State v. Davis ( 2024 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket Nos. 50110-50111
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: June 17, 2024
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
JACOB STEPHEN DAVIS, ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District, State of Idaho, Payette
County. Hon. Kiley Stuchlik, District Judge.
Order denying Idaho Criminal Rule 35 motion for correction of illegal sentence in
Docket No. 50110, affirmed; appeal in Docket No. 50111, dismissed.
Nevin, Benjamin & McKay LLP; Dennis Benjamin, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General; Kale J. Gans, Deputy Attorney General,
Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
HUSKEY, Judge
This case involves two consolidated appeals. In Docket No. 50110, Davis appeals from
the district court’s denial of his Idaho Criminal Rule 35(a) motion to correct an illegal sentence.
He asserts the district court erred by denying his I.C.R. 35(a) motion and his motion for
appointment of counsel. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
In Docket No. 50111, Davis appeals from the order denying appointment of counsel.
Because Davis appeals from a non-appealable order pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rule 11, this
Court lacks jurisdiction and the appeal in Docket No. 50111 is dismissed. I.A.R. 11; State v.
Hoffman, 104 Idaho 510, 512, 660 P.2d 1353, 1355 (1983).
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I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The factual background is well-documented through previous appeals. As relevant here,
in Docket No. 50110, Davis was convicted by a jury of failing to provide notice of his change of
address for his sex offender registration, Idaho Code §§ 18-8304(1); -8309(1), (2), (3); -8311(1).
The district court found Davis was subject to an enhanced penalty for being a persistent violator,
I.C. § 19-2514. The district court imposed a unified sentence of forty-five years, with twenty years
determinate. The court ordered this sentence to be served concurrently with the sentences imposed
in Docket No. 50111, the sexual misconduct case. In Docket No. 50111, Davis was convicted of
two counts of lewd conduct with a child, I.C. § 18-1508; two counts of sexual battery of a minor,
I.C. § 18-1508A; and one count of possession of sexually exploitative materials, I.C. § 18-
1507; -1507A. The district court found Davis was subject to an enhanced penalty for being a
repeat sexual offender, I.C. § 19-2520G. The district court imposed a unified sentence of thirty-
five years, with fifteen years determinate, for each lewd conduct and sexual battery conviction and
a determinate sentence of fifteen years for possession of sexually exploitative material. The court
ordered these sentences to be served consecutively. Davis appealed the judgments of convictions
in a consolidated appeal, arguing the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial in the
sexual conduct case and abused its discretion in imposing sentence for the sex offender registration
conviction. Id. This Court affirmed the judgments of convictions and sentences. State v. Davis,
Docket Nos. 43818/43818/43819/44105/44106 (Ct. App. 2017) (unpublished).
Davis subsequently filed pro se motions for a new trial in both cases, citing a verdict
contrary to law or evidence and newly discovered evidence; the district court denied the motions.
Davis appealed and the Idaho Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s denial of the motions.
State v. Davis, 165 Idaho 709, 716, 451 P.3d 422, 429 (2019). In 2018, Davis filed a pro se petition
for post-conviction relief. Davis was appointed counsel, and through counsel, filed an amended
petition for post-conviction relief alleging the State failed to disclose exculpatory evidence and
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court summarily dismissed the
petition, Davis appealed, and this Court affirmed the dismissal. Davis v. State, Docket No. 47638
(Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2020) (unpublished).
In 2021, Davis submitted identical motions to correct an illegal sentence, I.C.R. 35(a), in
each underlying case; neither motion is file stamped. In those motions, Davis claims his sentences
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are illegal because: (1) the Idaho sexual offender registration statutes are unconstitutionally vague;
(2) the State failed to meet its burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt for each element of the
crimes for which Davis was convicted; (3) the State engaged in vindictive prosecution by utilizing
the habitual offender sentencing enhancement; (4) the presentence investigation report and
psychosexual evaluation conducted upon him were inadequate and violated his Fifth Amendment
right against self-incrimination; and (5) his sentences were based upon the pretense that all of the
evidence against him was true and correct.
In Docket No. 50110, in June 2022, Davis filed an I.C.R. 35(a) motion with identical claims
as those in the I.C.R. 35(a) motion submitted in 2021. In Docket No. 50111, in June 2022, Davis
did not file an I.C.R. 35(a) motion. Davis moved for the appointment of counsel in each case. In
Docket No. 50110, the district court denied Davis’s I.C.R. 35(a) motion and his motion for
appointment of counsel. In Docket No. 50111, the district court entered an order denying his
motion for appointment of counsel. Davis appealed.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Pursuant to Idaho Criminal Rule 35(a), the district court may correct an illegal sentence at
any time. In an appeal from the denial of a motion under Rule 35 to correct an illegal sentence,
the question of whether the sentence imposed is illegal is a question of law freely reviewable by
the appellate court. State v. Josephson, 124 Idaho 286, 287, 858 P.2d 825, 826 (Ct. App. 1993).
III.
ANALYSIS
Preliminarily, we must address the appeal in Docket No. 50111. First, the I.C.R. 35(a)
motion submitted in 2021 bears the incorrect case number. The I.C.R. 35(a) motion filed in Docket
No. 50111 bears the underlying criminal case number from Docket No. 50110 (CR-2014-2145).
Thus, it appears the motion bearing the criminal case number for Docket No. 50110 was filed in
both cases and there is no I.C.R. 35(a) motion with the correct criminal case number (CR-2014-
2249) in Docket 50111. There is no subsequent I.C.R. 35(a) motion filed in Docket No. 50111 as
there was in Docket No. 50110. Second, because there is no I.C.R. 35(a) motion, the appeal is
from the order denying the motion for appointment of counsel. Pursuant to Idaho Appellate
Rule 11, this is not an appealable order. See I.A.R. 11. Because there is no appeal properly before
this Court, the appeal in Docket No. 50111 is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
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In Docket No. 50110, Davis argues the district court erred by denying his Rule 35(a)
motion. Davis argues that State v. Clements, 148 Idaho 82, 86, 218 P.3d 1143, 1147 (2009) should
be overruled to allow defendants to challenge the validity of convictions in an I.C.R. 35(a) motion.
Davis argues that if Clements is overturned, his I.C.R. 35(a) motion should be addressed and his
motion for appointment of counsel should be granted. He argues Clements should be overruled
for two reasons. First, by preventing defendants from challenging their underlying sentence,
Clements undermines the principle that innocent persons should not be incarcerated. Second,
citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 495 (1986) (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 135
(1982)), Davis argues Clements’ stated goal of protecting the finality of judgments must, in
appropriate cases, “yield to the imperative of correcting a fundamentally unjust incarceration.”
We do not find Davis’s arguments convincing.
Even if this Court had the authority to overrule Clements, which it does not, we find no
basis on which to do so. In Clements, the Idaho Supreme Court held that the term “illegal sentence”
under Rule 35 is narrowly interpreted as a sentence that is illegal from the face of the record, i.e.,
does not involve significant questions of fact or require an evidentiary hearing. Clements, 148
Idaho at 86, 218 P.3d at 1147. Rule 35 is a “narrow rule,” and because an illegal sentence may be
corrected at any time, the authority conferred by Rule 35 should be limited to uphold the finality
of judgments. Id.; State v. Farwell, 144 Idaho 732, 735, 170 P.3d 397, 400 (2007). Rule 35(a) is
not a vehicle designed to reexamine the facts underlying the case; rather, the rule only applies to a
narrow category of cases in which the sentence imposes a penalty that is simply not authorized by
law. Clements, 148 Idaho at 86, 218 P.3d at 1147. This holding is consistent with the United
States Supreme Court’s precedent on the same issue.
In Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 430 (1962), the United States Supreme Court
interpreted the term “illegal sentence” based on the language of Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 35 in effect at the time.1 At the time, Rule 35(a) provided, “The court may correct an
illegal sentence at any time and may correct a sentence imposed in an illegal manner within the
time provided herein for the reduction of sentence.” In Hill, the Court held: “as [Rule 35’s]
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Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35 was amended in 1987. Subsection (a) was amended
from the language above to the following: “Within 14 days after sentencing, the court may correct
a sentence that resulted from arithmetical, technical, or other clear error.” The amendment does
not affect the analysis in this case.
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language and history make clear, the narrow function of Rule 35 is to permit correction at any time
of an illegal sentence, not to re-examine errors occurring at the trial or other proceedings prior to
the imposition of sentence.” Hill, 368 U.S. at 430. The relevant language of I.C.R. 35(a) is
virtually identical to the pre-1987 version of federal Rule 35(a). Thus, as in the federal courts, an
I.C.R. 35(a) motion is not the appropriate mechanism to challenge claims of unjust incarceration
unless the claim is that the sentence is facially invalid.
Moreover, an I.C.R. 35(a) claim is not the only way in which claims of actual innocence
or unjust incarceration can be addressed. As noted above, Davis has filed various motions, both
criminal and civil, and all of the appeals provided Davis with the opportunity to raise the claims
he now asserts in his I.C.R. 35(a) motion. We see no reason that Clements should be overruled to
provide another mechanism to raise a claim for which there already exists a myriad of options.
But apart from Clements, the plain language of I.C.R. 35(a) precludes any relief for Davis
because following the Clements opinion, the Idaho Supreme Court amended I.C.R. 35(a) to read,
“The court may correct a sentence that is illegal from the face of the record at any time.” Davis’s
claims involve factual inquiry and as a result cannot be resolved from the record. The need for
this inquiry precludes any relief pursuant to the plain language of I.C.R. 35(a).
Finally, as Davis recognizes, unless Clements is overruled, he is not entitled to the
appointment of counsel because his claims are frivolous. See State v. Ramsey, 159 Idaho 635, 637,
364 P.3d 1200, 1202 (Ct. App. 2015) (finding that district court may deny appointment of counsel
if Rule 35 motion is frivolous or one that a reasonable person with adequate means would not be
willing to bring at his or her own expense). Because there is no basis on which to overrule
Clements, the district court did not err in declining to appoint counsel to pursue Davis’s Rule 35
motion.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Davis has failed to demonstrate Clements should be overruled. In Docket No. 50110, we
affirm the district court’s order denying his Rule 35(a) motion for correction of an illegal sentence
and request for appointment of counsel. In Docket No. 50111, the appeal is dismissed.
Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge LORELLO, CONCUR.
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