this one doesn’t get published. It’s not the
    record.
    THE COURT: Right. You’re asking to publish it. Do you mean you want to have
    the witness shown it to look at but not show it to the jury?
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Oh, that’s correct.
    THE COURT: Is that what you’re asking for?
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Yes.
    THE COURT: Okay. If you want him to see that, then you may show it to him.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Great. Would the court like to use the official copy or --
    At that point in the examination, Folk was unable to produce the correct transcript of the
    interview. Instead, he questioned Child on other subjects until the correct transcript was located.
    Later in the cross-examination, Folk returned to the issue of Child’s interview:
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Your Honor, I would ask the court to ask the State to
    stipulate that they’ve received a copy of Detective Galbreaith’s interview, an
    enhanced copy.
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: We have it. So we I think that’s it there.
    THE COURT: I understand it’s been supplied to the State. If it didn’t, I'm sure --
    11
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: It’s right there, Your Honor.
    THE COURT: I’m sorry. I thought it had been.
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: We made a copy of that.
    THE COURT: Okay. The State now has a copy of it. Go ahead, Mr. Folk.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Does the court have a copy of it also?
    THE COURT: I think they got the court’s copy.
    THE CLERK: No.
    THE COURT: We have one for ourselves? Yes, so we have one.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Excellent.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: [Child], do you remember the interview with Detective
    Galbreaith?
    A: Nope.
    Q: You don’t remember it at all?
    A: No. I kind of remember it, but --
    Q: Earlier you said that when Jon was -- put his mouth on your penis, that there
    was a popping sound. Did you ever say that there was any other descriptions of it?
    A: Yeah.
    Q: Could you tell me what those were?
    A: Be like when you have a sucker and you kind of pull it out of your mouth, that
    sound it makes, that’s what sound.
    Q: Did you ever describe it as biting?
    A: Not that I remember.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Your Honor, I’d like to refresh his memory with Detective
    Galbreaith’s interview transcript.
    THE COURT: Okay. A copy of the transcript is being handed to the witness. And
    this is for refreshment; is that correct, Mr. Folk?
    This exchange demonstrates that Folk’s cross-examination of Child raised the subject of whether
    Child told Galbreaith that Folk had not touched him. Although Folk contends that he did not
    actually introduce Child’s statement from the interview, the clear implication presented to the
    jury was that Child told Galbreaith that Folk had not touched him.
    Further, the district court gave the jury a specific limiting instruction following
    Galbreaith’s testimony:
    THE COURT: Okay. Before you ask that question, I’m going to admonish the
    jury at this time similar to what I did yesterday.
    12
    There’s been some reference to an interview that took place. That
    interview was not under oath. The interview was referenced yesterday during the
    trial in an effort to impeach the victim. And I advised you at the end of the
    victim’s – alleged victim’s testimony that that evidence of an unsworn statement
    that may have been made to someone is not actual evidence that you can consider
    in determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant. You can consider that
    evidence only for the purpose of determining the credibility of the witness.
    Now today you’ve heard some similar testimony from the other part of
    that conversation, from the witness that’s now testifying. The evidence that he’s
    just given you about what was said during the interview is not evidence that you
    can consider in determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant. That’s very
    important. That cannot be considered for that purpose. The only reason that you
    can consider the testimony you’ve just heard is in determining the credibility of
    the witness and whether the things he said were credible or not. And that’s the
    only purpose for which such evidence may be considered by you in your
    deliberation. Okay?
    Folk does not contend that the district court’s decision to admit the testimony for purposes of
    evaluating Child’s credibility was erroneous or that the district court’s limiting instruction was
    erroneous. Thus, we hold that Folk has not shown that the district court abused its discretion
    when it admitted Galbreaith’s testimony.
    E. The district court did not err when it denied Folk’s motion for a judgment of acquittal
    pursuit to Idaho Criminal Rule 29(a).
    At the close of the State’s case, Folk motioned for a judgment of acquittal under Idaho
    Criminal Rule 29. Folk argued that the State had failed to present substantial and competent
    evidence as to Folk’s intent. The district court denied the motion concluding:
    And that on the issue of intent, which was the only issue specifically
    addressed by the defense, certainly from the totality of the circumstances I believe
    the jury can infer the intent. Certainly there was some evidence. The court just
    heard that the defendant may have had such intent from witness Blair. But again
    there was lots of surrounding circumstances from which it can be inferred,
    including some specific and graphic testimony.
    Folk contends that because the State did not present any evidence that Folk tickled Child or
    touched Child’s hips with the intent to satisfy his sexual desires, no rational trier of fact could
    have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Folk touched Child with the requisite intent.
    As we discussed earlier, “[s]pecific intent may, and ordinarily must, be proved by
    circumstantial evidence. . . . One’s intent may be proved by his acts and conduct, and such is the
    usual and customary mode of proving intent.” State v. Oldham, 
    92 Idaho 124
    , 132, 
    438 P.2d 275
    ,
    13
    283 (1968) (internal citations and quotations omitted); State v. Cheatham, 
    134 Idaho 565
    , 572, 
    6 P.3d 815
    , 822 (2000).
    Under I.C.R. 29, the district court may set aside a jury verdict and enter
    judgment of acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction. That is
    because the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees
    the right to due process, and the U.S. Supreme Court has held that as a part of that
    due process, no person shall be made to suffer the onus of a criminal conviction
    except upon sufficient proof—defined as evidence necessary to convince a trier of
    fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the existence of every element of the offense.
    However, appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope.
    State v. Eliasen, 
    158 Idaho 542
    , 545, 
    348 P.3d 157
    , 160 (2015) (internal citations, quotations,
    and alterations omitted). “The relevant inquiry is not whether this Court would find the
    defendant to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, but whether ‘after viewing the evidence in the
    light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
    elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Id. at 546, 348 P.3d at 161 (quoting State v.
    Adamcik, 
    152 Idaho 445
    , 460, 
    272 P.3d 417
    , 432 (2012)).
    We hold that the State presented substantial and competent evidence of Folk’s actions
    and conduct such that, when taken in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier
    of fact could have found that the essential element of intent was met beyond a reasonable doubt.
    Therefore, the district court did not err when it denied Folk’s motion for a judgment of acquittal.
    F. The prosecutor did not commit misconduct amounting to fundamental error.
    “On appeal, the standard of review governing claims of prosecutorial misconduct
    depends on whether the defendant objected to the misconduct at trial. As a general rule, we will
    not consider arguments made for the first time on appeal.” State v. Severson, 
    147 Idaho 694
    , 715,
    
    215 P.3d 414
    , 435 (2009). “When the alleged error constitutes a fundamental error, however,
    review on appeal is permissible.” 
    Id.
     at 715–16, 
    215 P.3d at
    435–36. “Accordingly, when an
    objection to prosecutorial misconduct is not raised at trial, the misconduct will serve as a basis
    for setting aside a conviction only when the conduct is sufficiently egregious to result in
    fundamental error.” Id at 716, 
    215 P.3d at 436
    . (internal quotation and citation omitted). In such
    an instance, we apply the following standard of review:
    Such review includes a three-prong inquiry wherein the defendant bears the
    burden of persuading the appellate court that the alleged error: (1) violates one or
    more of the defendant’s unwaived constitutional rights; (2) plainly exists (without
    the need for any additional information not contained in the appellate record,
    including information as to whether the failure to object was a tactical decision);
    14
    and (3) was not harmless. If the defendant persuades the appellate court that the
    complained of error satisfies this three-prong inquiry, then the appellate court
    shall vacate and remand.
    State v. Perry, 
    150 Idaho 209
    , 228, 
    245 P.3d 961
    , 980 (2010).
    Folk argues this Court should vacate his judgment of conviction because the prosecutor
    committed misconduct amounting to fundamental error for various statements made during
    closing arguments. Specifically, Folk argues the prosecutor: (1) asked the jury to infer facts
    which the prosecutor knew to be false; (2) impermissibly commented on Folk’s Fifth
    Amendment right to remain silent and Sixth Amendment right to confront Child; and, (3)
    impermissibly appealed to the emotions, passions, or prejudices of the jury. These arguments are
    addressed in turn.
    1. The prosecutor did not ask the jury to infer facts which the prosecutor knew
    to be false.
    During his closing argument, the prosecutor referenced Blair’s testimony that Folk had
    stated a desire to sexually abuse children:
    You heard testimony from Blaine Blair, who’s an interesting character.
    This is somebody that the defendant lived with, somebody who he shared secrets
    with, who he talked with. You heard him testify that he saw the defendant go in
    the bedroom with [Child]. You heard him testify that the defendant had stated to
    him a desire to sexually abuse children.
    Mr. Folk had him on the stand, and he steered him pretty good on some
    other stuff. Didn’t even ask him about that question. Didn’t ask him a single
    thing. When was it supposed to happen? Just, you know, any sort of argument
    about that.
    Folk argues that the prosecutor implied that Blair’s testimony was incontrovertible despite
    knowing that Blair had made a prior inconsistent statement during his conversation with
    Galbreaith.
    “Generally, both parties are given wide latitude in making their arguments to the jury and
    discussing the evidence and inferences to be made therefrom.” Severson, 147 Idaho at 720, 
    215 P.3d at 440
    . “The Court has recognized, however, that the line separating acceptable from
    improper advocacy is not easily drawn; there is often a gray zone.” State v. Parker, 
    157 Idaho 132
    , 146, 
    334 P.3d 806
    , 820 (2014) (internal quotation and citation omitted).
    It is certainly within the bounds of fair advocacy for a prosecutor, like any
    lawyer, to ask the jury to draw inferences from the evidence that the prosecutor
    believes in good faith might be true. But it is decidedly improper for the
    government to propound inferences that it knows to be false, or has very strong
    15
    reason to doubt, particularly when it refuses to acknowledge the error afterwards
    to either the trial court or this court and instead offers far-fetched explanations of
    its actions. [T]he difference between a lawyer asking the jury to infer only things
    that he believed in good faith might be true and making factual assertions he well
    knew were untrue is the difference between fair advocacy and misconduct.
    United States v. Blueford, 
    312 F.3d 962
    , 968–69 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citations and quotations
    omitted). At issue here is Blair’s statement to Galbreaith during an interview conducted on
    January 8, 2008, after the alleged incident with Child:
    MR. BLAIR: Well, [Folk] left around after the holidays was done and at New
    Year’s he came back for his bicycle and just says you guys are going to miss me
    and he gave me a hug and said good-bye and that’s about it.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: When did he come back for his bike?
    MR. BLAIR: After the holidays.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Okay.
    MR. BLAIR: New Year’s.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Do you remember what day?
    MR. BLAIR: I think it was about Wednesday.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Like a couple of days ago Wednesday?
    MR. BLAIR: No, not a couple days, but –
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: A week and a couple days?
    MR. BLAIR: Right.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Okay. He told you he’d miss you and then left, huh?
    MR. BLAIR: Right. We were pretty close and he said to me that he was quit
    anyway.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: He was quit what?
    MR. BLAIR: Was going to quit having contact with children.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Oh. When did he tell you that?
    MR. BLAIR: He told me that several times.
    OFFICER GALBREAITH: Oh.
    MR. BLAIR: He also said he was going to go to Africa.
    Folk contends that this interview constitutes clear impeachment evidence that the prosecutor
    knew was available but could not be submitted by Folk without opening the door to evidence of
    Folk’s prior instances of sexual abuse with children. Folk’s argument is unpersuasive. A
    reasonable reading of the interview is that Folk’s statements that he was “going to quit having
    16
    contact with children” could have been made during a conversation after the alleged incident,
    thus, the interview would not impeach Blair’s testimony that Folk had previously expressed a
    desire to sexually abuse children. Even if this Court agreed with Folk’s argument that the
    prosecutor    implied   that   Blair’s   testimony   was   “incontrovertible”   and   not   simply
    “uncontroverted,” the record does not support the contention that the prosecutor knew that
    implication was false or that the prosecutor did not have a good faith basis for advancing this
    argument.
    2. The prosecutor did not impermissibly comment on Folk’s Fifth Amendment
    rights, Sixth Amendment rights, or impermissibly appeal to the emotions,
    passions, and prejudices of the jury.
    During his rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor stated:
    Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Folk doesn’t want to be found guilty. And he
    didn’t want to be cross-examined. He didn’t want an attorney asking him
    questions. The victim of this crime didn’t get that luxury. And he stood – he sat
    here and he was cross-examined for hours about what had happened. He’s not the
    one who’s alleged to have done something wrong.
    Folk contends that these statements were impermissible commentary on Folk’s Fifth and Sixth
    Amendment rights, and that the prosecutor impermissibly appealed to the emotions, passions,
    and prejudices of the jury.
    The Fifth Amendment prohibits prosecutors from making direct or indirect
    comments on a defendant’s failure to testify in order to infer guilt. However, the
    United States Supreme Court has noted that in determining whether a prosecutor’s
    comment violated the Fifth Amendment, a court should not lightly infer that a
    prosecutor intends an ambiguous remark to have its most damaging meaning or
    that a jury, sitting through lengthy exhortation, will draw that meaning from the
    plethora of less damaging interpretations. Additionally, such comments must be
    evaluated in light of defense conduct and in the context of the entire trial.
    Severson, 147 Idaho at 718–19, 
    215 P.3d at
    438–39 (internal citations and quotations omitted)
    (emphasis added). The record shows the prosecutor’s comments do not rise to the level of
    fundamental error based on Folk’s conduct, closing argument, and the context of the entire trial.
    The relevant portion of Folk’s closing argument is as follows:
    [FOLK]: You may have noticed that I did not testify this time. I have testified
    before.
    [STATE’S COUNSEL]: Objection. Your Honor. I don’t think this is proper
    argument in any sort of way.
    THE COURT: Well, so far, I don’t find it improper, inasmuch as the state’s
    already produced evidence that he testified before. So I don’t think he has said
    17
    anything so far the jury doesn’t know. But I’m listening very intently to make
    sure he stays within the bounds of the law.
    DEFENDANT FOLK: Thank you.
    It is a horror to be charged with a crime and to be innocent. If I protest too
    much, I will be seen as guilty. If I get angry, I will be seen as guilty. If I forget a
    fact under the heat of interrogation, I may be seen as guilty.
    People often do not believe the accused who testifies because they think
    that he may not only be guilty of a crime, but he may take the oath and lie under
    oath to escape conviction. Nothing I say on the witness stand can ever acquit me.
    I stand before you now as pleading not guilty. Taking the stand allows the
    prosecutor to make the most innocent person look guilty. And anyway, the state
    has failed to prove its case. They cannot prove what was not in my mind any more
    than the state can prove what was in my mind.
    What is there for me to rebut that standing here before you that pleading
    not guilty does not rebut? I know two things: I know I’m not guilty of this crime,
    and I know the state did not prove me guilty of this crime.
    I know you must be afraid; what if you convict an innocent man? “What if
    you fail to do justice? I have to tell you for the last two days – excuse me, three
    days, I have been scared to death. Representing myself is the hardest thing that
    I’ve ever had to do. It’s the bravest thing that I’ve ever did. Please put an end to
    this madness and find me innocent; not just not guilty, but find me innocent.
    Please hold to your oath to hold the state to its burden to prove that I had –
    that I had sexual contact with [Child], and your verdict will be innocent.
    It appears that the prosecutor’s comments were made in response to Folk’s assertion that taking
    the stand allows a prosecutor to make innocent people look guilty. “Prosecutorial misconduct
    rises to the level of fundamental error if it is ‘calculated to inflame the minds of jurors and arouse
    passion or prejudice against the defendant, or is so inflammatory that the jurors may be
    influenced to determine guilt on factors outside the evidence.’ ” State v. Sheahan, 
    139 Idaho 267
    ,
    280, 
    77 P.3d 956
    , 969 (2003) (quoting State v. Babb, 
    125 Idaho 934
    , 942, 
    877 P.2d 905
    , 913
    (1994)). Although arguments of the type advanced by the prosecutor are not to be encouraged,
    we are unable to conclude that they were not made in response to Folk’s explanation for not
    taking the stand or were “calculated to inflame the minds” of the jurors and influence them to
    determine guilt on factors outside of the evidence.
    “A conviction will be set aside for prosecutorial misconduct only when the conduct is
    sufficiently egregious as to result in fundamental error.” Sheahan, 139 Idaho at, 280, 
    77 P.3d at 969
    . “More specifically, prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments will constitute
    fundamental error only if the comments were so egregious or inflammatory that any consequent
    prejudice could not have been remedied by a ruling from the trial court informing the jury that
    18
    the comments should be disregarded.” 
    Id.
     (internal quotation omitted). Following the
    prosecutor’s closing argument, the district court instructed the jury as follows:
    One thing that I feel legally bound to address at this time, just to remind
    the jury – I wouldn’t normally do this, but at the beginning of [the prosecutor’s]
    rebuttal he did mention that the defendant didn’t want to be cross-examined by
    the prosecutor. I understand why he made that comment. Certainly it’s a response
    to something that was said by the defendant himself in his closing argument.
    But I do need to remind the jury that it’s important that you consider and
    remember instruction 14-A. And 14-A says that you must not draw any inference
    of guilt from the fact that the defendant has not testified, nor should this fact be
    discussed by you or enter into your deliberations in any way.
    Those are things that we don’t talk about and probably shouldn’t have
    been brought up. So please disregard any comment to the defendant’s failure to
    testify.
    We hold that any error on the part of the prosecutor did not rise to the level of fundamental error
    because it was promptly remedied by an instruction from the district court to disregard such
    statements.
    G. The cumulative error doctrine is not applicable in this case.
    Folk argues that this Court should vacate his judgment of conviction because, even if all
    of the alleged errors are individually harmless, the accumulation of errors deprived Folk of his
    Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law and a fair trial. As we have found no error,
    the cumulative error doctrine is not applicable.
    IV. CONCLUSION
    We affirm Folk’s judgment of conviction.
    Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices JONES, BRODY, and Justice Pro Tem EISMANN
    CONCUR.
    19