Illinois Central Railroad v. Sutton , 42 Ill. 438 ( 1867 )

Mr. Justice Lawrence

delivered the opinion of the Court:

This case, in its essential features, is like that of the Chicago & Alton R. R. v. Flagg, decided at the present term.^* We held, in that case, when a railway company carries passengers in a ear attached to a freight train, and adopts a regulation requiring tickets to be purchased before entering the train, and a passenger disregards the rule, he can only be expelled from the train at a regular station. It is urged that this provision of the statute, forbidding passengers to be elsewhere expelled, applies only to the case of refusal to pay the fare and not to a violation of any other reasonable rule. But the willful neglect to buy a ticket at the time and place required by the rules, and the refusal to pay the fare, are substantially the same offense against the rights of the road, and the former can be visited by no heavier penalty than the latter. But in this case, as in the other above referred to, there was no satisfactory proof that the plaintiff was cognizant of the rule, and he offered to pay his fare to the conductor, who refused to receive it, and compelled him to leave the train at some distance from a station. He was, indeed, informed of the rule just before the train started, and then sought to buy a ticket, but the office was closed. Under these circumstances he was clearly entitled to his action.

He claims to have been suffering from disease, and that it was aggravated by the walk incident, to his expulsion from the cars. To prove this, a physician was examined, who testified he visited the plaintiff and found him suffering much pain; that he had been attending him for two years, and had cautioned him against severe exercise, and that the plaintiff informed him his present condition was caused by overexertion in walking. The defendant moved the court to exclude so much of this evidence as related to what the plaintiff said of the cause of his condition. This the court refused to do, and in this decision there is error. A physician, when asked to give his opinion as to the cause of a patient’s condition at a particular time, must necessarily, in forming his opinion, be, to some extent, guided by what the sick person may have told him, in detailing his pains and sufferings. This is unavoidable, and not only the opinion of the expert, founded in part upon such data, is receivable in evidence, but he may state what his patient said, in describing his bodily condition, if said under circumstances which free it from all suspicion of being spoken with reference to future litigation, and give it the character of res gestee. But to permit a party to prove what he himself stated to his physician, not in regard to the character and manifestations of his malady, but in reference to its specific cause, when that is one of the issues before the jury, would be carrying an acknowledged departure from the ordinary rules of evidence, having its origin in necessity, to a most dangerous extent. State of Vermont v. Davidson, 30 Vt. 377.

The propriety of enforcing this rule in the present case is manifest from a careful consideration of the evidence. The physician was asked as to his professional opinion of the cause of the plaintiff’s illness. This opinion he gives nowhere in his testimony, but, instead thereof, he states that the plaintiff said his sickness was caused by overexercise in walking. True, the physician says he had cautioned the plaintiff against overexercise in walking, and that walking would injure him, but he does not give his professional opinion, that the illness, which confined the plaintiff for several weeks, was due specifically to that cause, although that impression is allowed to be made upon the minds of the jury. It seems to us not impossible the physician may have been unwilling to state, as his own belief, that the plaintiff’s long confinement was due to the walk taken by him after having been expelled from the railway train. That expulsion occurred only between one and two miles from the station. It appears in the testimony that plaintiff “ was walking about the premises,” while waiting for the train at the station. He was engaged in the tin and hardware business, and two of his witnesses swear his time was worth fifty dollars per day. If that was true he must have been leading a life of great activity. We can well see, therefore, that the physician may have been in doubt as to whether the walk of that day caused his illness, and whether in doubt or not, he should not have been permitted, against the objection of the defendant, to give to the jury the statement of the plaintiff in lieu of his own professional opinion. It is urged by counsel for appellee, that the fact of his having been obliged to walk from one to two miles is proved by other witnesses. That is true, but the question was, whether his illness was attributable to that walk, and on that point the only direct evidence in the record was the statement of the plaintiff himself. Perhaps the jury would have presumed this from the fact, that the illness immediately followed the walk, and from the statement of the physician, that the plaintiff had for a long time been suffering from a disease which would be aggravated by severe exercise. But we cannot tell how far the jury may have been influenced in fixing the damages by this statement of the plaintiff, given to them through the physician, and, as it was illegal evidence, we must reverse the judgment, and remand the cause for another trial.

Judgment reversed.

* To be reported in 43 m.