People v. Mueller ( 2021 )

2021 IL App (2d) 190868No. 2-19-0868
Opinion filed April 19, 2021
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Boone County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 16-CF-275
)
ANNA L. MUELLER, ) Honorable
) Joseph P. Bruscato,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices McLaren and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 After causing a motor vehicle accident, defendant, Anna L. Mueller, was convicted of two
counts of aggravated driving while under the influence of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2),
(d)(2)(D), (d)(1)(G) (West 2016)) and one count of aggravated driving with an alcohol
concentration of 0.08 or more (id. § 11-501(a)(1), (d)(2)(D)). On appeal, defendant argues that the
trial court erred by admitting the results of two blood alcohol tests that were taken in a hospital
emergency room following the accident. We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On October 14, 2016, the State filed a bill of indictment charging defendant with three
counts of alcohol-related driving offenses. Count I of the indictment charged defendant with
2021 IL App (2d) 190868aggravated driving while under the influence of alcohol (id. § 11-501(a)(2), (d)(2)(D), (d)(1)(G)),
alleging that defendant drove under the influence of alcohol at a time when defendant had four
prior violations of driving under the influence of alcohol. Count II charged defendant with
aggravated driving with an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more (id. § 11-501(a)(1), (d)(2)(D))
at a time when defendant had four prior violations of driving under the influence of alcohol. Count
III charged defendant with aggravated driving while under the influence of alcohol (id. § 11-
501(a)(2), (d)(1)(G)), alleging that defendant drove under the influence of alcohol at a time when
her driving privileges were revoked for a violation of section 11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code
or a similar out-of-state offense. On November 16, 2016, defendant was arraigned before the
Honorable Philip J. Nicolosi for these offenses and entered a plea of not guilty.
¶4 On June 28, 2017, defendant filed a motion to quash her arrest and suppress evidence,
seeking to suppress the results of three separate blood alcohol tests from blood draws that all had
been taken at Swedish Covenant Hospital (the hospital) following the accident. Regarding the first
blood draw (the medical blood draw), defendant suggested that her fourth amendment rights were
violated when paramedics—who were acting as State agents—took her to the hospital against her
will, where her blood was drawn “for no medical reason but instead to assist police.” See U.S.
Const., amend IV.
¶5 Regarding the second blood draw (the administrative blood draw), defendant argued that
her fourth amendment rights were violated when her blood was drawn “without authority and
without consent.” While defendant acknowledged that she gave a Belvidere police officer, Officer
Zapf, 1 her “purported consent” after being read the “Traffic Crash Warning to Motorist” (the faulty
1
Neither the parties nor any portion of the record seem to provide Officer Zapf’s first name.
-2-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868warning) “pursuant to 625 ILCS 5/11-501.6,” she claimed that this consent was invalid because it
was predicated on false information.
¶6 Finally, regarding the third blood draw that was taken at the hospital (the jail blood draw),
defendant argued that there was no medical purpose justifying the draw, that the procurement of
the draw was not grounded in statute, and that defendant had not consented to the draw, which was
subsequently procured without a warrant.
¶7 On October 5, 2017, the State responded to defendant’s motion, suggesting that “neither
the State, nor any of its agents, played any part” in obtaining the medical blood draw and that the
draw was “made in the regular course of providing medical treatment.” While defendant argued
that she did not consent to the medical blood draw, the State contended that, based on the
paramedics’ observations, defendant was “not suitable to refuse care.” The State next conceded
that Officer Zapf read defendant the wrong warning before obtaining her consent to complete the
administrative blood draw. 2 However, the State contended that the only available remedy for this
error was to lift and rescind defendant’s summary suspension and not to suppress the results of the
blood test. Furthermore, according to the State, the question of consent was misplaced because
“[t]he [a]ppellate [c]ourt held that consent is no longer a requirement for the admission of the
results of chemical tests into evidence.” Finally, in response to defendant’s arguments concerning
the legality of the jail blood draw, the State reported that it would not seek to admit that final draw.
2
According to the State, Officer Zapf incorrectly informed defendant that her license could
be suspended for either 6 or 12 months for withholding her consent, when the proper suspension
period was either 3 or 6 months.
-3-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶8 On October 10, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress. On
that date, five witnesses were called to testify: Anita Bowers, Robert Palin, Shane Schultz (Shane),
and Lauren Schultz (Lauren) (Lauren is of no relation to Shane). 3
¶9 Bowers testified that she was employed as an emergency room nurse at the hospital.
Relying on her previously composed notes to aid in her testimony, Bowers confirmed that she was
working on April 21, 2016, when defendant first entered the hospital’s emergency room. She first
examined defendant at approximately 8:20 p.m. At that time, she learned that defendant was in a
vehicular accident. While Bowers assessed defendant, defendant told her that she was drinking
wine earlier that day. Bowers noticed that defendant had a “skin tear to the right forearm”;
defendant told her that the injury resulted from a fall at home. From her notes, Bowers recalled
learning that defendant was reportedly ambulatory at the scene of the accident and that she denied
any new pain directly resulting from the accident. Bowers’s triage assessment of defendant
indicated that defendant was in “no apparent distress” and that she was “uncomfortable, slender,
well nourished, [and] well groomed.” Bowers also indicated that defendant was “belligerent with
slurred speech” and that she was “challenging when asked questions.”
¶ 10 Defense counsel began to question Bowers about the other driver involved in the
accident—Michael Scarpetta—who also received treatment at the hospital. When the State
questioned the relevance of Scarpetta’s medical records, defense counsel indicated that his injuries
3
Sheila Sue Tauscher was also called as a witness, but after asking her a few brief questions
about her occupation and professional training, defendant indicated that it was not necessary to
question Tauscher any further. Because her testimony is therefore irrelevant to the matters at hand,
it has been omitted.
-4-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868were directly relevant to the statutory warning that Officer Zapf read to defendant before obtaining
her purported consent for the administrative blood draw. Specifically, defense counsel indicated
that the section 11-501.6 warning “only applies in [personal injury] accidents when somebody
other than the defendant has a [c]ategory A injury” and that, if Scarpetta did not have such an
injury, section 11-501.6 “should not have been dealt with” and was “improperly a mechanism” by
which the State obtained consent for the administrative blood draw. During this exchange, the
State once again acknowledged that Officer Zapf read defendant the incorrect statutory warning
prior to the administrative blood draw. Eventually, Bowers testified that Scarpetta experienced
pain in his chest and shin following the accident. She further indicated that Scarpetta had “bruising
and a hematoma” on his shin and that the airbags in his vehicle were deployed as a result of the
accident.
¶ 11 Palin testified that he was a registered nurse employed by the hospital and that he worked
an overnight shift in the emergency room beginning on April 21, 2016. Referring to his notes on
defendant’s medical charts, Palin testified that he had first seen defendant at approximately 8:25
p.m. on April 21, 2016. At that time, defendant showed “no apparent distress” and was “slender,
uncomfortable, well nourished, well groomed, *** belligerent, [had] slurred speech,” and “was
challenging staff when asked repeated questions.” Palin noted that defendant was “in no apparent
distress” and was reportedly “ambulatory” at the scene of the accident. While defendant was
apparently able to walk, her “gait was unsteady.” Palin testified that defendant “initially attempted
to refuse transport” to the hospital and that she was “awake but confused.”
-5-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 12 Palin further reported that the administrative blood draw was “obtained at the request of
the Illinois State Police” at approximately 9:14 p.m. 4 Palin testified that he personally participated
in that blood draw. Upon further questioning, Palin confirmed that the blood draw “was done per
the police request.”
¶ 13 On cross-examination, the State asked Palin whether his “job [was] to assess the patient
for medical needs, [and] not to assist the police in legal proceedings.” Palin answered in the
affirmative. The State then asked whether “it wasn’t until later for the [administrative blood draw]
that [Palin] assisted the police.” Again, Palin agreed. Palin also testified that, to the best of his
recollection, other than the administrative blood draw, no police officer “was telling [him] what to
do.”
¶ 14 Shane testified that he was an EMT paramedic, employed by OSF Lifeline Ambulance
(Lifeline). Referring to a report that he had previously prepared, Shane recalled responding to
defendant’s car accident on April 21, 2016. He testified that, when he first approached defendant
at the scene of the accident, “[i]t was apparent that she was unsteady.” According to Shane,
defendant was not bleeding and was standing and walking at the scene of the accident. He did not
observe any life-threatening injuries on defendant’s person.
¶ 15 Shane testified that defendant did not ask to go to the hospital or “attempt to refuse
treatment.” Nevertheless, based on her behavior and mannerisms, Shane determined that she was
not suitable to refuse care. Defense counsel asked why Shane “decide[d] that [defendant] was not
suitable to refuse care if she wasn’t refusing care.” Shane replied, “[W]alking her to the ambulance,
4
Based on the timing of the blood draw, Palin seems to have been referring to the
administrative blood draw.
-6-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868it became apparent—and asking her orientation questions, it became apparent that she was not able
to make decisions for herself.” To this point, Shane recalled that defendant “was confused about
[the] day of the week, [and] was confused about what month [it was].” Defendant “didn’t answer
[Shane’s] questions appropriately.” However, Shane found no signs of a head injury—he recalled
only the skin tear on defendant’s arm.
¶ 16 When Shane attempted to ask defendant more questions about her medical history, she
became “rather abrasive after a while” and used an expletive when speaking to Shane, telling him
to “f*** off.” Shane testified that defendant became very uncooperative when he was about to
transport her to the hospital.
¶ 17 When asked about the other car involved in the accident, Shane indicated that he
recognized the other driver, Scarpetta, because he was a “Belvidere fireman” whom Shane had
“worked with” in the past. Shane later clarified that he was never in any way employed by the
Belvidere Fire Department.
¶ 18 On cross-examination, defense counsel asked more questions about Shane’s interactions
with defendant. He testified that he detected “a heavy scent of alcohol” when speaking with
defendant. Despite her earlier combativeness, Shane recalled that defendant had nonetheless
agreed to “go to the ambulance” with him. Defendant asked for assistance when getting into the
ambulance and when walking into the hospital, because “[s]he could barely stand up on her own.”
Defendant admitted to Shane that she had been drinking alcohol earlier that day. Upon further
questioning, Shane conceded that defendant’s behaviors could have also reflected a possible head
injury. Shane testified that no police officer or member of the fire department requested that he
take defendant to the hospital.
-7-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 19 Lauren testified that, on April 21, 2016, she was employed as a full-time paramedic with
Lifeline. On that date, Lauren responded to the scene of defendant’s car accident and spoke with
the occupants of Scarpetta’s car. Aside from Scarpetta, Lauren recalled seeing Al Hyser. Lauren
recognized both men as Belvidere firefighters. Lauren did not notice any injuries that required the
men to be transported to the hospital by ambulance. Both Scarpetta and Hyser refused care by
transport.
¶ 20 Following Lauren’s testimony, the hearing was continued to December 14, 2017. On that
date, Dr. Joseph Lachica testified that he was employed as an emergency room physician at the
hospital on April 21, 2016, and that he had tended to defendant after the accident. Relying on his
notes that he made on defendant’s medical charts, he specified that he noticed only one injury on
defendant’s body during her initial examination—the skin tear on her arm. Lachica’s notes that he
made at approximately 8:47 p.m. indicated that defendant’s speech was “a little slurred,” yet
nonetheless “clear.” He testified that, according to “the ambulance crew,” defendant initially
attempted to refuse transport to the hospital.
¶ 21 Defendant questioned Lachica about “any other observations that were made by [him] that
indicated that [defendant] needed to be at the ER.” Lachica responded, “I mean, *** she was in a
car accident.” While he acknowledged defendant’s lack of any apparent head injuries, he opined
that her slurred speech could have been indicative of such an injury. Defense counsel asked
whether Lachica had any indication that defendant had consumed alcohol, and Lachica confirmed
that defendant had admitted to him that she was drinking prior to the accident. Lachica testified
that her “slurred speech” was also consistent with alcohol consumption.
¶ 22 Turning to notations that Lachica made at approximately 9:31 p.m., defense counsel asked,
“Now, at that point *** you indicated that you pulled the patient for [the administrative blood
-8-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868draw], redraw[5] in a few hours?” Lachica agreed, prompting defense counsel to then ask what
medical purpose justified the later redraw. Lachica answered that he ordered the redraw to reassess
defendant’s alcohol level so that the hospital could “safely discharge the patient who would still
be intoxicated.”
¶ 23 Defense counsel asked, “What was the medical purpose of the [administrative blood
draw]?” Lachica answered, “Drawing blood work. *** These tests are done in the setting of a blunt
trauma in anticipation that there might be some internal injuries that I cannot see.”
¶ 24 On cross-examination, the State asked Lachica whether he ordered defendant’s medical
blood draw, which was taken at approximately 8:26 p.m. Lachica answered affirmatively. The
State then asked whether any officer instructed Lachica to order the medical blood draw,
prompting Lachica to respond, “No, no officer told me to do that.” Lachica continued, “In general
I don’t order labs just because someone asks me to do it. I do it because it’s necessary.” Lachica
also specified that his decision to order those tests “went to the care of [defendant].”
¶ 25 Following Lachica’s testimony, the State moved for a directed finding, arguing that
defendant failed to make a prima facie case that her fourth amendment rights were violated by the
procurement of any of the blood draws. After hearing the parties’ arguments, the court advised the
parties that it would take the matter under advisement. On January 16, 2018, the parties once again
appeared to clarify certain points. On this date, defendant made the following argument:
“Well, I think we’ve established a prima facie case that there wasn’t a [section 11-
501.6 (625 ILCS 5/11-501.6 (West 2016))] blood draw. If the State wants to put the officer
on to say that there was probable cause—if they’re going to try to go on that basis, that
5
The “redraw” referred to the jail blood draw.
-9-
2021 IL App (2d) 190868would come after the motion for directed finding. I’ve established that there wasn’t
consent. I don’t have to establish probable cause. That’s their burden.”
¶ 26 On January 25, 2018, the court granted the State’s motion for a directed finding via written
decision. When discussing the admissibility of the medical blood draw, the court found that
defendant failed to make a prima facie case of a fourth amendment violation. Specifically, the
court found that defendant failed to show any evidence supporting a finding that the ambulance
personnel or the medical staff at the hospital were agents of the State or acting as an arm of the
State. The court rejected defendant’s arguments concerning the lack of consent leading up to the
medical blood draw, because those arguments relied on case law that pertained to tort cases
involving medical batteries—not criminal cases involving the admissibility of evidence. Either
way, the court noted that Shane’s testimony had established that defendant was nonetheless
unsuitable to decline treatment.
¶ 27 The court also found that defendant failed to make a prima facie case of a fourth
amendment violation with regard to the administrative blood draw. The court recognized that
Officer Zapf did read an incorrect warning to defendant prior to obtaining her consent, but it
nonetheless found that “[d]efendant has not provided any authority to sustain her argument that an
improper warning negates a motorist’s consent resulting in the barring of evidence.” The court
further noted that “no evidence presented by defendant [suggested] that she did not provide her
consent to Officer Zapf or that her consent was invalid for purposes of admission of evidence.”
¶ 28 On April 9, 2019, the case proceeded to a stipulated bench trial before a different judge,
the Honorable Joseph P. Bruscato. Prior to the bench trial, the parties specified that—over
defendant’s objections—the court would rely on its findings from the adjudication of defendant’s
motion to suppress. Consequently, it would admit the medical and administrative blood draws’
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868results into evidence. After reviewing the parties’ stipulations, adopting the Honorable Philip J.
Nicolosi’s previous findings, and noting that the results of the medical blood draw showed an
alcohol concentration of 0.374, the court found defendant guilty of all three charges.
¶ 29 The trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial, and the matter proceeded to
sentencing. At sentencing, the court merged all three counts and sentenced defendant to eight
years’ imprisonment. After the court denied defendant’s motion to reconsider the sentence,
defendant timely appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
¶ 30 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress
and by consequently admitting the test results from both the medical and administrative blood
draws. Specifically, defendant argues that the trial court incorrectly found that she had not made a
prima facie case of a fourth amendment violation resulting from either blood draw. In response to
defendant’s arguments, the State contends that defendant failed to make a prima facie case to show
that the government violated her fourth amendment protections, because both blood draws 6 were
6
It is necessary to point out that, in its brief, the State has frustratingly confused the medical
and administrative blood draws with one another. The brief states, “[T]he People will first discuss
the blood draw taken at approximately 8:30 p.m., and refer to it as the administrative blood draw,
followed by an analysis of the blood draw taken at approximately 9:14 p.m. and referred to as the
medical blood draw.” The State explained that it adopted this nomenclature from the trial court’s
written decision. However, the State’s recollection of the trial court’s designations is incorrect.
The court referred to the first blood draw—which was taken at approximately 8:26 p.m.—as “the
medical blood draw,” while referring to the second blood draw—which was taken at
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868carried out by private actors. Additionally, the State argues that defendant “failed to establish a
prima facie case that her Fourth Amendment rights were violated where the [administrative] blood
draw was not only completed by private actors, but also, that she gave her consent for her blood
to be drawn.” Lastly, the State argues that, even if the tests’ results were erroneously admitted, any
inclusion of the results resulted in harmless error. We address these arguments in turn.
¶ 31 “When a defendant files a motion to suppress evidence, he bears the burden of proof at a
hearing on that motion.” People v. Brooks, 2017 IL 121413, ¶ 22. In order to carry that burden, a
defendant must make a prima facie case that the evidence at issue was obtained by or through an
illegal search or seizure. Id. “If a defendant makes a prima facie case, the State has the burden of
going forward with evidence to counter the defendant’s prima facie case.” People v. Gipson, 203
Ill. 2d 298, 307 (2003). The ultimate burden of proof remains with the defendant. Id. However,
where a rescission or suppression ruling is based on the trial court’s adjudication of a motion for a
directed finding, the trial judge’s finding as to the prima facie case will not be overturned upon
appeal unless against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Relwani, 2019 IL 123385,
¶ 18. 7
approximately 9:14 p.m.—as the “administrative blood draw.” Otherwise, it would not make sense
for the trial court to have discussed defendant’s purported consent for the administrative blood
draw, if that draw occurred at 8:30 p.m., before Officer Zapf arrived at the hospital. Other
provisions of the record similarly confirm that the medical blood draw preceded the administrative
blood draw. Therefore, we reject the State’s nomenclature in favor of the terms actually utilized
by the trial court.
7
The purpose of a motion for a directed verdict in a trial is to present a question of law as
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 32 Under this standard, we find that the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion with
regard to the medical blood draw because defendant failed to show that the draw was carried out
by State actors. Consequently, because the medical blood draw was properly admitted, even if we
were to assume that the administrative blood draw was improperly admitted, the trial court’s
mistake resulted in harmless error.
¶ 33 A. The Medical Blood Draw
¶ 34 First, because defendant failed to show that the medical blood draw was performed by State
actors, defendant failed to make a prima facie case that the draw violated her fourth amendment
protections. To make a prima facie case for suppression of a blood draw, defendant must show
two things: “first, that a search occurred in the form of a blood draw and, second, that the draw
violated the fourth amendment.” Brooks, 2017 IL 121413, ¶ 24. It is indisputable that a blood draw
constitutes a search under the fourth amendment. Id. ¶ 27. Therefore, to make a prima facie case
with regard to the medical blood draw, defendant needed to establish only that the draw violated
the fourth amendment. Id.
to whether the evidence presented is constitutionally sufficient to sustain a conviction for the crime
charged. See People v. Connolly, 322 Ill. App. 3d 905, 917-18. In that setting, we review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State. Id. at 918. In the context of a motion to suppress
evidence, however, the purpose of a motion for directed finding is for the trial court to determine
whether defendant has presented a prima facie case, thereby shifting the burden on the State to
rebut that evidence. People v. Lomeli, 2017 IL App (3d) 150815, ¶ 10. Again, as we have provided,
the ultimate burden remains on the defendant. Gipson, 203 Ill. 2d at 307.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 35 The fourth amendment’s “proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures does not
apply to searches or seizures conducted by private individuals.” People v. Heflin, 71 Ill. 2d 525,
539 (1978). A search conducted by a private actor may nonetheless implicate the fourth
amendment “when the individual conducting the search can be regarded as acting as an agent or
instrument of the State ‘in light of all the circumstances of the case.’ ” Id. “Participation by the
police in and of itself, then, does not automatically invoke the application of the guarantees against
unreasonable government intrusions safeguarded by the fourth and fourteenth amendments.” Id.
at 539-40.
¶ 36 Here, defendant has failed to establish that the hospital or Lifeline, or any of the individuals
working for them, acted as State agents when obtaining the medical blood draw. In fact, the record
clearly establishes a contrary conclusion. No portion of the record indicates that any police officers
were present at the hospital when the medical blood draw was procured. Furthermore, Dr. Lachica
testified that the medical blood draw was procured solely for medical purposes and without police
encouragement. Nurse Palin seemingly confirmed as much by testifying that the police were only
involved with the administrative blood draw. For these reasons, defendant failed to make a
prima facie case that the draw violated her fourth amendment protections.
¶ 37 Defendant nonetheless argues that section 11-501.4-1 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625
ILCS 5/11-501.4-1 (West 2016)) “evinces an intent on the part of the State to use its compulsive
powers on the private actors in the hospital setting.” Accordingly, defendant suggests, when
private medical professionals divulge chemical test results to police according to section 11-501.4-
1, they become State agents for fourth amendment purposes. Defendant’s argument is misguided.
¶ 38 Pursuant to section 11-501.4-1(a):
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868“Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the results of blood, other bodily substance,
or urine tests performed for the purpose of determining the content of alcohol, other drug
or drugs, or intoxicating compound or compounds, or any combination thereof, in an
individual’s blood, other bodily substance, or urine conducted upon persons receiving
medical treatment in a hospital emergency room for injuries resulting from a motor vehicle
accident shall be disclosed to the Department of State Police or local law enforcement
agencies of jurisdiction, upon request.” Id. § 11-501.4-1(a).
¶ 39 Relying on Skinner v. Ry. Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602 (1989), defendant
suggests that section 11-501.4-1’s language carries fourth amendment implications. In Skinner,
the United States Supreme Court analyzed whether certain alcohol and drug tests collected by
private railroads triggered fourth amendment protections. Id. at 617. There, the tests were
conducted pursuant to Federal Railroad Association (FRA) regulations that mandated breath or
urine tests from employees who were involved in accidents. Id. at 606. The FRA also promulgated
regulations that allowed—but did not require—the collection of breath and urine samples from
employees who violated certain safety rules. Id.¶ 40 Although the Court recognized that the breath and urine tests were technically carried out
by private railroads, which normally fell outside of the fourth amendment’s purview, it
nonetheless found that both sets of FRA regulations carried fourth amendment implications. Id.
at 617. Regarding the set of regulations that mandated drug and alcohol testing, the Court found
that “[a private] railroad that complies with the *** regulations does so by compulsion of
sovereign authority, and [therefore,] the lawfulness of its acts is controlled by the Fourth
Amendment.” Id. at 614. While the permissive testing regulations did not similarly compel the
railroads to test their employees, the Court found that those regulations also triggered fourth
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868amendment protections because “specific features of the [permissive] regulations combine[d] to
convince [the Court] that the Government did more than adopt a passive position toward the
underlying private conduct.” Id. at 615. For example, the permissive regulations preempted any
other state laws, rules, regulations, or private contracts governing the same subject matter. Id. For
those reasons, the Court concluded that “[t]he Government has removed all legal barriers to the
testing authorized by [the permissive regulations] and indeed has made plain not only its strong
preference for testing, but also its desire to share the fruits of such intrusions.” Id. Nonetheless,
noting the “the limited discretion exercised by the railroad employers under the regulations, the
surpassing safety interests served by toxicological tests in this context, and the diminished
expectation of privacy that attaches to information pertaining to the fitness of covered
employees,” the Court found that the warrantless toxicology tests contemplated by the regulations
were reasonable under the fourth amendment. Id. at 634.
¶ 41 According to defendant, section 11-501.4-1 is analogous to the various regulations in
Skinner. Therefore, according to defendant, we should follow the Skinner Court’s guidance and
find that section 11-501.4-1 places private hospitals within the fourth amendment’s purview. We
disagree.
¶ 42 In bringing her argument, defendant ignores several meaningful distinctions between the
regulations in Skinner and section 11-501.4-1. In contrast to the Skinner regulations, section 11-
501.4-1 neither mandates nor authorizes any type of alcohol or blood tests. Instead, section 11-
501.4-1 deals only with the disclosure and admissibility of chemical tests that were already
independently performed by hospitals. 625 ILCS 5/11-501.4-1 (West 2016); People v. Jung, 192
Ill. 2d 1, 5 (2000) (holding that section 11-501.4-1 is “strictly confined to the results of physician-
ordered blood or urine tests”).
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 43 Furthermore, because section 11-501.4-1 contains no language removing any legal
barriers that hospitals may face prior to testing patients for drugs or alcohol, the statute differs
from the Skinner regulations because it does not show a “strong preference for testing.” Instead,
Illinois case law plainly confirms that the purpose of section 11-501.4-1 and its subparts is not to
encourage chemical tests but instead to “permit the direct disclosure of blood-alcohol test results
by medical personnel to law enforcement agencies” without having to resort to “judicially
authorized methods of court discovery.” People v. Ernst, 311 Ill. App. 3d 672, 676-77 (2000). In
order to maintain safe roads in Illinois, the legislature requires anyone who seeks to obtain a
driver’s license to “consent[ ] to the conditions imposed by the legislature in exchange for that
privilege,” such as those found in section 11-501.4-1. Jung, 192 Ill. 2d at 5.
¶ 44 Simply put, the Skinner regulations wholly differ from section 11-501.4-1 in language,
scope, and purpose—the only similarity between the provisions is that both the Skinner
regulations and section 11-501.4-1 have been found to pass constitutional muster. Skinner, 489
U.S. at 634; Jung, 192 Ill. 2d at 6. Therefore, because the Skinner regulations and section 11-
501.4-1 are almost completely distinct, Skinner is inapplicable to the matter at hand.
¶ 45 Additionally, this court has already implicitly found that section 11-501.4-1 does not
automatically trigger fourth amendment protections. In People v. Wuckert, 2015 IL App (2d)
150058, ¶ 2, the defendant consented to being taken to the hospital after crashing his car,
presumably to avoid hitting a deer. Accounts differed as to whether the defendant was arrested at
the scene of the crash. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5. While the defendant was at the hospital, a police officer spoke
with a nurse about a urine sample the defendant had given during the course of his medical
treatment, which established the presence of intoxicating compounds in his body. Id. ¶ 5. The test
results were disclosed to the police pursuant to section 11-501.4-1. Id. ¶ 22. No evidence
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868suggested that the police officer requested the urine sample to be taken. Id. Following the trial
court’s disposition of the defendant’s motion to suppress and a subsequent motion to reconsider,
the trial court suppressed the results of the urine test. Id. ¶ 1.
¶ 46 We reversed and remanded, holding that section 11-501.4-1 did not convert the
defendant’s nurse into a State actor:
“[T]he fourth amendment is not triggered by the actions of private parties unless they act
as agents of the State. Therefore, because the test results here were procured by a nurse
who was not acting as a State agent (as defendant conceded in the trial court[8]), neither
the test nor the hospital’s disclosure of the results to the police, as [section 11-501.4-1]
required, violated defendant’s rights.” (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 28.
Otherwise put, we found that section 11-501.4-1 did not in itself trigger fourth amendment
protections from what was otherwise a private search. Id. In deciding Wuckert, we also noted that
“foreign authority overwhelmingly holds that the fourth amendment is not implicated when
medical personnel perform chemical tests on alleged DUI offenders and, per statutory
requirements, divulge the results to the police or prosecutors.” (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 30.
¶ 47 Here, just like the urine test in Wuckert, the medical blood draw was taken at a private
hospital following a car accident. Both tests were performed by medical staff, for medical reasons,
and without any suggestion by police. Section 11-501.4-1 allowed both respective hospitals to
disclose both tests to police. Therefore, given the similarities between the medical blood draw
and the urine test in Wuckert, we apply our reasoning in Wuckert to the case at hand and determine
8
Although defendant has not made a similar admission before the trial court, Wuckert’s
analysis and holding was not predicated on the defendant’s concession.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868that section 11-501.4-1 did not convert any medical staff into State agents. 9 Because defendant
has therefore failed to show that the medical blood draw was procured by State action, she has
failed to make a prima facie case that the draw violated her fourth amendment protections.
¶ 48 B. The Administrative Blood Draw
¶ 49 Next, even if we were to assume—solely for the sake of argument—that the trial court
erred in denying defendant’s motion as it pertained to the administrative blood draw, any faulty
admission of that draw could result only in harmless error. “The admission of illegally obtained
evidence in a criminal trial following the erroneous denial of a motion to suppress is subject to
the harmless error rule.” People v. Hobson, 169 Ill. App. 3d 485, 493 (1988).
9
Because Wuckert directly contradicts defendant’s arguments and was not cited in her
brief, we are compelled to remind defendant that the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of
2010 (the rules) prohibit attorneys from knowingly “fail[ing] to disclose *** legal authority in the
controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and
not disclosed by opposing counsel.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 3.3(a)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).
During oral arguments, defense counsel conceded his knowledge of Wuckert while arguing that
the case was inapplicable to the instant matter. We are therefore troubled that defendant failed to
follow Rule 3.3(a)(2), which carries the full force of law. Bright v. Dicke, 166 Ill. 2d 204, 210
(1995) (holding that our supreme court’s rules are not merely suggestions). Perhaps even worse,
defendant’s blatant disregard of the rules prejudiced the State, as the State was unable to prepare
for defendant’s arguments concerning Wuckert prior to oral arguments. For these reasons, we offer
defense counsel a stern warning to ensure compliance with the rules in the future.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868¶ 50 Where a trial court has committed such an error, the State must show that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 181-82 (2005); People v.
Swaggirt, 282 Ill. App. 3d 692, 705 (1996). Otherwise put, the inquiry is whether the defendant’s
conviction would stand regardless of the error. People v. Mullins, 242 Ill. 2d 1, 23 (2011) (citing
People v. Dean, 175 Ill. 2d 244, 259 (1997)). In determining whether an error was harmless,
courts may consider whether other properly admitted evidence supported a conviction or whether
improperly admitted evidence was merely cumulative or duplicated properly admitted evidence.
People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215, 240 (2010).
¶ 51 Here, even if the administrative blood draw was improperly admitted, the results from that
draw were cumulative to the results from the medical blood draw, which were properly admitted.
Because the medical blood draw test already established that defendant’s blood-alcohol
concentration was well above the legal limit, the results of that test alone conclusively proved that
defendant drove with an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.
¶ 52 Aside from the medical blood draw, other evidence also supported defendant’s
convictions. Defendant admitted to Bowers, Shane, and. Lachica that she had been drinking prior
to the accident. All these witnesses and Palin testified that, following the accident, defendant was
belligerent and exhibited slurred speech. Palin and Shane also noted that defendant was having
difficulty walking or that she could barely stand. Shane testified that, while speaking with her,
defendant was unable to recall either what day or what month it was. While defendant’s difficulty
walking, slurred speech, and erratic behavior prompted the hospital to treat defendant in order to
rule out any head injuries, these symptoms are also evidence of defendant’s intoxication.
Additionally, multiple witnesses reported smelling alcohol when interacting with defendant. All
of this evidence, in conjunction with the properly admitted medical blood draw test results,
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868affirmatively proved defendant’s guilt of all three counts beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore,
even if the trial court erred in admitting the administrative blood draw test results, such a mistake
resulted only in harmless error.
¶ 53 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 54 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Boone County.
¶ 55 Affirmed.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190868No. 2-19-0868
Cite as: People v. Mueller, 2021 IL App (2d) 190868Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County, No. 16-CF-275;
the Hon. Joseph P. Bruscato, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and James K. Leven, of State
for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Tricia L. Smith, State’s Attorney, of Belvidere (Patrick Delfino,
for Edward R. Psenicka, and Leslie Martin, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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