State v. Hill ( 2023 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 49421
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: November 28, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
CODI RICHARD HILL, ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
Defendant-Respondent. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Kootenai County. Hon. Cynthia K.C. Meyer, District Judge.
Order granting motion to suppress, affirmed.
Hon. Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General; Justin R. Porter, Deputy Attorney
General, Boise, for appellant.
Erik R. Lehtinen, Interim State Appellate Public Defender; Jacob L. Westerfield,
Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
GRATTON, Judge
The State of Idaho appeals from the district court’s order granting Codi Richard Hill’s
motion to suppress evidence found on his person subsequent to a detention. The State argues the
district court erred in ruling the deputy unlawfully prolonged the detention to confer with Hill’s
probation officer. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A deputy with the Kootenai County Sheriff’s office was notified by a concerned citizen
that a man was behaving oddly and collecting rocks on a nearby road. The deputy proceeded to
the area and discovered Hill standing in the middle of a rural road. The deputy approached Hill
and asked for his name. When the deputy relayed the name to dispatch it did not return any
matches. The deputy asked Hill if he had provided an incorrect name and eventually Hill provided
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his legal name. Dispatch then informed the deputy that Hill was on probation and that he had an
intellectual disability. The deputy requested Hill’s probation officer contact him.
While the deputy reviewed Hill’s information and the statute prohibiting pedestrians on
roadways, Idaho Code § 49-708(2), the probation officer called. The deputy and the probation
officer spoke for approximately three minutes about the incident. The deputy relayed the events
of the encounter and asked if there was anything else the probation officer wanted done. The
probation officer asked the deputy to conduct a compliance check and instruct Hill to report to the
probation officer in the morning. The deputy did not work on Hill’s citations while he spoke with
the probation officer. After the call, completion of the citations for being in the road in violation
of I.C. § 49-708(2), and providing a fictitious name, Hill was informed that the deputy would be
conducting a probation compliance check. Hill then admitted he had narcotics in his pocket and
was arrested.
The State charged Hill with possession of methamphetamine and providing false
information to law enforcement. Hill filed a motion to suppress. Hill asserted the deputy
impermissibly deviated from the purpose of the initial investigation in order to speak with his
probation officer thereby unlawfully prolonging the detention. The State argued the deputy had a
reasonable articulable suspicion justifying Hill’s detention for being on the roadway that expanded
when Hill provided a false name. The State asserted Hill’s probation status inquiry occurred while
the deputy was pursuing the initial investigation. The district court granted the motion to suppress,
ruling that the deputy extended the seizure when he called the probation officer and that the detour
unlawfully prolonged the detention. The State timely appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a motion
to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).
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III.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, the State argues the deputy acquired reasonable suspicion that Hill violated his
probation, which justified the probation inquiries. The State further contends that, as a probationer,
Hill had a reduced expectation of privacy and that the time conferring with Hill’s probation officer
did not unreasonably prolong the detention. Hill asserts the State did not argue below that the
detention was lawful due to reasonable suspicion that Hill violated his probation, and therefore,
the theory is not preserved on appeal. Additionally, Hill argues the deputy unlawfully prolonged
the detention by talking with the probation officer.
The State argued below that both the discovery of Hill’s probation status and the call with
his probation officer occurred while the deputy was actively pursuing the investigation. The State
also argued that contacting the probation officer was similar to a warrants check, and therefore,
was negligibly burdensome and sufficiently incidental to the general mission of the detention. As
to the second theory, the State claimed any contact with a probation officer would be justified
whenever the officer knows the person is on probation. On appeal, the State asserts that once the
deputy learned Hill was on probation, he obtained independent suspicion that Hill had violated his
probation, and thus, the prolonged detention did not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Appellate court review generally remains limited to the issues, positions, and theories
presented below. State v. Vivian, 171 Idaho 79, 86, 518 P.3d 378, 385 (2022); State v. Wilson, 169
Idaho 342, 347, 495 P.3d 1030, 1035 (2021); State v. Hoskins, 165 Idaho 217, 221, 443 P.3d 231,
235 (2019); State v. Garcia-Rodriguez, 162 Idaho 271, 275, 396 P.3d 700, 704 (2017). This
limitation applies equally to all parties on appeal. Garcia-Rodriguez, 162 Idaho at 276, 396 P.3d
at 705. A party preserves an issue for appeal by properly presenting the issue with argument and
authority to the trial court and noticing it for hearing or a party preserves an issue for appeal if the
trial court issues an adverse ruling. State v. Miramontes, 170 Idaho 920, 924-25, 517 P.3d 849,
853-54 (2022).
Issues not raised below will not be considered on appeal and the parties may not argue a
new theory for the first time on appeal. State v. Fox, 170 Idaho 846, 866, 517 P.3d 107, 127
(2022). The State cannot offer a justification for a search or seizure based on a new argument or
theory not presented below. State v. Gonzales, 165 Idaho 667, 672-73, 450 P.3d 315, 320-21
(2019). Refined issues on appeal are acceptable so long as the substantive issue and the party's
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position on that issue remain the same. Wilson, 169 Idaho at 346, 495 P.3d at 1034. Both the
issues and a party’s position on that issue must be argued to or decided by the trial court. Id. at
347, 495 P.3d at 1035; State v. DuValt, 131 Idaho 550, 553, 961 P.2d 641, 644 (1998). Even an
argument that is not the central focus below may be preserved if sufficiently articulated. See
Miramontes, 170 Idaho at 924-25, 517 P.3d at 853-54.
On appeal, the State argues the deputy’s conversation with the probation officer was
permissible because the deputy learned that Hill was on probation, and therefore, had reasonable
suspicion that Hill had violated the terms of his probation by committing two offenses--being in
the road in violation of Idaho Code and providing a fictitious name. This argument is different
from the arguments advanced in the district court that during the call with the probation officer the
deputy was actively pursuing the investigation and/or that the discussion was, under the
circumstances, an incidental inquiry to the initial investigation. The State did not argue below that
the deputy had an independent reasonable suspicion that Hill had violated his probation or the
terms thereof,1 and the district court made no determination as to that issue.
The preservation requirement in suppression cases places the burden on the State to prove
the facts necessary to establish an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Islas, 165 Idaho
260, 268, 443 P.3d 274, 282 (Ct. App. 2019). The specific exception to the warrant requirement
must be raised in the district court to preserve it on appeal. Id. This Court held the State must
argue a specific warrantless search exception, present relevant evidence for that exception, and
argue it to the district court. Id.In Garcia-Rodriguez, the State argued the arrest was valid under I.C. § 49-301(1), but then
on appeal the State asserted a new argument that suppression is not warranted for violation of a
state statute. Garcia-Rodriguez, 162 Idaho at 274-75, 396 P.3d at 703-04. The Court held that the
State could not justify the search based on an argument presented for the first time on appeal even
if the argument is meritorious. Id. at 275, 396 P.3d at 704. See Wilson, 169 Idaho at 347, 495 P.3d
at 1035 (the State failed to address the timing of an officer’s reasonable suspicion, and could not
do so for the first time on appeal); Hoskins, 165 Idaho at 221, 443 P.3d at 235 (finding the State
argued consent below and therefore the plain-view doctrine argument not preserved on appeal);
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The State argues on appeal that it is simply common knowledge that Hill’s citable offenses
would be a violation of his probation.
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Gonzales, 165 Idaho at 672-73, 450 P.3d at 320-21 (the State could not argue new instance of
seizure and attenuation doctrine for the first time on appeal).
The State’s new theory, that reasonable suspicion of a probation violation permitted the
officer to deviate from the initial investigation regarding the infraction and/or false information to
talk to the probation officer, is not preserved on appeal because it impermissibly raises new issues.
In its reply brief, the State asserts that the thrust of its argument below was generally that contacting
the probation officer was within the scope of the detention. The State claims that its reasonable
suspicion of a probation violation argument on appeal is merely a refinement of the argument
regarding the extension of the investigation raised below. The State’s contention that the deputy’s
reasonable suspicion, independently created from discovering Hill’s probation status and instant
offense, is not a mere refinement of the reasonable inquiries argument raised below and is not
preserved on appeal.
The State argued below that (1) the stop was not prolonged because the call occurred while
the deputy was actively pursuing the original investigation; and (2) any extension for contacting a
probation officer was negligently burdensome and sufficiently incidental to the general goals of
the stop itself where it is not an expansion. However, the State does not advance those arguments
in its appellant’s brief. Therefore, since the only issue raised on appeal by the State to justify the
probation questioning during the stop is unpreserved, we affirm the district court’s order granting
Hill’s motion to suppress.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The State did not preserve the reasonable suspicion of a probation violation claim raised
on appeal. Accordingly, the district court’s order granting Hill’s motion to suppress is affirmed.
Chief Judge LORELLO and Judge HUSKEY CONCUR.
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