People v. Stevens , 23 N.E.3d 344 ( 2014 )

2014 IL 116300
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 116300)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. MARK STEVENS,
Appellant.
Opinion filed December 18, 2014.
JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Garman and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis
concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Mark Stevens was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual assault in the
circuit court of Cook County and contended on appeal that his fifth amendment right
against self-incrimination was violated when he was compelled to testify on
cross-examination about a pending sexual assault charge. The appellate court rejected
this argument and affirmed defendant’s conviction. 2013 IL App (1st) 111075. This
court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1,
2013). For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Prior to defendant’s bench trial for the sexual assault of B.P., the State filed a
motion in limine to admit other-crimes evidence pursuant to section 115-7.3(b) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(b) (West 2012)). The
motion sought to admit evidence that defendant had sexually assaulted R.G. 1 At that
time, defendant had been arrested and charged with assaulting R.G., but the case had
not yet proceeded to trial. The State alleged in the motion that the other-crimes
evidence was relevant to show defendant’s propensity to commit sexual assaults as
well as to prove motive, intent, identity, the existence of a common plan or design,
modus operandi, or lack of consent. The trial court granted the motion, finding that the
evidence was relevant to show propensity, motive and identity. The court further
determined that the probative value of the evidence outweighed the prejudicial value.
¶4 At trial, B.P. testified that defendant sexually assaulted her on October 1, 2002,
when she was 13 years old. In the early evening hours on that day, B.P. was walking
home alone when she heard a male voice say “come here.” She ignored the voice but
then heard someone running toward her. Defendant grabbed her from behind and
forced her into the backseat of a nearby car. Defendant got in the driver’s seat and she
noticed an object on his hip that appeared to be the handle of a handgun. Defendant
drove the car for about an hour before exiting the car and forcing B.P. out of the car. He
grabbed her by the arm and led her to the basement of an apartment building.
Defendant left her alone for about 10 minutes before returning. He then led B.P. to a
landing between the first and second floors of the apartment building where the sexual
assault occurred. He ordered her to perform oral sex and then forced her to have vaginal
and anal sex. B.P. stated that she could not stop defendant or move from under his
weight. B.P. heard someone enter the apartment building, which caused defendant to
stop the assault and leave the building. B.P. then exited the building and rode the bus
home. When she arrived home, she told her mother about the assault and shortly
thereafter went to the hospital where doctors performed a pelvic exam. Subsequently,
in 2008, B.P. identified defendant as her assailant in a photographic array and a lineup.
¶5 On cross-examination, B.P. did not recall having told police officers on the night of
the assault that defendant pointed a gun at her head, that there were two other offenders
who stood guard during the attack, and that the assault occurred in an apartment unit
within the building.
¶6 The parties stipulated that if called to testify, Dr. Monique Karaganis would testify
that she examined B.P. on the date of the assault and observed a tear in B.P.’s hymen,
two tears in her rectum and bloody semen in her vagina and rectum. Dr. Karaganis
1
The motion also sought to admit evidence that defendant assaulted 17-year-old C.G. in 2003 and
17-year-old B.M. in 2007; however, that evidence was not introduced at trial.
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would also testify that her findings were consistent with the use of force or forceful
intercourse. The parties further stipulated that defendant’s buccal swab matched the
male DNA profile obtained from B.P. during the pelvic exam.
¶7 Pursuant to the State’s motion in limine to admit other-crimes evidence, the State
called R.G. to testify. R.G. testified that defendant sexually assaulted her on September
3, 2008. She was 21 years old at that time. R.G. stated that on that day, she left work
about 9 p.m. and was on the “L” train platform when a man approached her from
behind, pointed something hard and sharp in her back and told her to go with him.
Defendant threatened R.G. and directed her to a different train platform where they
boarded a train. When they exited the train, defendant took her to a nearby hotel and
forced her into the room. Defendant told R.G. to remove her clothes and defendant
recovered a switchblade from R.G.’s clothes. He threatened her with the knife and
forced her to perform oral sex. Defendant then forced R.G. to have vaginal sex and
attempted to have anal sex. Defendant told R.G. that he would kill her if she told
anyone about the assault. Later that night, they left the hotel room and boarded another
train. Prior to exiting the train, defendant again told R.G. not to report the assault to
anyone. After R.G. arrived home, she went to the hospital where doctors performed a
pelvic exam. While at the hospital she spoke with two detectives and later accompanied
the detectives to the hotel where the assault occurred. R.G. further stated that prior to
the assault she had received strange phone calls, which she later realized were from
defendant, but she had no prior knowledge of defendant and did not know how he had
obtained her phone number.
¶8 Defendant testified on direct examination that he met B.P. on a telephone chat line
about two weeks prior to October 1, 2002, and during several subsequent telephone
conversations they agreed to meet for “sexual activity.” According to defendant, on
October 1, B.P. came to defendant’s home and after she smoked marijuana, they went
to an unoccupied third-floor apartment where they engaged in consensual sexual
activity. Defendant stated that he believed B.P. was 18 years old.
¶9 During the State’s cross-examination of defendant, the assistant State’s Attorney
questioned defendant about R.G. Defense counsel immediately objected to any
questions concerning R.G., arguing that since defendant’s direct examination was
limited to testimony only about B.P., any questions about R.G. exceeded the scope of
direct examination. The trial judge responded,
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“I don’t know how you can limit it like that. You’re right it’s an active case but
he chose to testify and part of the evidence that he’s facing on a case that’s
currently before me is the evidence of proof of other crime[s].”
The court also stated that defendant’s credibility was at issue. Defense counsel further
argued “[a]nd he’s got his 5th Amendment Right.” The trial judge responded,
“under these circumstances, under these condition[s], his credibility, it was
introduced for propensity obviously whether or not that other incident occurred
or how he might explain it would be something that would be relevant in this
case also.”
The court then directed the assistant State’s Attorney to continue her
cross-examination.
¶ 10 Defendant testified on cross-examination that he first met R.G. at a bus stop and she
gave him her phone number. They later met on an “L” train platform and rode the train
to a hotel where they watched television, smoked marijuana and drank alcohol.
According to defendant, R.G. voluntarily performed oral sex on him and she agreed to
have vaginal sex.
¶ 11 In finding defendant guilty, the trial court noted the similarities between the
assaults of B.P. and R.G. The court also characterized defendant’s testimony as
“disturbing in the extreme,” and noted that “no one could look at him and listen to the
way he testified and not come to the inescapable conclusion that he was lying.” The
court further stated that even if the other-crimes evidence regarding R.G. had not been
admitted, the evidence against defendant was so strong that it was sufficient to prove
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
¶ 12 The appellate court affirmed, rejecting defendant’s claim that his fifth amendment
right against self-incrimination was violated when the trial court permitted him to be
cross-examined about the R.G. assault. 2013 IL App (1st) 111075, ¶ 54. The court
concluded that the examination was proper because it discredited defendant’s
testimony, was probative of his intent and motive, and impeached his claim of consent.
Id. ¶ 55.
¶ 13 We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. July 1,
2013). We affirm the judgment of the appellate court.
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¶ 14 ANALYSIS
¶ 15 On appeal, defendant contends that his fifth amendment right against
self-incrimination was violated when he was compelled to testify on cross-examination
about the pending sexual assault charge involving R.G. Defendant argues that the
cross-examination was improper because he did not waive his fifth amendment right
with respect to the offense involving R.G. by testifying about B.P. and the
cross-examination exceeded the scope of his direct examination.
¶ 16 The United States Constitution provides: “[n]o person shall be *** compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const., amend. V. 2 The
privilege has also been incorporated in the Illinois Constitution, which provides: “[n]o
person shall be compelled in a criminal case to give evidence against himself.” Ill.
Const. 1970, art. I, § 10. The privilege against self-incrimination “is an exception to the
general principle that the Government has the right to everyone’s testimony.” Salinas
v. Texas, 570 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 2174, 2179 (2013). While the privilege
prohibits compelled testimony, it does not prohibit a witness from testifying
voluntarily in matters that may incriminate him. United States v. Monia, 317 U.S. 424,
427 (1943). The defendant who takes the stand and testifies in his own behalf in a
criminal case not only offers himself as a witness in his own behalf but thereby subjects
himself to legitimate cross-examination. People v. Burris, 49 Ill. 2d 98, 104 (1971).
Although cross-examination is generally limited to the subject matter inquired into on
direct examination, this rule has been modified to the extent that it is proper on
cross-examination to develop all circumstances within the knowledge of the witness
that explain, qualify, discredit or destroy his direct testimony, even if such examination
constitutes new matter that aids the cross-examiner’s case. People v. Williams, 66 Ill.
2d 478, 486 (1977). Additionally, “[a]ny permissible matter which affects the witness’s
credibility may be developed on cross-examination.” People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81,
130 (1998). The extent of cross-examination with respect to an appropriate subject of
inquiry rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. Burris, 49 Ill. 2d at 104. It is only
in the case of a clear abuse of such discretion resulting in manifest prejudice to the
defendant that a court of review will interfere. Id.
¶ 17 We find that defendant’s fifth amendment right against self-incrimination was not
violated when the trial court allowed the State to cross-examine defendant about the
R.G. assault. When defendant took the stand and testified in his own behalf he opened
2
The fifth amendment’s self-incrimination clause applies to the states through the due process clause
of the fourteenth amendment. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 6 (1964).
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himself up to legitimate cross-examination. As noted above, legitimate
cross-examination includes “all circumstances within the knowledge of the witness
which explain, qualify, discredit or destroy his direct testimony.” (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) Williams, 66 Ill. 2d at 486. Cross-examining defendant about the R.G.
assault did just that. Defendant testified on direct examination that he and B.P. met on a
telephone chat line and after several conversations, B.P. came to his home where they
engaged in consensual sexual activity. This testimony was in complete contrast to
B.P.’s testimony wherein she stated that defendant forced her into a car, drove her to an
apartment building and forced her to perform oral, vaginal and anal sex. Defendant’s
direct examination testimony put the issue of consent and his credibility in question.
His testimony was subject to cross-examination about the R.G. assault to the extent that
the cross-examination discredited his consent defense as well as his credibility.
Defendant’s contention that he did not waive his fifth amendment right with respect to
the R.G. assault because he limited his direct examination testimony to the B.P. assault
ignores this essential fact. It was the substance of defendant’s direct examination
testimony that made cross-examination about the R.G. assault permissible. As our
Supreme Court stated long ago, a defendant “has no right to set forth to the jury all the
facts which tend in his favor without laying himself open to a cross-examination upon
those facts.” Fitzpatrick v. United States, 178 U.S. 304, 315 (1900). We conclude that
the cross-examination of defendant about the R.G. assault was an appropriate subject
of inquiry and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the exam.
Accordingly, defendant was not compelled to give evidence against himself within the
meaning of the fifth amendment.
¶ 18 This holding is consistent with our precedents. In Williams, the multiple defendants
were on trial for murder, and one of the defendants who testified on direct examination
limited his testimony to his whereabouts on the day of the murders. The trial court
permitted the State to cross-examine the defendant about a supermarket robbery that
had occurred about a week before the murders. The supermarket robbery had led to a
confrontation between one of the victims and the defendant shortly before the murders,
which provided a motive for the murders. We held the cross-examination was proper
even though the defendant limited his direct examination testimony to the day of the
murders. Williams, 66 Ill. 2d at 486.
¶ 19 In People v. Provo, 409 Ill. 63 (1951), the defendant was on trial for the murder of
his wife. He testified on direct examination that he accidentally shot his wife and that
he only fired one shot from the gun. The trial court permitted the defendant to be
cross-examined as to a bullet hole in the wall of his home as well as his actions a week
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before and immediately after the crime. We held the cross-examination was proper
because it would “throw light” on the essential facts referred to in his direct
examination about whether he intended to kill his wife. Id. at 69.
¶ 20 Here, similarly, the trial court properly allowed defendant to be cross-examined
about the R.G. assault despite defendant not having testified about it on direct
examination because it cast doubt on his consent defense and affected his credibility.
¶ 21 Defendant relies primarily on People v. Nachowicz, 340 Ill. 480 (1930), and People
v. Geidras, 338 Ill. 340 (1930). However, we find these cases distinguishable. In
Nachowicz, the defendant’s testimony, which had been given at the trial of his
coworker, was subsequently admitted at the defendant’s trial for embezzlement. The
defendant had testified on direct examination that his coworker had not received the
proceeds of certain checks. On cross-examination, the defendant refused to answer
whether he himself had received the proceeds, and attempted to assert his privilege
against self-incrimination. The court directed the defendant to answer and he admitted
he had received the proceeds. The defendant argued on appeal that the
cross-examination was improper. This court rejected the defendant’s contention,
finding that when “a witness discloses a part of a transaction or conversation tending to
[in]criminate him he waives his privilege and must answer freely and disclose the
whole transaction or conversation unless the partial disclosure is made under an
innocent mistake or does not clearly relate to the transaction as to which he refuses to
testify.” Nachowicz, 340 Ill. at 493. This court further explained, “[i]f [the witness]
waives the privilege he does so fully in relation to that act, but he does not thereby
waive his privilege of refusing to reveal other unlawful acts wholly unconnected with
the act of which he has spoken, even though they may be material to the issue.” Id.
¶ 22 Here, defendant relies on the above-quoted language to support his contention that
by testifying about B.P., he did not waive his fifth amendment right against
self-incrimination with respect to the R.G. assault because it was “wholly
unconnected” to the B.P. assault. However, defendant erroneously attempts to apply
Nachowicz’s holding to an entirely different issue in a different context. The issue in
Nachowicz concerned a witness’s partial disclosure of a transaction on direct
examination and whether the witness could be questioned fully as to that same
transaction on cross-examination. The court was not concerned with the issue
presented in the case at bar: whether the cross-examination of defendant about the
assault of R.G. was proper to discredit his consent defense and question his credibility.
Defendant again ignores this critical fact that the substance of his direct examination
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testimony put the issue of consent and his credibility in question, which made them a
proper subject of inquiry on cross-examination. We are not persuaded by defendant’s
reliance on Nachowicz.
¶ 23 In Geidras, the defendant and three others were on trial for robbery. The defendant
testified on his own behalf and defense counsel did not question the defendant on direct
examination about his relationship with a codefendant or whether he or the
codefendant had ever owned or possessed a gun. The defendant was then asked on
cross-examination about his relationship with the codefendant and whether he or the
codefendant had a gun. We held the cross-examination was improper because the
defendant had not testified about those matters on direct examination. Geidras, 338 Ill.
at 344. We also explained that the cross-examination, along with prejudicial rebuttal
evidence, was improper because its purpose and effect was to induce the jurors to
believe that the defendant and the codefendant were well acquainted and had
committed other robberies. Id.
¶ 24 Defendant fails to acknowledge that Geidras preceded this court’s decision in
Williams where we modified the general rule that had previously limited
cross-examination to the subject matter inquired into on direct examination. As noted
above, we modified the rule to the extent that “[i]t is proper on cross-examination to
develop all circumstances within the knowledge of the witness which explain, qualify,
discredit or destroy his direct testimony.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Williams,
66 Ill. 2d at 486. As we have explained, the cross-examination of defendant about the
R.G. assault was proper to discredit his consent defense and test his credibility. Unlike
in Geidras, the cross-examination here had a proper purpose. We are not persuaded by
defendant’s reliance on Geidras.
¶ 25 CONCLUSION
¶ 26 We conclude that defendant’s fifth amendment right against self-incrimination was
not violated when the trial court allowed the State to cross-examine defendant about the
R.G. assault. We affirm the judgment of the appellate court.
¶ 27 Appellate court judgment affirmed.
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